Mechanics of Materials – I

ME 210

Dr. Zeeshan Saeed

Mechanical Engineering Department, SMME

Spring 2023

1
Equilibrium of a
Deformable
Body

2
Forces

3
Forces

4
Forces

5
Reactions

6
Reactions

7
Reactions

8
Reactions

9
Reactions

10
Reactions

11
Equilibrium Equations

12
Equilibrium Equations –
Coplanar Forces

13
A body in equilibrium will experience some internal
forces. Will it?

But we'll get back to this after reviewing CG,

centroids and first moment of areas concepts!

14
Center of Gravity (CG)
• Weight as a body force: considered to be acting
through its CG
• Actually, large number of distributed forces act on
the entire body

15
Center of Gravity (CG)
∑𝑀𝑦 : 𝑥𝑊
ҧ = ∑𝑥 Δ𝑊
∑𝑀𝑥 : 𝑦𝑊
ത = ∑y Δ𝑊

16
Center of Gravity (CG)
∑𝐹𝑧 : 𝑊 = Δ𝑊1 + Δ𝑊2 + ⋯ + Δ𝑊𝑛
∑𝑀𝑦 : 𝑥𝑊 ҧ = x1 Δ𝑊1 + x2 Δ𝑊2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 Δ𝑊𝑛
∑𝑀𝑥 : 𝑦𝑊 ത = y1 Δ𝑊1 + 𝑦2 Δ𝑊2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛 Δ𝑊𝑛

17
Center of Gravity (CG)
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊
𝑥𝑊
ҧ = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑊
𝑦𝑊
ത = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑊

18
Centroids of Areas and Lines
Let us consider the same plate has thickness 𝑡 and
specific weight (weight per unit volume)
Δ𝑊 = 𝑔𝜌𝑡Δ𝐴
Weight of the entire plate
𝑊 = 𝑔𝜌𝑡A

19
Centroids of Areas and Lines
By balancing the moments, as before
∑𝑀𝑦 : 𝑥𝑊 ҧ = x1 Δ𝑊1 + x2 Δ𝑊2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 Δ𝑊𝑛
∑𝑀𝑥 : 𝑦𝑊 ത = y1 Δ𝑊1 + 𝑦2 Δ𝑊2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛 Δ𝑊𝑛
We get
∑𝑀𝑦 : 𝑥𝐴 ҧ = x1 Δ𝐴1 + x2 Δ𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 Δ𝐴𝑛
∑𝑀𝑥 : 𝑦𝐴 ത = y1 Δ𝐴1 + 𝑦2 Δ𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛 Δ𝐴𝑛

20
Centroids of Areas and Lines
∑𝑀𝑦 : 𝑥𝐴
ҧ = x1 Δ𝐴1 + x2 Δ𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 Δ𝐴𝑛
∑𝑀𝑥 : 𝑦𝐴
ത = y1 Δ𝐴1 + 𝑦2 Δ𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛 Δ𝐴𝑛
or
𝑥𝐴
ҧ = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴
𝑦𝐴
ത = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴

21
Centroids of Areas and Lines
∑𝑀𝑦 : 𝑥𝐴
ҧ = ∑𝑥Δ𝐿
∑𝑀𝑥 : 𝑥𝐴ҧ = ∑yΔ𝐿
or
𝑥𝐿
ҧ = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐿
𝑦𝐿
ത = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐿

22
SP 5.2

23
24
First Moment of Areas
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 is the first moment of area about y-axis
𝑄𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 is the first moment of area about x-axis
𝑄𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
Also 𝑄𝑦 = 𝑥𝐴 ҧ and 𝑄𝑥 = 𝑦𝐴
ത

25
First Moment of Areas
• The coordinates of the centroid of an area can be obtained by dividing
the first moments of that area by the area itself.
• The first moments of the area are also useful in mechanics of materials
for determining the shearing stresses in beams under transverse
loadings.
• If the centroid of an area is located on a coordinate axis, the first
moment of the area with respect to that axis is zero. Conversely, if the
first moment of an area with respect to a coordinate axis is zero, then
the centroid of the area is located on that axis.

26
First Moment of Areas
• Area 𝐴 is symmetric with respect to the 𝑦 axis
• For every element of area 𝑑𝐴 of abscissa x there exists an
element 𝑑𝐴′ of equal area and with abscissa −x.
• 𝑄𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 0 𝑥ҧ = 0
• If an area 𝐴 or a line 𝐿 possesses an axis of symmetry, its
centroid C is located on that axis

27
First Moment of Areas
• If an area or line possesses two axes of symmetry,
its centroid C must be located at the intersection of
the two axes
• Therefore, easy to spot the centroid of areas such
as circles, ellipses, squares, rectangles, equilateral
triangles

28
First Moment of Areas
Does figure (a) have a center of symmetry?
Does figure (b) have a center of symmetry?
Does figure (c) have an axis of symmetry?

a b c

29
 Centroids of common shapes

Fig 5.8A in Ferdinand Beer, Jr., E. Russell Johnston, David Mazurek, Phillip Cornwell, Vector Mechanics 30
for Engineers - Statics and Dynamics, McGraw-Hill (2012)
 Centroids of common shapes

Fig 5.8A in Ferdinand Beer, Jr., E. Russell Johnston, David Mazurek, Phillip Cornwell, Vector Mechanics 31
for Engineers - Statics and Dynamics, McGraw-Hill (2012)
Example: Calculating centroid coordinates of a
semicircular arc
• Calculate the centroid of the semicircular arc!

32
Example: Calculating centroid coordinates of a
semicircular arc
• x coordinate of the centroid?
𝜋
ҧ = න 𝑥𝑑𝑊
𝑥𝑊
0
• y coordinate?
𝜋
ത = න 𝑦𝑑𝑊
𝑦𝑊
0

33
Example: Calculating centroid coordinates of a
semicircular arc
• Weight of an infinitesimal arc
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑔𝑑𝑚 = 𝑔𝜌𝑟𝑑𝜃
• Total weight of the arc
𝜋 𝜋
𝑊 = 𝑔 න 𝑑𝑚 = 𝑔𝜌𝑟 න 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋𝑔𝜌𝑟
0 0

34
Example: Calculating centroid coordinates of a
semicircular arc
𝜋
ത = න 𝑦𝑑𝑊
𝑦𝑊
0
• What is 𝑦 here? The coordinate of the infinitesimal
arc!
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

35
Example: Calculating centroid coordinates of a
semicircular arc
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦𝑊
ത = ∫0 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑊 = ∫0 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜌𝑟𝑔𝑑𝜃
2 𝜋
𝑦𝑊
ത = 𝑔𝜌𝑟 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑔𝑟 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 |𝜋0
2

𝑦𝑊
ത = 2𝑔𝜌𝑟 2
𝑔𝜌𝑟 2 𝑥ҧ = 0
𝑦ത = 2
𝜋𝑔𝜌𝑟
2𝑟
𝑦ത =
𝜋

36
Centroid of Composite Plates

37
Centroid of Composite Plates
When does it apply? What are the assumptions
behind?

38
Centroid of Composite Plates

39
Centroid of Composite Plates

40
Centroid of Composite Plates

41
Centroid of Composite Plates

42
Solve on your own

43
Second Moment of Area
• Beams in bending
• Compressive and tensile forces
• x axis here is called neutral axis

𝑄𝑥 = 𝑦𝐴
ത

44
𝐼𝑥
Second Moment of Area

• Positive always
• Units?

45
Second Moment of Area

46
Second Moment of Area

Understanding the Area Moment of Inertia - YouTube

47
Second Moment of Area

Understanding the Area Moment of Inertia - YouTube

48
Second Moment of Area

49
Second Moment of Area

50
Second Moment of Area
• A rectangle’s second moment of area about its
base?

51
Second Moment of Area
• A rectangle’s second moment of area about axis
through the centroid?

52
Polar moment of area (inertia)

53
54
Radius of Gyration
𝐼𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥2 A 𝐼𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦2 𝐴

𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦
𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦 =
𝐴 𝐴

55
Radius of Gyration

𝐽𝑂 = 𝑘𝑂2 A

𝐽𝑂
𝑘𝑂 =
𝐴
𝑘𝑂2 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2

56
Radius of Gyration
• What is the radius of gyration of this rectangle?

57
Parallel-axis Theorem

• 𝐼 ҧ is the second moment of area about the centroidal axis

• 𝑑 is the distance between the centroidal axis and the
desired axis about which the moment is to be calculated.
58
Parallel-axis Theorem
• Use parallel axis theorem to calculate the second
moment of area of a rectangle about its base.

59
Second moment of areas of
common shapes

60
Geometric properties of rolled
steel shapes

61
Geometric properties of rolled
steel shapes

62
63
64
 Solve on your own

Ferdinand Beer, Jr., E. Russell Johnston, David Mazurek, Phillip Cornwell, Vector Mechanics for Engineers 65
- Statics and Dynamics, McGraw-Hill (2012)
 Free Body Diagram

• A sketch of the outlines shape of the body isolated from its surrounding

• On this sketch all forces and couple moments that the surrounding exert
on the body together with any support reactions must be shown correctly

• Only then applying equilibrium equations will be useful

66
Equilibrium Equations

67
Internal Resultant Loading

68
Internal Resultant Loading
Method of Sections

Distribution of O is chosen at
internal forces on centroid of section
To find internal exposed area
loadings, a plane
is cut

Four forces acting on Shows effect of material of the Equilibrium equations used to
a body top part of body on bottom part relate external & internal forces

69
Is equilibrium stable?

Stable, Unstable, and Neutral

Equilibrium - YouTube 70
 Internal Resultant Loading
Method of Sections
• Components of 𝐹𝑅 and 𝑀𝑅𝑜 acting normal and
perpendicular to sectioned area

71
 Coplanar Loads
• In case of a coplanar system of forces, only normal-
force, shear-force, and bending- moment
components will exist at the section

72
 Method of Sections
Procedure for Analysis
• After sectioning, decide which segment of the body will be studied
• If this segment has a support or connection, then a free body
diagram for the entire body must be done first to calculate the
reactions of these supports
• Pass an imaginary section through the body at the point where the
resultant internal loadings are to be determined
• Put the three unknowns (N, V, M) at the cut section. Then apply
equilibrium

Suggestion: take the summation of moment around a point on the cut section
(V and N will not appear in this equation) and solve directly for M)

73
Example 1.1

74
Example 1.1

SOLUTION

75
Example 1.1

76
Example 1.2

77
Example 1.2

SOLUTION

78
Example 1.2

79
Example 1.3

80
Example 1.3
SOLUTION

81
Example 1.3

82
Topics to review on your own
• Method of joints

83
Problem

84
Problem

85
Problem

86
Problem

87
Problem

88