25/09/2013

Stress-Strain Relationships

Comparison of Stress-Strain Curves

in Tension and Compression

True stress-strain curves

in compression and
tension generally lie on
top of each other

The arrows indicate the

relative shift of the
engineering curves to
the true curve

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Stress-Strain

 For small amounts of deformation (i.e. elastic region),

engineering and true stresses and strains are equal

 Engineering and true stresses and strains deviate at high

amounts of deformation

 As a result, true stresses and strains are used in metal working

operations OR when structure becomes a function of strain

 Most handbook values used for design are engineering stress

and strain

Bauschinger Effect

 In some materials, plastic deformation in

one direction influences subsequent
plastic deformation in other directions
 Know as Bauschinger Effect
 The phenomenon is significant in cyclic
plasticity studies
 Origins of this phenomenon are
microscopic in nature, involving
dislocation motion
 Macroscopically, this can be modelled
using concept of kinematic hardening

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Engineering Shear Stress & Strain

 Force is distributed within a

planer area

 Shear stresses distort objects

 Shear strains are measure of

shear distortion
𝐹 𝛿
𝜏= 𝛾= = tan 𝜃
𝐴𝑜 ℎ
𝛾𝑥𝑦
Note: Tensorial shear strain components are twice the engineering strain 𝜀𝑥𝑦 =
2

Stress Components

 Total stress can always be resolved into normal and shear components

Normal Stress

𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = = = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 cos2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2𝜃
𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑦 / cos 𝜃 2

Shear Stress

𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝑦 𝑥 = = = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃
𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑦 / cos 𝜃 2

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Stress Components

 Resolving forces to a new coordinate system (alternate to previous slide)

𝐹𝑛 𝐹 sin 𝜑 𝐹
𝜎𝑛 = = = cos2 𝜃
𝐴 𝐴𝑜 / cos 𝜃 𝐴𝑜

𝐹𝑠 𝐹 cos 𝜑 𝐹
𝜏𝑠 = = = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝐴 𝐴𝑜 / cos 𝜃 𝐴𝑜

(cos 𝜑 = sin 𝜃)

Multiaxial Loading

 In real life, multiaxial loading occurs

due to changing geometry of
components

 Stress varies from point to point inside

the object

 The stress state at a point can be

determined by extending previous
work

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Example

Stress distribution in a wind Stresses in a vehicle crash

turbine blade simulation

Stress at a Point

 Normal stress at a point

 𝜎𝑖𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 normal to area 𝛿𝐴𝑖 at a point is

𝛿𝐹𝑖
𝜎𝑖𝑖 = lim
𝛿𝐴→0 𝛿𝐴𝑖

 Shear stress at a point

 𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 parallel to area 𝛿𝐴𝑖 at a point is

𝛿𝐹𝑗
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = lim
𝛿𝐴→0 𝛿𝐴𝑖

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Continuum Method

 Consider an arbitrary body. Suppose we 𝑧

wish to know stress at an arbitrary point 𝑂 𝐹4 𝐹5
 Separate the body in two sections by
drawing a plane through point of interest
 Draw an orthogonal coordinate system
1
 Consider one half of the body 𝑂
𝑦
 Balance forces acting on the point
with a traction force 𝐹2→1 = 𝐹4 + 𝐹5. 𝑥
This keeps the point in equilibrium. 2
𝐹2→1 = 𝐹4 + 𝐹5
Physically traction represents total force per unit 𝐹3
area exerted by lower half of the body on the 𝐹2
upper half of the body

 Force 𝐹 can be converted into normal

and shear stresses (relative to plane) 𝐹1

Continuum Method

 Normal 𝐹𝑛 and shear 𝐹𝑠 components of force

𝑧
𝐹
𝐹𝑛
𝜃

∆𝐴 𝑂 𝐹𝑠
𝑥 𝑦

 Force can be converted into stress and resolved to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

𝐹
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑂 = lim
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴

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Continuum Method

𝑧
𝐹
𝐹𝑛 → 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝜃 𝐹𝑠 → 𝜏𝑖𝑗

∆𝐴 𝑂 𝜑 𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜏𝑧𝑦
𝑥 𝑦

𝐹𝑛 𝐹 cos 𝜃
Normal 𝜎𝑧𝑧 = =
∆𝐴 ∆𝐴
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑠 cos 𝜑 𝐹 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜑
𝜏𝑧𝑦 = = =
∆𝐴 ∆𝐴 ∆𝐴
Shear
𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑠 sin 𝜑 𝐹 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑
𝜏𝑧𝑥 = = =
∆𝐴 ∆𝐴 ∆𝐴

Stress Notation

𝜎𝑖𝑗 ∶ 𝜏𝑖𝑗

 First subscript
 Corresponds to the plane that stress
acts upon

 Second subscript
 Corresponds to the direction that stress component is
pointed in

Note: Some texts use a reversed notation

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Stress in 3-D

 Stress tensor in 3-D is defined by nine components

𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑧 , 𝜎𝑦𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑥 , 𝜏𝑦𝑧 , 𝜎𝑧𝑧 , 𝜏𝑧𝑥 , 𝜏𝑧𝑦

 Stresses on negative faces equal those on

the positive faces in magnitude to satisfy
the requirements of equilibrium
 Notation
 Tension 𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝜎𝑖𝑗 ∶ 𝑖 = plane on which stress acts
 Compression 𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑗 = Direction of stress
 (+ve) when both 𝑖 and 𝑗 are positive
 Convention  (+ve) when both 𝑖 and 𝑗 are negative
 (-ve) when both 𝑖 and 𝑗 are opposite

Problem

 Consider a steel wire with a diameter of 1 mm and a length of 1 m.

An axial force of 1000 N is applied to the wire.

a. Calculate the normal and shear stresses on a plane within the wire that is
rotated 38° clockwise from the axis of wire.

b. The shear stress in part a is oriented such that it is 46° clockwise from the y-
axis and 44° counter clockwise from the x-axis. Calculate the shear stress
components parallel to the x and y axes on the rotated plane.

F=1000 N