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OBJECTIVE:.................................................................................................................1
THEORY:.......................................................................................................................1
APPARATUS:................................................................................................................3
PROCEDURES:............................................................................................................4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:.................................................................................5
CONCLUSION:............................................................................................................9
REFERENCE................................................................................................................9
45
=3000 N /m=3 kN /m
15 103
Part 2
Figure 1: Elastic system represented by the spring of stiffness, S and the body of
mass, m.
The restoring force due to the spring stiffness is Sx if the mass is given a
displacement x from the equilibrium position. When the spring is released, the force
provides the mass an acceleration a as shown below:
Sx=ma
Equation 2
From the equation above, the acceleration is proportional to the displacement and is
always directed towards the equilibrium position so that the mass travels in simple
harmonic motion.
The equation of periodic time is as follows:
x
Equation
3
T =2 ( )=2
a
( ms )
1
fEquation 4
Where:
f= Frequency of oscillation, Hz (Hertz), or number of cycles per second.
Alternatively, Equation 4 can be rearranged to give:
1
f = Equation 5
T
APPARATUS:
Part 1
Adjusting Stud
HVT12f
Vibration Frame
Helical Spring
Hanger Clevis
Load Hanger
Weights
Metre
Rule
Part 2
HVT12f
Vibration Frame
Helical Spring
Hanger Clevis
Load Hanger
Nylon String
Weights
4. 100g mass was incrementally added to the load hanger and the new length of
the spring (the extension) between the same two reference points as before
was recorded. The new length was recorded continuously until all the masses
have been used.
Part 2
1. The 4x100g masses (0.4kg) were kept onto the load hanger assembly.
2. The base of the load hanger was pull down with a suitable distance and at the
same time with a stopwatch in one hand.
3. The stopwatch was started upon releasing the load hanger assembly and a full
10 oscillations was timed. The results were recorded into table 2.
4. The number of masses on the load hanger was adjusted as desired and retested, all results were recorded into table 2 each time a new test undertaken.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
Part 1
Table 1
Hanger
Added
Total
Total
Spring
Spring
Assembly
Mass (kg)
Added
Applied
Extension
Extension
NO LOAD
Mass (kg)
0.1
Force (N)
0.981
(mm)
5.0
(m)
0.005
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.962
2.943
3.924
4.905
5.886
6.867
7.848
8.829
10.0
14.0
18.0
21.0
25.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
0.010
0.014
0.018
0.021
0.025
0.028
0.032
0.036
Mass (kg)
0.1
(0)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.2609N/mm
0.2609N/mm
0.2850N/mm
Thus,
Theoretical Spring Rate
ValueManufacturingValue
|TheoreticalManufacturer
|100
' s Value
|0.26090.2850
|100
0.2850
= 8.46%
Table 2
Hanger
Adde
Total
Theoretica
Assembl
Adde
for
l Periodic s
Complete
Mass
Oscillations
Tact(s)
(s)
Tmnf (s)
(kg)
, T10 (s)
Mass Mass
(kg)
(kg)
10 Periodi
Manufacturer
0.1
0.4
0.5
3.41
0.341
0.2751
0.2632
0.1
0.5
0.6
3.71
0.371
0.3013
0.2883
0.1
0.6
0.7
4.16
0.416
0.3255
0.3114
T 10
10
The calculation of theoretical periodic time, Tthr and manufacturers periodic time,
Tmnf is based on Equation 3 but with different spring rate respectively. Tthr is
calculated by using the value of theoretical spring rate obtained from graph in Part 1,
whereas Tmnf is calculated from the spring rate given by manufacturer.
T thr =2
( sm )
thr
( sm )
mnf
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
According to the calculation and plotted graph, it can be deduced that our experiment
encountered only a minimal error, which is 8.46%.
There are several possible factors which contribute to the error in experiment:
1. Parallax Error
-Observation error might occur when taking reading on the measuring tape to
measure the extension of the spring. It happens when the eye is not perpendicular to
the scale reading on the measuring tape.
-Way to overcome: The experiment should be repeated 3 times or more to optimize
the parallax error by obtaining the average of the readings.
2. Time Reaction Error
-The time taken for the spring to complete 10 oscillations might be deviated as the
observer might not start the stopwatch exactly at the point when the spring starts to
oscillate. Besides, it is very difficult to count the 10 complete oscillations as the
oscillating speed of the spring is too fast.
-Way to overcome: The experiment needs to be repeated a few more times to ensure a
consistency is obtained in the result. Indicator like a small ribbon can be tied on the
spring to ease the counting of 10 complete oscillations.
8
3. Vibration of loads
-The pieces of load added on the hanger will vibrate at different frequency when the
spring oscillates. Due to large inertia of the load, the oscillation of the spring will be
obstructed.
-Way to overcome: The added loads are tied tightly so that the whole spring system
can be considered as a rigid body. The loads are assured to oscillate together with
the spring at same frequency and thus the oscillation process will not be obstructed
by the inertia caused by the loads.
CONCLUSION:
From this experiment, the Hookes law and principles of simple harmonic motion
(SHM) are proven. The extension of the spring is proven to be directly proportional to
the applied force with the spring rate/stiffness as the constant, within the condition
that the elasticity limit of the spring is not exceeded. If the spring is deformed, the
Hookes law will never be obeyed and the behavior of the spring as well as the
extension cannot be predicted anymore from the linear graph.
REFERENCE
Hibbeler, R. (2011). Mechanics of Materials 8th Edition. New York: Pearson.
PECKHAM, D. C. (2005). HOOKE'S LAW AND A SIMPLE SPRING.