von-Mises stress

•  von Mises theory of elastic failure suggests that, in ductile

materials (metals such as aluminium, steel, etc), material fails if
the von Mises stress () exceeds the yield stress () of material
• For general 3D stress state;

•For
v
0.5 
 plane 
stress
x y
   y   z    z   x   6 xy2   yz2   zx2 
  state;
2 2 2

 v   x2   x y   y2  3 xy2
• Any point on or outside the ellipse
represents failure of material

1
 Example

•  Stress analysis of a spacecraft structural member

gives the state of stress as shown below. If the part is
made from an alloy with = 500 MPa, check yielding
according to von Mises criterion. -50MPa

-30MPa

100MPa

200MPa -30MPa

2
 Solution


 v  0.5  x   y    y   z     z   x   6 xy2   yz2   zx2 
2 2 2

 x  100MPa  xy  30 MPa
 y  50MPa  yz  0MPa
 z  200MPa  zx  0MPa

 v  224.05MPa  500MPa

3
 Strain

•  stresses described in previous slides bring about

linear and angular strains within the structure
• Direct strains () relate to change in length as the
result of direct stresses
• Shear strains () relate to change in the angle due to
shear stresses

4
Strain

• Direct (normal) strain (+) • Shear strain (+)

y  y  E y
 yx

 x
y
 xy

 yx

y  yx   xy  G xy

5
Strain  
Coordinates of O in unstrained body; ()
Coordinates of A, B and C;
(), () & (), respectively.

Three mutually perpendicular

 
line elements OA, OB & OC with
original length

6
Strain

7
 Compatibility equations

• So far we have defined components of strain in a

deformable body in terms of components of
displacement, i.e.

8
 Compatibility equations

• Continuity or Compatibility equations suggest that

displacements within the body are continuous and
single valued, i.e. no voids in the structure would
form.
• In other words displacement can be defined as;

9
 Compatibility equations

• The result of this is six extra equations relating strain

components to each other. This is because strains
cannot have independent arbitrary values.
• Strain compatibility equations in 3D space are;

10
Physical meaning of compatibility of
strains
• Look at three line elements in a deformable body;
• Material particles need to meet up like pieces of a
jigsaw puzzle, i.e. they stay together after
deformation
Not
compatible
compatible

After
deformation

11
 Example

• Can strains in a deformable elastic body be defined

as the following?

1
 x  xy 3
3
1
 y  yx3
3
 xy  x 2 y 2

12
 Solution

1
 x  xy 3
3
1  2 y    y 
 y  yx3     2 xy
3 x 2 x  x 
 xy  x 2 y 2
 2 x    x 
    2 xy
y 2 y  y 

Yes  2 xy    xy 
    4 xy
xy x  y 
13
 Plane strain

• The state of strain in which it is assumed that particles of

the body suffer displacement in one plane only is known as
plane strain
• Let’s assume that plane is xy, then we end up having the
following equations, i.e. three strains and one compatibility;

0 0

14
 Examples of plane strain problems

• A prismatic structure is
under plane strain if
one of its dimensions
(length) is larger than
the other two and all
the loads are uniformly
distributed along its
length and they act
orthogonally to the
longitudinal axis. The
analysis domain is a
cross section to this
axis.

15
 Strain on inclined planes
An element in 2D body subject Deformed shape of the element
to complex stress after application of stresses

See Ref [1] as how

these are derived

We want strains on the CF

 
We know strains at planes, i.e.
  plane, i.e.

16
 Principal strains

• Comparison of stress terms with strain terms;

17
 Mohr’s circle of strain
• Similar to that of stress with the difference that shear
stress will be replaced by half of shear strain
• We will see this in the tutorial

18
 Stress-strain relationship
• Experiments show that (Hooke’s Law);
E is Young’s modulus
(modulus of elasticity)

• This means application of direct stress in x dir

produces only direct strain without any shear
deformation (change in angles)
• The direct stress also causes strain in other
directions, i.e.
Poisson’s ratio
  for isotropic material

19
 Stress-strain relationship

•  For a body subject to direct 3D stresses and using

the principle of superposition we have the following;

20
 Stress-strain relationship for plane
stress

•  If we put then we have;

0
21
 Example
•  The steel block shown is subjected to a uniform
pressure on all its faces. Knowing that the change in
length of edge AB is -1.2x10-3 inches, determine (a)
the change in length of the other two edges, (b) the
pressure p applied to the faces of the block. Assume
E=29x106 psi and =0.29.

22
Solution
x y z  p

p
x  y  z  1 2 
E
 x  1.2  103
x    300  106
AB 4

23
 Example

•  A rectangular element in a linearly elastic isotropic

material is subjected to tensile stresses of 83 and
65N/mm2 on mutually perpendicular planes.
Determine the strain in the direction of each stress
and in the direction perpendicular to both stresses.
Find also the principal strains, the maximum shear
stress, the maximum shear strain, and their directions
at the point. Take E=200,000N/mm2 and =0.3.

24
Solution

25
 Solution
• There are no 0.5 ( ,0.5 max )
shear stresses
on given planes
hence they are R
principal planes
(2.005  104 ,0) (3.175  104 ,0)
0.5 max  R   max  2 R  c 
 3.175  2.005 
2   10  1.17  10
4 4

 2 

 max  G max  1.17  104  76923  9 N / mm 2

26
 Solution
 ( , max )
• What if I had used
Mohr’s circle for
stress?
R
(65,0) (83,0)
 max  R 
c 
 83  65 
  9 N / mm
2

 2 

27
 Example

•  At a particular point in a structural member, a two-

dimensional stress system exists where σ x=60N/mm2,
σy=−40N/mm2, and xy=50N/mm2. If Young’s modulus
E=200,000N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio =0.3, calculate
the direct strain in the x and y directions and the
shear strain at the point. Also calculate the principal
strains at the point and their inclination to the plane
on which σx acts (use Mohr’s circle)

28
Solution

29
 Solution
c  0.5 360  290106  35  106 0.5  106
0.5  650 (360,0.5  650)
tan 2   
360  OC
  22.5 o

0.5  650
 2  45o
360  35 R
 11 O 2 1
  106
0.5  650 325 c
sin  2   R  459.61
R 0.7
1  c  R
 11  c  R ( 290,0.5  650)
1   35  459.61  106  494.61  106
11   35  459.61  106  424.61  106

30
 Student centred activity

• You are strongly advised to read section 1.16 of Ref.

[1] on “Experimental Measurement of Surface
Strains”.
• Please do so prior to the tutorial session.

1
 I  0.5  a   c    a   b  2   c  b  2
2
1
 II  0.5  a   c    a  b 2   c  b  2
2
2 b   a   c
tan 2 
a  c

31
 Tutorial 4

1
 I  0.5  a   c    a  b  2   c   b  2
2
1
 II  0.5  a   c    a   b  2   c  b  2
2
2   a   c
tan 2  b
a  c

(see P1.10 of Ref [1] on page 43 for the answer. You may also refer to “Stress-
Strain_Tutorial_Solution.pdf” uploaded on BB for detailed solution)

32
 Use of rosette
• To find principal stresses in experimental setting
using strain gauges in rosette pattern

33
 Tutorial 5

• In a material in a state of plane strain, it is known

that the horizontal side of a 10x10 mm square
elongates by 4 µm, while its vertical side remains
unchanged, and that the angle at the lower left
corner increases by 0.4x10-3 rad. Determine;

• The principal axes and

principal strains.
• The maximum shearing
strain and the corresponding
normal strain.

34
Solution of Tutorial 5

35
Solution of Tutorial 5

in figure below (right);

36
 Tutorial 6
• The simply supported rectangular beam shown in Figure is
subjected to two symmetrically placed transverse loads each of
magnitude Q. A rectangular strain gauge rosette located at a
point P on the centroidal axis on one vertical face of the beam
gave strain readings as follows: εa=−222×10−6, εb=−213×10−6,
and εc=+45×10−6. determine principal strains at point P.

(see P1.11 of Ref [1] on page

44 for the answer. You may
also refer to “Stress-
Strain_Tutorial_Solution.pdf”
uploaded on BB for detailed
solution). Next slide shows
how the lecturer would solve
it.

37
 Solution of Tutorial 6
OC  0.5  a   c   OG 
0.5  106
0.5 222  45  45  88.5  10 6

CN  ON  OC   a  OC  a(222,0.5 )
 222  88.5  10 6
 133.5  10 6
R
aN  CQ   b  OC 
 213  88.5  10 6
 124.5  106
 11 N 2 C O  1   106
2 2
Q G
R aN  CN 
2
106  124.52  133.52  182.54  106
1  C  R    88.5  182.54  106  c (45,0.5 )

94.04  10 6

b(213,0.5 ' )
11  C  R    88.5  182.54  106 
 271 106
38