MATH 2

Lazaro, Mark Vincent J.

BS Criminology
Contents:
Chapter 1: Angles ( Basic Concept)

Chapter 2: Trigonometry Ratios

Chapter 3: Trigonometry functions of special angles

Chapter 4: Inverse trigonometry Functions

Chapter 5: Right Angles and its application

Chapter 1: Angles Basic Concept

Angles are used throughout geometry, to describe shapes such

as polygons and polyhedrons, and to explain the behaviour of lines, so it’s
a good idea to become familiar with some of the terminology, and how
we measure and describe angles.

Angles are formed between two rays extending from a single point:

Angles are commonly drawn as an arc (part of a circle), as above.

Angles are measured in degrees, which is a measure of circularity, or

rotation.
A full rotation, which would bring you back to face in the same
direction, is 360°. A half-circle is therefore 180°, and a quarter-circle,
or right angle, is 90°.

Two or more angles on a straight line add up to 180°. In the diagram

above, the circle to the left is split into three sectors the angles of the
green and white sectors are both 90°, adding up to 180°.
The figure to the right shows that angles a and b also add up to 180°.
When you look at the diagram like this, it’s easy to see this, but it’s also
surprisingly easy to forget in practice.

In Measuring Angles

Protractor

A protractor is commonly used to measure angles. Protractors are usually

circular or semi-circular and made of transparent plastic, so that they can
be placed over shapes drawn on a piece of paper, allowing you to take a
measurement of the angle

Types of Angles
Angle Type Angle measure
Acute angle Greater than 0 °, Less than 90°
Right angle 90°
Obtuse angle Greater than 90°, less than 180°
Straight
180°
angle
Reflex angle Greater than 180°, less than 360°
Acute angle: The angle that is between 0° and 90° is an acute angle, ∠A
in the figure below.

Right angle: The angle that is 90° is a Right angle, ∠C as shown below.

Obtuse angle: The angle that is between 90° and 180° is an obtuse angle,
∠B as shown below.
Straight angle:
he angle which measures exactly 180° is called a straight angle. This is
similar to a straight line, thus the name straight angle.
A straight angle is nothing but a mixture of an obtuse angle and acute
angle on a line.

Reflex Angle
The angle which measures greater than 180° and less than 360° is known
as the reflex angle. The reflex angle can be calculated if the measure of
the acute angle is given, as it is complementary to the acute angle on the
other side of the line.

Chapter 2: Trigonometry Ratios

The Trigonometric Ratios

The six trigonometric ratios are defined in the following way based on
this right triangle and the angle θ
adj. = adjacent side to angle θ
opp. = opposite side to angle θ hyp.
hyp. = hypotenuse of the right triangle opp.

SOH CAH TOA > Sin θ = opp cosθ = adj. Tanθ = opp.
hyp. hyp. adj.

Reciprocal > csc θ = hyp. sec θ = hyp. Cot θ = adj.

opp. adj. opp.

Ex. Find the exact values of all 6 trigonometric functions of the angle θ
shown in the figure.

13
5

SOLUTION: first you’ll need to determine the 3rd side using  a2 + b2=
c2 > a2 + 5 sqaured = 13 sqaured > a=12
So for the angle labeled θ, ADJACENT = 12, OPPOSITE = 5 and
HYPOTENUSE = 13

Sin θ = opp.=15 cos θ= adj.=12 tanθ=opp.=5

hyp. 13 hyp. 13 adj. 12

Cscθ = hyp.=13 secθ=hyp.=13 cotθ adj.=12

opp. 5 adj. 12 opp. 5

Trigonometry ratios on the circle

A unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1, and it is used to show certain
common angles.

Example:

Convert an angle measuring π over 9 radians to degrees.

Substitute the angle in radians into the above formula:

angle in degrees=angle in radians. 180 degree

π
angle in degrees=angle in radians⋅180∘π
angle in degrees=π9⋅180∘π=180∘9=20∘

Thus we have π9 radians=20∘π9 radians=20∘.

Defining Trigonometric Functions on the Unit Circle

Identifying points on a unit circle allows one to apply trigonometric

functions to any angle.
Chapter 3 : Trigonometric functions of special
angles
Special Angles

The following triangles will help you to memorize the trig functions of
these special angles.

Special Angles: 30 and 60

Let us first consider 30˚ and 60˚.

These two angles form a 30˚-60˚-90˚ right triangle as shown.
The ratio of the sides of the triangle is 1:√3:2

From the triangle we get the ratios as follows:

Special Angles: 45 and 90

Next, we consider the 45˚ angle that forms a 45˚-45˚-90˚ right triangle as
shown. The ratio of the sides of the triangle is

Combining the two tables we get:

Example:

Evaluate the following without using a calculator:

a) 2 sin 30˚ + 3 cos 60˚ – 3 tan 45˚
b) 3(cos 30˚)2 + 2 (sin 30˚)2

Solution:
a) 2 sin 30˚ + 3 cos 60˚ – 3 tan 45˚

b) 3(cos 30˚)2 + 2 (sin 30˚)2

Chapter 4: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Trigonometric
Functions:

- The domains of the trigonometric functions are restricted so

that they become one-to-one and their inverse can be
determined.

- Since the definition of an inverse function says that

f-1(x)=y
=> f(y)=x
We have the inverse sine function
,
sin-1x=y
=> sin y=x and -π/2<=y<= π/2

Example and cancellation

equations:

- Evaluate sin-1(1/2)
- We have
sin-1(1/2) =π/6
because sin(π/6)= ½
and π/6lies between -π/2and π/2

- Cancellation Eq:
sin-1 (sin x)= x for -π/2<= x <= π/2
sin(sin-1x)= x for -1 <= x <= -1

More Inverse Functions:

- Inverse Cosine function:

cos-1
x=y=> cosy=x and 0<= y<= π

- The Cancellation Equations:

cos-1 (cosx)= x for 0<=x<=π
cos(cos-1x)= x for -1 <= x <= -1

Inverse Trigonometric Functions Problems

Example 1: Find the value of x, for sin(x) = 2.
Solution: Given: sin x = 2
x =sin-1(2), which is not possible.
Hence, there is no value of x for which sin x = 2; since the domain of sin-
1x is -1 to 1 for the values of x.

Example 2: Find the value of sin-1(sin (π/6)).

Solution:
sin-1(sin (π/6) = π/6 (Using identity sin-1(sin (x) ) = x)