Resume Vector 2 Dimension

Introduction to Group

Defri Ahmad, S. Pd., M. Si.

Rendy B. Suharsono
19029044

MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS &
NATURAL SCIENCE
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG
2021
 VECTOR
A. Introduction to Vector
Vector is the term vector is used by scientists to indicate a quantity (such as
displacement or velocity or force) that has both magnitude and direction. A vector is often
represented by an arrow or a directed line segment with the length of the arrow represents
the magnitude of the vector and the arrow points in the direction of the vector. Vector can
denoted by printing a letter in boldface (v) or putting an arrow above the letter (⃗v).
Example:
 Suppose a particle moves along a line segment from point A to point B. The
corresponding displacement vector v has initial point A (the tail) and terminal point B
AB .
(the tip). The vector indicated by writing v = ⃗

CD has the same length and the same direction as v

Notice that the vector u = ⃗
even though it is in a different position. Vector u and v are equivalent (or equal) and
write u = v.

The zero vector, denoted by 0, has length 0. Vector zero is the only vector with no
specific direction.
B. Combining Vectors
AB .
Suppose a particle moves from A to B. So, its displacement vector is ⃗
 Then, the particle changes direction, and moves from B to C—with displacement
BC.
vector ⃗

The combined effect of these displacements is that the particle has moved from A to C.

AC is called the sum of We write: ⃗

The resulting displacement vector ⃗ ABand ⃗
BC.

AC = ⃗
⃗ AB + ⃗
BC.

C. Vector Addition
In general, if we start with vectors u and v, we first move v so that its tail coincides
with the tip of u and define the sum of u and v as follows. If u and v are vectors
positioned so the initial point of v is at the terminal point of u, then the sum u + v is the
vector from the initial point of u to the terminal point of v.
1. TRIANGLE LAW
The triangle is u + v = u + v

2. Parallelogram Law
Start with the same vectors u and v as triangle law and draw another copy of v
with the same initial point as u. Completing the parallelogram, then
 u+v=v+u

Parallelogram law gives another way to construct the sum: If we place u and v
so they start at the same point, then u + v lies along the diagonal of the parallelogram
with u and v as sides.
D. Multiplying a Vector
It is possible to multiply a vector by a real number c. In this context, we call the
real number c a scalar—to distinguish it from a vector. For instance, we want 2v to be the
same vector as v + v, which has the same direction as v but is twice as long. In general,
we multiply a vector by a scalar as follows.
If c is a scalar and v is a vector, the scalar multiple cv then the vector whose
length is |c| times the length of v and whose direction is the same as v if c > 0 and is
opposite to v if c < 0.
If c = 0 or v = 0, then cv = 0.

Two nonzero vectors are parallel if they are scalar multiples of one another. In
particular, the vector –v = (–1)v has the same length as v but points in the opposite
direction.
E. Subtracting Vectors
The difference u – v of two vectors, we mean:
u – v = u + (–v)
 Construct u – v by first drawing the negative of v, –v, and then adding it to u by the
Parallelogram Law.

Alternatively, since v + (u – v) = u, the vector u – v, when added to v, gives u.So, we

could construct u by means of the Triangle Law.

F. Component Vector
Place the initial point of a vector a at the origin of a rectangular coordinate system.
Then, the terminal point of a has coordinates of the form (a1, a2)

The terminal point of a has coordinates of the form (a 1, a 2). These coordinates are
called
the components of a and we write:
a = ¿ a1 , a2 >¿
The notation ¿ a1 , a2 >¿ for the ordered pair that refers to a vector so as not to confuse
it with the ordered pair (a 1, a 2) that refers to a point in the plane. For instance, the vectors
OP ¿<3,2>¿ whose terminal point is P(3, 2).
shown here are all equivalent to the vector ⃗
 What they have in common is that the terminal point is reached from the initial point
by a displacement of three units to the right and two upward. We can think of all these
geometric vectors as representations of the algebraic vector a = ¿ 3,2>¿The particular
OPfrom the origin to the point P(3, 2) is called the position vector of the
representation⃗
point P.
G. Length of Vector
The magnitude or length of the vector v is the length of any of its representations
denoted by the symbol |v| or║v║. By using the distance formula to compute the length of
OP we obtain the following formulas. The length of the two-dimensional (2-D)
a segment ⃗
vector a = ¿ a1 , a2 >¿is:
|a|= √a 12 +a22
H. Adding Algebraic Vectors
The figure shows that, if a = ¿ a1 , a2 >¿and b = ¿ b1 , b2 >¿then the sum is
a + b = ¿ a1 +b 1 , a2 ,+b 2> ¿
at least for the case where the components are positive.

Simplify to add algebraic vectors, we add their components.

I. Subtracting Algebraic Vectors

Similarly like adding algebraic vectors, to subtract vectors, we subtract components.
J. Multiplying Algebraic Vectors
 From the similar triangles in the figure, we see that the components of ca are ca 1 and
ca 2. To multiply a vector by a scalar, we multiply each component by that scalar.

If a = ¿ a1 , a2 >¿and b = ¿ b1 , b2 >¿, then

a + b = ¿ a1 +b 1 , a2 ,+b 2> ¿
a - b = ¿ a1 −b1 , a2 ,−b2 >¿
ca = ¿ ca1 , ca2 >¿
K. Components
Denote V 2 as the set of all 2-D vectors Generally consider the set V nof all n-
dimensional vectors. An n-dimensional vector is an ordered n-tuple
a = ¿ a1 , a2 , … , an >¿
where a 1 , a2 , … , an are real numbers that are called the components of a. Addition and
scalar multiplication are defined in terms of components just as for the cases n = 2 and n
= 3.
L. Properties Of Vectors
If a , b, and care vectors in V n and c and d are scalars, then
1. a+ b=b+a
2. a+(b+ c)=(a+ b)+ c
3. a+ 0=a
4. a+(−a)=0
5. c (a+ b)=ca+ cb
6. (c +d )a=ca+da
7. (cd )a=c(da)
8. 1 a=a
M. Standard Basis Vector
In two dimensions, we define:

i=‹ 1 , 0 ›
j=‹ 0 , 1›
 These vectors i, j, and k are called the standard basis vectors. They have length 1 and
point in the directions of the positive x-, y-, and z-axes.

In two dimensions, we can write:

a = ‹a1, a2› = a1i + a2j

N. Problem for Vector 2D

V = (1, -2) dan ⃗
1. Given that vector ⃗ W = (7,6). Then determine:
V+ ⃗
a. ⃗ W
b. If c=4.Then compute 4 ⃗
V +⃗
W
V- ⃗
c. ⃗ W
Solution:
V+ ⃗
a. ⃗ W =( 1 ,−2 ) + ( 7,6 )= (1+7 ,−2+6 )=(8,4 )
b. 4 ⃗
V +⃗
W =4 ( 1,−2 ) + ( 7,6 )= ( 4 ,−8 ) + ( 7,6 ) =( 4+ 7 ,−8+ 6 )=(−4,13 )
c. ⃗ W = ( 1 ,−2 ) +−( 7,6 )=(1 – 7 ,−2−6)=(−6 ,−8)
V- ⃗

2. Given that ( 4 , zY )=X (2,3) Then determine the value of x and y.

Solution:
( 4 , zY )=X (2,3)=(2 X , 3 X)
Then,
 4=2 X ; Y =3 x; therefore X =2 ,Y =6.
3. Determine whether or not the vector u from (2, 6) to (7,18) is equivalent to the vector v
from (-1, 4) to (4,15). Calculate the length of u.
Solution:
Let's write u and v in terms of their components:
u=¿ 7−2 , 18−6≥¿ 5 , 12> ;andv=¿ 4−(−1 ) , 15−4≥¿ 5 ,11> ¿
With this description of u and v, it's easy to see that they are not equivalent. We can
also compute the length of u from this components description:
‖u‖= √52 +122=√ 25+144=√ 169=13
4. Let w=¿ 24 ,7> ¿ and find e w the unit vector pointing in the direction of w.
Solution:
First we compute the magnitude of w:
‖w‖=√ 242 +72 =√576+ 49=√ 625=25
Then we scale w by ‖w‖−1 :
1 24 7
e w=
‖w‖
w= ⟨,
25 25 ⟩
One can easily check that e w has unit length.
5. Sketch a vector in the plane from initial point P(1,1) to terminal point Q(8,5) in
cartesian
Solution:

6. Given the vectors v and w shown in Figure, sketch the vectors

a. 3 ⃗
w
b. ⃗v + ⃗
w
c. 2 ⃗v −⃗
w
Solution:
a. The vector 3 ⃗
w has the same direction as ⃗
w so it is three times as long as ⃗
w

b. To find ⃗v + ⃗
w align the vectors at their initial points or place the initial point of one
vector at the terminal point of the other. (Left Picture). The vector ⃗v + ⃗
w is the
diagonal of the parallelogram with sides ⃗v and ⃗
w . (Right Picture) The vector
⃗v + ⃗
w is the third side of a triangle formed with ⃗
w placed at the terminal point of

b. To find 2 ⃗v −⃗
w , we can first rewrite the expression as 2 ⃗v +(−⃗
w ). Then we can
w ,, then add it to the vector 2 ⃗v .
draw the vector −⃗
7. Gient thatvector ⃗v has initial point (3,2) and terminal point (7,2) ⃗
w has initial point
(1,−4) and terminal point (1,0). Are v⃗ and w
⃗ equivalent vectors?
Solution:
The vectors are each 44 units long, but they are oriented in different directions. So ⃗v
and ⃗v  are not equivalent

8. Let ⃗v be the vector with initial point (2,5) and terminal point (8,13) , and let ⃗
w
=⟨−2,4⟩ . Express ⃗v in component form and find ∥⃗v∥ . Then, using algebra, find ⃗v + ⃗
w
Solution:
To place the initial point of ⃗v at the origin, we must translate the vector 2 units to the
left and 5 units down Using the algebraic method, we can express ⃗v as ⃗v
¿ ⟨ 8−2,13−5 ⟩=⟨ 6,8 ⟩ :
‖v‖= √6 2+ 82=√ 36+64=√ 100=10
9. Given that A=i+ j and B=3 i+2 j. Find the value of 3 A +2 B .
Solution:
A+ B=3 ( i+ j ) +2 ( 3 i+ 2 j )
A+ B=3i+3 j+6 i +4 j
A+ B=9 i+7 j
10. Given that A=2i+3 jand B=4 i+ 2 j. Find the unit vector of A+ B .
Solution:
Firstly find the A+ B
A+ B= ( 2i+3 j ) + ( 4 i+2 j )
A+ B=6 i+5 j
Next find the length of A+ B
| A+ B|=√ 62 +52= √36+25=√ 61
Then find the unit vector of A+ B
A+ B 6 i+5 j
u= =
| A+ B| √ 61