ETHIO NATIONAL SCHOOL

2020 G.C 4TH QUARTER MATHEMATICS LESSON NOTE for GRADE 11

 Dear students:- Copy the note and do the given homework on your exercise book!

Subject: Mathematics Grade & section: 11(A–E)

Unit: 8
Main topic: Vectors and Transformation of the plane
Sub topic/s:
Page range from: 293-320

Monday, April1 27, 2020

Objective of the lesson
At the end of this lesson you should be able to
 Define vector
 Classify vectors
 State properties of vectors

Introduction

Physical quantities can be divided into two categories as given below.

a) Physical quantities having magnitude only
b) Quantities having both magnitude and direction
Scalar quantities are completely determined once the magnitude of the quantity is given.
Example1: Temperature,Time,Mass,etc.
Vectors are not completely determined until both a magnitude and a direction are specified
Example 2: Force,Momentum,acceleration,etc
8.1 Revision on vectors and Scalars
8.1.1 Vectors and Scalars

Definition 8.1
A quantity which can be completely described by its magnitude expressed in some particular unit
is called a scalar quantity.
Example3: of scalar quantities are mass, time, temperature, etc.
Definition 8.2
A quantity which can be completely described by stating both its magnitude expressed in some
particular unit and its direction is called a vector quantity.
Example4: of vector quantities are velocity, acceleration, etc.

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8.1.2 Representation of a vector
Definition 8.3 Coordinate form of a vector in a plane
If v is a vector in the plane whose initial point is the origin and whose terminal point is (x, y),

then the coordinate form of v is given by v = (x, y) or v = .The numbers x and y are called

components (or coordinates) of v. Note:

1) If both the initial and terminal points lie at the origin, then v is the zero vector and is given by
0
v = (0, 0) or v = .
0
2) The above definition implies that two vectors are equal if their corresponding components
are equal.
The following procedures can be used to convert directed line segments to coordinated form and
vice versa
1) If =( , ) and =( , ) are two points on the plane, then the coordinate form of
the vector v represented by is =( − , − ).Moreover the length of v is given

by | | = ( − ) +( − )
2) If v = (x, y), then v can be represented by the directed line segment in standard position,
from
O = (0, 0) to Q = (x, y).
3) ⃗ = − ⃗
Example 5: Find the coordinate form and the length of the vector v that has initial point (3, –7)
and terminal point (–2, 5).
Solution: Let P = (3, –7) and Q = (–2, 5). Then, the coordinate form of v is:= (–2 –3, 5 – (–7)) =
(–5, 12) The length of v is:| | = (−5) + (12) = √25 + 144 = √169 = 13
8.1.3 VECTOR ADDITION AND THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW
We can represent vector addition graphically, using arrows, by a result called the parallelogram law.
To add nonzero vectors u and v, first form a parallelogram with adjacent sides u and v. Then the
sum u + v is the arrow along the diagonal of the parallelogram as shown in Figure

Addition of vectors (tail-to-tip rule)

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If u and v are any two vectors, the sum u + v is the vector determined as follows: Translate the
vector v so that its initial point coincides with the terminal point of u. The vector u + v is
represented by the arrow from the initial point of u to the terminal point of v.

Theorem Illustrating geometrically

Theorem Commutative property of vector addition
If u and v are any two vectors, then u + v = v + u

Theorem Associative Property of Vector Addition

If u, v, w are any three vectors, then
(u + v) + w = u + (v + w)

8.1.4 Multiplication of Vectors by Scalars

If k is positive, then kv has the same direction as v.
If k is negative, then kv has the opposite direction.
Example 6
Let v be any vector. Then 3v is a vector in the same
direction as v and with length 3 times the length of v.

Example 6: Draw diagrams to illustrate the following vector equations

a) − = b) + − =
Solution:
a  AB  BC  AC AB  CB  AC
  CB
BC AB
AB
AC
AC

b  AB  BC  DC  AD AB BC
AB  BC  AC
AB BC
AB  BC  AC
 DC
AD

AD CD

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Definition 8.5
If v is a non-zero vector and k is a non-zero number (scalar), then the product kv is defined to be
the vector whose length is k times the length of v and whose direction is the same as that of v
if k > 0 and opposite to that of v if k < 0. kv = 0 if k = 0 or v = 0. A vector of the form kv is called
a scalar multiple of v.
Theorem 8.3
Scalar multiplication satisfies the distributive laws, i.e., if and are any two scalars and u
and v are two vectors, then you have:
i)( + ) = + ii) ( + )= +
Note:
Note:
1. To obtain the difference u – v without constructing –v, position u and v so that their initial
points coincide; the vector from the terminal point of v to the terminal point of u is then the
vector u – v.
2. If v is any non-zero vector and –v is the negative of v, then v + (–v) = 0
3. For any three vectors u, v and w, if u = v and v = w, then u = w.
4. The zero vector0 has the following property: For any vector u, u + 0 = 0 + u = u.
5. For any vector u,1.u = u
6. If c and d are scalars and u is a vector, then c(du) = (cd)u.
Example3 If u = (1, –2), v= (7, 6) and k = 2, find u + v and 2u.
Solution: u + v = (1 + 7, –2 + 6) = (8, 4), 2u = (2(1), 2(–2)) = (2, –4)
Definition 8.6
If = ( , ), =( , )and is scalar,then
i) + =( + , + ) ii) =( , )

Example8 If u = (1, –3) and w = (4, 2), then u + w = (5, –1)

2u = (2, –6),–w = (–4, –2)and u– w = (–3, –5)
Home work: Exercise 8.2 page 300

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Tuesday, April 24, 2020
At the end of this lesson you should be able to
o Represent vectors
8.2 REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS
Given a vector w, you may want to find two vectors u and v whose sum is w. The Vectors u and v
are called components of w and the process of finding them is called resolving, or representing the
vector into its vector components.When you resolve a vector, you generally look for perpendicular
components. Most often (in the plane), one component will be parallel to the x-axis and the other
will be parallel to the y-axis. For this reason, they are often called horizontal and vertical
components of a vector.
In the Figure to the right, the vector
w= is resolved as
the sum of u = and v =
Note:
Evidently, a given vector has an infinite number of pairs of possible component vectors.
However, if directions of the component vectors are specified, the problem of resolving the
vector into component vectors has a unique solution.
2. Let u and v be two non-zero vectors. In the expression w = +
a) The vectors and are said to be the components of w relative to u and v.
b) the scalars and are called the coordinates of the vector w relative to u and v.
Definition 8.7
Two vectors u and v are said to be parallel (or collinear), if u and v lie either onparallel lines or
on the same line.
Definition 8.8
Any vector whose magnitude is one is called a unit vector.
If v is any non-zero vector, the unit vector in the direction of v is obtained by multiplying vector v
by | |. That is, the unit vector in the direction of v is | | . The unit vectors (1, 0) and (0, 1) are

called the standard unit vectors in the plane. Every pair of non-collinear vectors can be thought
of as base. Of course, the components and the coordinates of a given vector in the plane will be
different for different bases. For example, the vector
w = (5, 8) can be written as (5, 8) = (3, 2) + (2, 6) = (1, 6) + (4, 2) = (5, 0) + (0, 8), etc.
Therefore, (3, 2) and (2, 6), (1, 6) and (4, 2), and (5, 0) and (0, 8),etc are components of w.
The unit vectors i and j
Vectors in the xy plane are represented based on the two special vectors i = (1, 0) and j = (0, 1).

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Notice that i = j =1. i and j point in the positive directions of the x and yaxes, respectively, as
shown in
Figure below. These vectors are called standard unit base
vectors.
Any vector v in the plane can be expressed uniquely in the
form
v = si + tj where s and t are scalars.
In this case, you say that v is expressed as a linear
combination of i and j. Consider a vector v whose
initial point is the origin and whose terminal point is the point A = (x, y).
0 1 1
If = ,then = = + = + = +
0 0 0
Note: The norm of =| |= +
If is a vector with initial point ( , )
and terminal point ( , )as shown in Figure
below,
then its position vector v is determined as
=( − , − )=( − ) +( − )
Thus( − ) and ( − )are the coordinates of
v with respect to the base {i, j}.

Example 9: Express the following vectors in terms of the unit vectors i and j and find their norm.
a. (7, –8) b. (–1, 5) c. (–2, 3)
Solution: a.(7, –8)= 7 − 8 and its norm(magnitude) is (7) + (−8) = √49 + 64 = √113

b.(–1, 5)= − + 5 and its norm(magnitude) is (−1) + (5) = √1 + 25 = √26

c.(–2, 3)= −2 + 3 and its norm(magnitude) is (−2) + (3) = √4 + 9 = √13

Example 10 Express each of the following as a vector in the coordinate form.
a. 3i+j b. 2i– 2j c. –i + 6j
Solution
a. 3i +j= 3 (1, 0) + (0, 1) = (3, 0) + (0, 1) = (3, 1)
b. 2i – 2j= 2 (1, 0) – 2 (0, 1) = (2, 0) + (0, –2) = (2, –2)
c. –i + 6j= –(1, 0) + 6 (0, 1) = (–1, 0) + (0, 6) = (–1, 6
Class Work: 1a,c and 2b,d of Exercise 8.3 page 305

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Wednesday, April 29/2020
Lesson Objective
At the end of this lesson you should be able to;
o Compute dot product of vectors
o state properties of dot product of vectors
o Apply dot product of vectors in real life
8.3 SCALAR (INNER OR DOT) PRODUCT OF VECTORS
8.3.1 Scalar (Dot or Inner) Product of Vectors

Example 11 Find the dot product of the vectors u and v when

a. u=(0, 1) and v= (0, 2) b.u=( –2, 0) and = ( √3, 3)
Solution Using the definition of dot product, you have a)| | = 1 ,| | = 2 and =0 ⟹ . = 1×
2 × cos 0 = 2 b) | | = 2 ,| | = 2√3 and = 120 ⟹ . = 2 × 2√3 × cos 120 = −2√3

For purposes of computation, it is desirable to have a formula that expresses the dot product of
two vectors in terms of the components of the vectors.
In general, using the formula in the definition of the dot product, you can find the angle between
two vectors. If u and v are nonzero vectors, then the cosine of the angle between u and v is
given by:
.
cos =
| || |
Theorem 8.4
Let u, v and w be vectors and k be a scalar. Then,
i .k (u·v) =(ku)·v = u·(kv). . . . . . . . . . . associative property
ii .u·(v + w) = u·v + u·w . . . . . . . . . . . . .distributive property
u·u > 0 if u ≠ 0, and u·u = 0 if u = 0
Corollary
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If =( , ) and =( , ) are vectors, then u·v= +
Example 12 Find the dot product of the vectors u = 3i + 2j and v = 5i -3j
Solution u·v = (3i + 2j) · (5i – 3j)= 3 × 5+2 × −3=15-6=9
8.3.2 Application of the Dot Product of Vectors
The dot product has many applications. The following are examples of some of them.
Example 13 Find the angle between 3i + 5j and –7i + j.
Solution
Using vector method,
(3i + 5j)·(– 7i + j) = 3(–7) + 5(1) = 16
But by definition,
(3i + 5j).·(– 7i + j)=3 × −7 + 5 × 1 = −21 + 5
⟹ −16 = |3 + 5 ||– 7 + | cos
⟹ −16 = √3 + 5 (−7) + 1 cos

⟹ −16 = √34√50 cos

⟹ cos =
√ √

⟹ = cos
√ √

Corollaryi)( − )( + ) = − ii)( ± ) = ±2 . + where = .

Example1 4 Suppose a and bare vectors with| |= 4, | |= 7 and the angle between a and b is

a. Evaluate|3 − 2 | b. Find the cosine of the angle between 3 – 2 and

.
Solution Using the properties of dot product we have,

a) (3 − 2 ) = 9| | − 12 . + 4| | = 9 × 16 − 12 × 4 × 7 cos + 4 × 49

= 144 − 168 + 196 = 172

⟹ |3 − 2 | = √172 = 2√43

b) 3 – 2 . = 3( . ) − 2( . ) = 3| | − 2| || | cos = |3 − 2 || | cos
1
⟹ 3 × 16 − 2 × 4 × 7 × = 2√43 × 4 cos
2
⟹ 20 = 2√43 × 4 cos
⟹ cos =
√

√
⟹ cos =

The following statement shows how the dot product can be used to obtain information
about the angle between two vectors.
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Corollary 8.3
Let u and v be nonzero vectors. If θ is the angle between them, then
i) θ is acute, if and only if u·v>0 ii) θ is obtuse, if and only if u·v<0 iii) θ = if and only if u·v = 0

Class Work
Example 15:1) Determine the value of k so that the angle between the vectors u = (k, 1) and v =
(–2, 3)
is a . acute b . obtuse
2)For unit vector ,if ( ⃗ + ⃗). ( ⃗ − ⃗) = 12,then find ⃗
Home work: Exercise 8.4 page 310 and 311

Thursday, April 30/2020

8.4 Vectors and Lines
Objective of the lesson
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
 Calculate parametric equation of line.
Let ( , ) and ( , ) be two points in a plane.Then the vectors from to is given by
− =( − , − ) (see figure below)

⃗− ⃗=( − , − )
Where ⃗ and ⃗ are position vectors
corresponding to the points and
respectively.
As you can see from the figure above the line ℓ through points and is parallel to the vector
= ⃗− ⃗=( − , − )
Let P(x, y) be any point on ℓ. Then the position vector of P is obtained from the relation.
⃗− ⃗= ⃗= ( − ) .i.e. ⃗ − ⃗ = ( − ) ,where is scalar.
Thus if a direction vectors and a point ( , ) are given, then the vector equation of a line
determined by and is given by = + = + ( − ),where ℜ, ≠
If = ( , ), = ( , ) and ( , ),then the above equation can be written as
= +
( , )=( , ) + ( , ) or , ℜ, ( , ) ≠ (0,0)
= +
This system of equations is called the parametric equation of the line ℓ , through ( , )
,whose direction is that of = ( , ),, is a parameter.If , and are non-zero,,then

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 = = which is called standard equation of the line.

The above equation can also be written as − = − ⟹ − + − =0

⟹ + + = 0 where = , = − and = −

Example 17 Find the vector equation of the line through (1, 3) and (–1, –1)
Solution: You may take = (1,3) and = (−1, −1) ,then = (−1 − 1, −1 − 3) = (−2, −4),Then
the vector equation of the line is ( , ) = (1,3) + (−2, −4) = (1 − 2 , 3 − 4 )
o The parametric vector equation is = 1 − 2 and =3−4 , ℜ and
o the standard equation of the line is =

o The general equation of the line:2 − +5=0

Example 18:Write the parametric equation of the line:− + 3 − 2 = 0

Solution:− + 3 − 2 = 0 ⟹ = = ⟹ = 3 ,since(2,0) is on the line, then

The parametric equation of the line is ( , ) = , = (2,0)) + (3,1)

Class work:1)Write the parametric equation, standard equation and general equation of a line
passing through
a) (2,5) and (-3,7) b) (0,-2) and (-3,1) c) (1,2) and parallel to − +6=0

Friday, May, 1/2020

8.4.2 Vectors and Circles
A Circle with centre ( , )and radius r> 0 is the set of all points P(x, y) in the plane such that
⃗ − ⃗ = .Where ⃗ and ⃗ are position vectors of P(x, y) and ( , ) respectively
By squaring both sides of the equation, we obtain,
⃗− ⃗ = ………………………(1)
⃗− ⃗ . ⃗− ⃗ =

⃗. ⃗ − 2 ⃗ . ⃗ + ⃗. ⃗ = ……………..(2)
The above equation is satisfied by a position vector of any
point on the circle. Thus 2 represents the equation of the
circle centred at ( , )and radius r.
Substituting the corresponding components of P and C in equation
1, we obtain: ( − ) +( − ) = which is called the standard equation of a circle.
By expanding and rearranging the terms, this equation can be expressed as: + + +
+ =0
Where = −2 , = −2 and = +

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Example 19 Find an equation of the circle centred at C(–1, –2) and of radius 2.
Solution Let P(x, y) be a point on the circle. Let ⃗ and ⃗ be the position vectors of P and C,
respectively. Then, from equation (2),
we have ,( , ). ( , ) − 2( , )( , )+( , ). ( , )=
⟹ + − 2( , ). (−1, −2) + (−1, −2). (−1, −2) = 2
⟹ + +2 +4 +5=4
⟹ + +2 +4 +1=0
Example 20 Find the equation of the circle with a diameter the segment from A (5, 3)to B (3, –
( )
1). Solution: The centre of the circle, ( , )= , = (4,1)

The radius of the circle is given by = (5 − 3) + (3 + (−1)) = √5

Let P(x, y) be a point on the circle and ⃗ and ⃗ be position vectors of P and C respectively.

Then, the equation of the circle is: + − 2( , ). (4,1) + (4,1). (4,1) = √5

⟹ + − 8 − 2 + 17 = 5
⟹ + − 8 − 2 + 12 = 0
8.4.3Tangent Line to a Circle
A line tangent to a circle is characterized by the fact that the radius at the point of tangency is
perpendicular (orthogonal) to the line.
Let the circle be given by
( − ) +( − ) = , >0
Let ℓ be a line tangent to the circle at ( , )
If P(x, y) ia arbitrary point on ℓ,then ⃗. ⃗=0
Therefore, the equation of the tangent line must be
( − , − ). ( − , − )=0
⟹( − )( − )+( − )( − )=0
By adding ( − ) +( − ) = to both sides, we obtain
( − )( − )+( − )( − )+( − ) +( − ) =
⟹( − + − )( − )+( − + − )( − )=
⟹( − )( − )+( − )( − )=
If the circle is centred at the origin, then the above equation becomes:
. + . =
Example 21:Find the equation of the tangent line to the circle + = 8 at the point (−2,2)
Solution The circle is centred at the origin with radius 2√2. Hence the equation of
the tangent line is:2 − 2 = 8

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Example 22:Find the equation of the tangent line to the circle + + 2 − 4 + 1 = 0 at the
point
(0, −1)
Solution: The circle is centered at (2, −1) of radius 2.Let ( , ) be arbitrary point on the tangent
line.
Then the equation of the tangent line is ( , + 1). (2,0) = 0 ⟹ =0
Home work: Exercise 8.5 page 319 &320

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