Week 6

PART 2:
TRIGONOMETRY

1
Outline
• Circular Functions
• Graphs of Circular Functions
• Inverse Circular Functions
Circular Functions
• Angles
• Unit Circle
• The Point Function
• Cosine and Sine Functions
• Circular Function Values of Special Angles
• Other Circular Functions
Angles
• Angle – a figure formed by two rays, an initial
side and terminal side, sharing a common endpoint
called the vertex.
• Angle measurement – the amount of rotation
from the initial side to the terminal side.
• Counter-clockwise: positive
• Clockwise: negative.
Angles
• Common units of angle measurement:
• Degrees (°)
• Radians (𝑟𝑎𝑑)
• Revolutions (𝑟𝑒𝑣)
360° = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
• Note: the unit 𝑟𝑎𝑑 is sometimes omitted for
angles already in terms of 𝜋
Angles
• Example:
1. Convert 30° to 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜋
2. Convert 𝑟𝑎𝑑 to 𝑟𝑒𝑣
4
1
3. Convert 𝑟𝑒𝑣 to 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
3
Angles
• Example: Convert 30° to 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
30°
360°
𝜋
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑
6
Angles
𝜋
• Example: Convert 𝑟𝑎𝑑 to 𝑟𝑒𝑣
4
𝜋 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑟𝑎𝑑
4 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1
= 𝑟𝑒𝑣
8
Angles
1
• Example: Convert 𝑟𝑒𝑣 to 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
3
1 360°
𝑟𝑒𝑣
3 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
= 120°
Angles
• Standard position – an angle when plotted on a
two-dimensional coordinate plane, has its vertex on
the origin and its initial side on the positive x-axis.
• The location of an angle in standard position
depends on where its terminal side lies on. It can
be on:
• any of the four quadrants; or
• the x-axis or y-axis (quadrantal angle)
Angles
• Coterminal angles – angles having the same
initial side (which is always the case for angles in
standard position) and terminal side.
• For any angle, 𝜃, and integer, 𝑘, where 𝑘 is the
difference between the number of complete
revolutions, the following angles are coterminal:
• Degrees: (𝜃) and (𝜃 + 360𝑘°)
• Radians: (𝜃) and (𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋)
• Revolutions: (𝜃) and (𝜃 + 𝑘)
Angles
• Example:
1. What is the smallest positive coterminal angle
of −70°?
2. What is the smallest positive coterminal angle
25𝜋
of 𝑟𝑎𝑑?
6
Angles
• Example:
1. What is the smallest positive coterminal angle
of −70°?
2. What is the smallest positive coterminal angle
25𝜋
of 𝑟𝑎𝑑?
6
Angles
• Example: What is the smallest positive coterminal
angle of −70°?
𝜃 = −70° + 360𝑘°
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 1
𝜃 = −70° + 360 1 °
𝜃 = 290°
Angles
• Example: What is the smallest positive coterminal
25𝜋
angle of 𝑟𝑎𝑑?
6
25𝜋
𝜃= + 2𝑘𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
6
1 + 24 𝜋
𝜃= + 2𝑘𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
6
𝜋 24𝜋
𝜃= + + 2𝑘𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
6 6
𝜋
𝜃 = + 4𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
6
Angles
• Example: What is the smallest positive coterminal
25𝜋
angle of 𝑟𝑎𝑑?
6
𝜋
𝜃 = + 4𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
6
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = −2
𝜋
𝜃 = + 4𝜋 + 2 −2 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
6
𝜋
𝜃 = + 4𝜋 − 4𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
6
𝜋
𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
6
Angles
𝜋
• Reference angle – acute angle (less than 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
2
that an angle makes with the 𝑥-axis. It is always a
positive angle.
• Let 𝜃 be the angle and 𝜑 be the reference angle
in radians:
𝜑 = |𝜃 − 𝑘𝜋|
• where 𝑘 is an integer that will give a 𝜑 that is less
𝜋
than 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
2
Angles
• Example:
1. What is the reference angle of −45°?
4𝜋
2. What is the reference angle of 𝑟𝑎𝑑?
3
Angles
• Example: What is the reference angle of −45°?
𝜑 = | − 45° − 180𝑘°|
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 0
𝜑 = | − 45° − 180 0 °|
𝜑 = | − 45° − 0°|
𝜑 = | − 45°|
𝜑 = 45°
Angles
4𝜋
• Example: What is the reference angle of 𝑟𝑎𝑑?
3
4𝜋
𝜑=| − 𝑘𝜋|
3
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑘 = 1
4𝜋
𝜑= − (1)𝜋
3
𝜋
𝜑=
3
𝜋
𝜑=
3
Unit Circle
• Unit circle – a circle with radius 1, when plotted
on a two-dimensional coordinate plane, its center is
on the origin and it intersects with the x-axis and y-
axis at ±1.
• The equation of the unit circle is:
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
Unit Circle
• If we superimpose the plots of an angle in
standard position and the unit circle, we can get a
point of intersection (𝑥, 𝑦) from the terminal side
of the angle and the circle.
The Point Function
• The point function is defined by
𝑃 𝜃 = (𝑥, 𝑦)
• where (𝑥, 𝑦) is the intersection of the angle in
standard position, 𝜃, and the unit circle.
Cosine and Sine Functions
• Cosine function – 𝑥-coordinate of the
intersection of the unit circle and the terminal side
of angle θ.
cos 𝜃 = 𝑥
• Sine function – 𝑦-coordinate of the intersection
of the unit circle and the terminal side of angle θ.
sin 𝜃 = 𝑦
Cosine and Sine Functions
• We can also write the point function in terms of
the cosine and sine functions.
𝑃 𝜃 = (𝑥, 𝑦)
cos 𝜃 = 𝑥
sin 𝜃 = 𝑦
𝑃 𝜃 = (cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃)
Cosine and Sine Functions
• Consider the functions
𝑓 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑔 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
1. The domain of these functions is the set of all
real numbers.
2. The range of these functions is the closed
interval [-1, 1].
Cosine and Sine Functions
• Consider the functions
𝑓 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑔 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
3. For any integer 𝑘 and angle 𝜃 in rad, angles (𝜃)
and (𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋) are coterminal. The coordinates
of the point of intersection of the unit circle and
the terminal side of these angles must also be
the same. Consequently,
a. cos(𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋) = cos 𝜃
b. sin(𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋) = sin 𝜃
Cosine and Sine Functions
• Consider the functions
𝑓 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑔 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
4. The signs for the cosine and sine functions on
the four quadrants are as follows:
Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant
𝜃
I II III IV
cos 𝜃 + − − +
sin 𝜃 + + − −
Cosine and Sine Functions
• Consider the functions
𝑓 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑔 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
5. Some special function values of cosine and sine
functions:
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃 (𝑟𝑎𝑑) −2𝜋 − −𝜋 − 0 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2 2 2
cos 𝜃 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1
sin 𝜃 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0
Cosine and Sine Functions
• Consider the functions
𝑓 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑔 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
6. Notice the symmetry between the angles 𝜃 and
− 𝜃 with respect to the 𝑥-axis. The 𝑥-
coordinate remains the same while the 𝑦-
coordinate becomes a negative. Similarly,
cos −𝜃 = cos 𝜃 ; 𝑓 −𝜃 = 𝑓 𝜃 ; (𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛)
sin −𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 ; 𝑔 −𝜃 = −𝑔 𝜃 ; (𝑜𝑑𝑑)
Cosine and Sine Functions
• Consider the functions
𝑓 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑔 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
7. From the equation of the unit circle
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
we can substitute 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = sin 𝜃:
cos 𝜃 2 + sin 𝜃 2 = 1
cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
Cosine and Sine Functions
• Aside from interpreting the cosine and sine
functions as coordinates in a unit circle, it can
also be interpreted as the ratio between the side
lengths of a right triangle with angle 𝜃.
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥
cos 𝜃 = = =𝑥
ℎ𝑦𝑝 1
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = = =𝑦
ℎ𝑦𝑝 1
Other Circular Functions
• Cosine and sine functions are known as circular
functions.
• They are also sometimes called trigonometric
functions.
• Other common circular functions are:
• Tangent function, tan
• Secant function, sec
• Cosecant function, csc
• Cotangent function, cot
Other Circular Functions
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥
cos 𝜃 = = =𝑥
ℎ𝑦𝑝 1
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = = =𝑦
ℎ𝑦𝑝 1
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥
ℎ𝑦𝑝 1 1
sec 𝜃 = = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥 cos 𝜃
ℎ𝑦𝑝 1 1
𝑐𝑠c 𝜃 = = =
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥 cos 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = = =
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦 sin 𝜃
Other Circular Functions
• Domain and range (𝑘 is an integer)
Function Domain Range
cos 𝜃 (−∞, +∞) [−1,1]
sin 𝜃 (−∞, +∞) [−1,1]
2𝑘 + 1 𝜋
tan 𝜃 −∞, +∞ \ (−∞, +∞)
2
2𝑘 + 1 𝜋
sec 𝜃 (−∞, +∞)\ −∞, −1 ∪ [1, +∞)
2
csc 𝜃 (−∞, +∞)\ 𝑘𝜋 −∞, −1 ∪ [1, +∞)
cot 𝜃 −∞, +∞ \{k𝜋} (−∞, +∞)
Other Circular Functions
• Signs depending on the quadrant
Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant Quadrant
𝜃
I II III IV
cos 𝜃 + − − +
sin 𝜃 + + − −
tan 𝜃 + − + −
sec 𝜃 + − − +
csc 𝜃 + + − −
cot 𝜃 + − + −
Other Circular Functions
• Some special function values
𝜃 (𝑟𝑎𝑑) 0 𝜋/6 𝜋/4 𝜋/3 𝜋/2
3 2 1
cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 1 0
2 2 2
1 2 3
sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 0 1
2 2 2
𝑦 3
tan 𝜃 = 0 1 3 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑥 3
1 2 3
sec 𝜃 = 1 2 2 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑥 3
1 2 3
csc 𝜃 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 2 2 1
𝑦 3
𝑥 3
cot 𝜃 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 3 1 1
𝑦 3
Other Circular Functions
• Angles with the same reference angles have the
same circular function values, just different signs
depending on the quadrant where they lie on.
Other Circular Functions
5𝜋
• Example: What is the value of cos ?
6
5𝜋 𝜋
cos = − cos
6 6
3
=−
2
Other Circular Functions
𝜋
• Example: What is the value of tan − ?
4
𝜋 𝜋
tan − = − tan
4 4
= −1
Other Circular Functions
2𝜋
• Example: What is the value of csc ?
3
2𝜋 𝜋
csc = csc
3 3
2 3
=
3
Other Circular Functions
• Examples: Complete the following table:

Angle Degrees (°) Radians (𝑟𝑎𝑑) Revolutions

(𝑟𝑒𝑣)
A 4
−
3
B 36

C 𝜋
12
Other Circular Functions
• Examples: Compute sin 𝜃 for the following
angles:
1. 42𝜋
17𝜋
2. − 4
8𝜋
3. 3
19𝜋
4. 2
61𝜋
5. 6
Other Circular Functions
• Examples: Compute cos 𝜃 for the following
angles:
1. 42𝜋
17𝜋
2. − 4
8𝜋
3. 3
19𝜋
4. 2
61𝜋
5. 6
Other Circular Functions
• Examples: Compute tan 𝜃 for the following
angles:
1. 42𝜋
17𝜋
2. − 4
8𝜋
3. 3
19𝜋
4. 2
61𝜋
5. 6
Other Circular Functions
• Examples: Compute csc 𝜃 for the following
angles:
1. 42𝜋
17𝜋
2. − 4
8𝜋
3. 3
19𝜋
4. 2
61𝜋
5. 6
Other Circular Functions
• Examples: Compute sec 𝜃 for the following
angles:
1. 42𝜋
17𝜋
2. − 4
8𝜋
3. 3
19𝜋
4. 2
61𝜋
5. 6
Other Circular Functions
• Examples: Compute cot 𝜃 for the following
angles:
1. 42𝜋
17𝜋
2. − 4
8𝜋
3. 3
19𝜋
4. 2
61𝜋
5. 6
Any
questions?