DEFINITION

Definite integral, which is used in various field of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Symbolically
b

 f (x )dx is the integration of f(x) w.r.t. x with x = a as lower limit and x = b as upper limit.
a

1. GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b

Let f(x) be a function defined on a closed interval [a, b]. Then  f (x )dx represents the algebraic
a

sum of the areas of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), x–axis and the lines x = a, x = b. Here
algebraic sum means that area which is above the x–axis will be added in this sum with + sign and
area which is below the x–axis will be added in this sum with – sign. So value of the definite integral
may be positive, zero or negative.

Illustration 1:
4

Evaluate :  (2 x  3) dx .
1

Solution:
 3 3 
y = 2x – 3 is a straight line, which lie below the x–axis in   1,  and above in  , 4
 2 2 
 1 5 25
Now area of ABC =   5 =
2 2 4
1 5 25
Area of CDE =   5 =
2 2 4
4
25 25
So  (2 x  3)dx
1
= 
4

4
0

Illustration 2:
0

Evaluate :  4  x 2 dx .
2

Solution:
y= 4  x 2 , x  [ 2, 0]
Represents a quarter circle in 2nd quadrant, which is above the x–axis radius of circle is 2.

0
1
so  4  x 2 dx =
4
 
( 2) 2 =  square unit
2

2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

d x
f ( t )dt  f ( x ) ( x  [a , b] )
dx a
If f(x) is a continuous function on [a, b], then

Now if we take F( x )  f ( x ) , then by the above theorem

x
d  
F( x )   f ( t )dt   f ( x )  f ( x )  0
dx  a 
x

 F( x )   f ( t )dt = constant = c (say)

a
 x

 F( x )   f (t )dt  c
a

Now F(a )   f (t )dt  c  0  c  c

a

So F( x )   f ( t )dt  F(a )
a

b b

 F(b)   f ( t )dt  F(a )  F(b)  F(a )   f ( t )dt

a a

b b
Hence if  f ( x )dx  g ( x )  c , then  f ( x )dx  g ( x ) |  g (b)  g(a )
a a

Illustration 3:
1
dx
Evaluate : 
0 2  x2
.

Solution:
dx x
 2x 2 = sin 1
2
+c

1
dx x 1  1 
So  2x 2 = sin 1 |  sin 1  1
  c  sin (0) – c
0 20  2
 
= 0 =
4 4

DRILL EXERCISE - 1

Evaluate the following integrals :

2 
1. 1 (4x 3  5x 2  6x  9)dx 2. sin 2x dx
 0
2

3 dx 1 2x  3
3. 2 x2 1
4. 0 5x 2  1
dx

3
3 4
dx  x  x 2  dx
5. 2 x 2 6. 0  
 
 /2
 2 x x
7. 0  sin  cos 2  dx 8.  cos x dx
 2 2  / 2

3. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b g(b)

3.1  f(g(x))g(x)dx =  f(t)dt

a g(a)

Illustration 4:
9
dx
Evaluate :  dx .
4 
x 1 x 
Solution:
9
dx
I=  dx
4 
x 1 x 
Put 1 x  t
dx dx
 = dt  = 2dt
2 x x
Now when x = 4, t = 1 4 = 3
when x = 9, t = 1 9 = 4
4
2dt 4  16 
So I=  = 2 | n | t ||3 = 2(n 4  n 3) = n 
3
t 9

b b b

3.2  f(x)dx ±  g(x)dx =  (f(x) ± g(x))dx .

a a a

Illustration 5:
3
 2x 2 
Evaluate :   x 4  3x 2  1 dx .

2 

Solution:
3
 2x 2  3
( x 2  1)
3
( x 2  1)dx
I =   x 4  3x 2  1 dx =
 2 x 4  3x 2  1 dx + 2 x 4  3x 2  1
2 
 3 3
(1  (1 / x 2 ))dx (1  (1 / x 2 ))dx
=  + 2 ( x  (1 / x ))2  1
2
( x  (1 / x )) 2  5

1 1
In 1st put x  = t, in 2nd put x  = y
x x
8/3 10 / 3
dt dy
I =  t 2  5   y2 1
3/ 2 5/ 2

1  1  8   3   10  5
=  tan    tan 1     tan 1    tan 1  
5 3 5   2 5  3 2

1 7 5  5
= tan 1    tan 1  

5  54   56 

DRILL EXERCISE - 2
Evaluate the following integrals :
1 4 1
1. 1 5x x 5  1 dx 2. 0 x 1  x 2 dx

1 5x 1 2
3. 1 (4  x 2 ) dx 4. 0 x e x dx

2 cos x
3
2  3
5. 0 dx 6. 0 x cos 2  x 2 dx
4  3 sin x  
 

/ 2
sin x cos5 x dx
2 5x 2dx
7. 
0
8. 1 x 2  4x  3

b b b

3.3  f(x)dx =  f(t)dt =  f(y)dy

a a a

i.e. variable of integration in definite integral is a dummy variable.

Illustration 6:
1
1  2x , x  0
Evaluate  f (x)dx , where f(x) =  .
1 1  2 x, x  0
Solution:
1 0 1 0 1

 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx =  (1 2x) dx  (1 2x) dx

1 1 0 1 0

= [x  x 2 ]01  [x  x 2 ]10 = 4

b a
3.4  f(x)dx = -  f(x)dx
a b

Illustration 7 :
3
dx
Evaluate x
2 4x 2  1
.

Solution:
3
dx
I= x
2 4x 2  1
1 dt
Put x =  dx =  2
t t
1/ 3 1/ 3
 dt dt
So I=  =  2
1/ 2 2  1  4 1/ 2 4  t
t   2 1
t t

 3  17  1  
2
= n t  4  t | 
1/ 2

1/ 3
= n 
2 37  1


  

b c1 c2 b

3.5  f(x)dx = a f(x)dx + c f(x)dx + ......... + c f(x)dx .

a 1 n

Illustration 8 :
3
2
Evaluate  | x  1 | dx .
2

Solution:
3 1 1 3
2 2
| x  1 | dx = | x  1 | dx   | x  1 | dx   | x 2  1 | dx
2

2 2 1 1

( Here modulus function will change at the points, when x2 – 1 = 0 i.e. at x =  1)

 1 1 3
2
So I=  (x  1)dx   (1  x )dx   ( x 2  1)dx
2

2 1 1

x3 1 x3 1 x3 3
= x | x | x|
3 2 3 1 3 1

2 2 2 2 2 28
=    6 =
3 3 3 3 3 3

DRILL EXERCISE - 3

Evaluate the following integrals :

5
5
1.  | x  2 | dx . 2. 1 | x 2  3x  4 | dx
5

z
e
2
| cos x | dx nx dx
3. 0 4.
1/ e

 
sin x if 0  x  2
9
 
5. If f(x) =  1 if  x  3 , then evaluate:  f (x )dx .
 x 3 2 0

 e if 3 x 9


b b

3.6  f(x)dx =  f(a + b - x)dx .

a a

Illustration 9 :
7
x dx
Evaluate 
2 x  9x
.

Solution:
7
x dx
2 x  9x
.........(i)

7
9x
I=  dx
2 9  x  9  ( x)
 7
9x
I=  dx .......(ii)
2 9x  x
adding (i) and (ii), we get
7 7
 x 9 x  7
2I =    dx
 =  dx = x| = 5
2 x  9x x  9x  2 2

5
So I=
2
a a

3.7  f(x)dx =  (f(x) + f(-x)d x .

-a 0

Illustration 10 :
3
dx
Evaluate  (1  e ) (1  x 2 ) .
x
 3

Solution:
3
dx
I=  (1  e ) (1  x 2 )
x
 3

1
Here f(x) = (1  e x ) (1  x 2 )

1 ex
 f(–x) = =
(1  e  x ) (1  ( x ) 2 ) (1  e x ) (1  x 2 )
3
dx 1
3 
so I = 
0
1 x 2 = tan x |
0
=
3

 2 a f(x)dx if f(x) is an even function (f(-x) = f(x))

a  
3.8 -a f(x)dx =  0 0 if f(x) is an odd function (f(-x) = - f(x))


a
ax
Illustration 12: Evaluate  dx
a
ax
Solution:
a a a a
ax ax dx x dx
I  dx   dx = a   
a
ax a
2
a x 2
a
2
a x 2
a a2  x2
 a
dx x
= a.2   0 ( is an odd function)
0 a2  x2 a  x2
2

a
 1 x   
= 2a sin
a  0 
2a[sin–1(1) –sin–1(0)] = 2a  2  0 = a
  

Illustration 13:
1
4
3 x
Find  x . e dx .
1
Solution:
4 4 4
Let f(x) = x3 e x , then f(–x) = (–x)3. e (  x )   x 3e x = –f(x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function.
1 1
4
3 x
  f (x ) dx = 0 ; or
1
 x e dx  0
1

2a a a
3.9  f(x)dx =  f(x)dx +  f(2a - x)dx .
0 0 0

Illustration 14 :

x dx
Evaluate  1  cos
0
2
x
.

Solution:

x dx
I=  1  cos
0
2
x
 
(  x ) dx (   x ) dx
I=  =  1  cos
0
1  cos 2 (  x ) 0
2
x
Addition both, we get

 dx  dx
2I =   I = 
0
1  cos 2 x 2 0 1  cos 2 x
 / 2
 dx dx 
= 2   1  cos 2 x   2 
1  cos (   x ) 
0 0

/2
sec 2 x dx
=  put tan x = t
0
2  tan 2 x
 
dt
I =  2
0
t 2

  t  2
= tan 1  | =
2  20 2 2

b 1
3.10  f(x)dx = (b - a)  f((b - a)x + a) dx
a 0

Illustration 15 :

dx
Evaluate  1  2sin 2
0
x


dx
Solution:  1  2sin
0
2
x

/ 2
dx  2a a

=2   f (x)dx  2 0 f (x)dx, if f  2a  x   f (x) 
0
1  2sin 2 x 0 
/ 2 / 2
sec 2 xdx sec 2 xdx
=2 
0
sex 2 x  2 tan 2 x =2 
0
1  3tan 2 x

(Note that in the beginning we can not divide Nr. and Dr. by cos2x, as cosx = 0 at x =  / 2 )

dt
= 2  1  3t 2 , (tan x = t)
0

1  1  = 2   

=2 tan t 3
3 0 3 2 3

Illustration 16 :
4 2/ 3
2
( x  4)2
Prove that e dx = 3  e 9( x  2 / 3) dx .
5 1/ 3

Solution:
2/3
2
Let I = 3  e9( x  2 / 3) dx
1/ 3
 2
 2 1  1 2
  1 9    x   
= 3 2  1   e   3 3  3 3  dx
 3 3  0
2
1 x 1 1
9  
 3 3 ( x 1) 2
= e dx = e
0
dx
0

4 1
( x  4)2 ( x 1) 2
Also e
5
dx = e
0
dx

Alternative : x + 4 = 3t – 2

DRILL EXERCISE - 4

Evaluate the following integrals :

 1
dx n
1. 0 1  sin x . 2.  x (1  x ) dx .
0

/ 2
x dx
3.  sin x  cos x .
0

/3
dx
4.  1
/6 tan x
.

4. PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

a+np p
4.1 If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then  f(x)dx = n  f(x)dx, n  I .
a 0

Illustration 17 :
n  v

Prove that  | sin x | dx  (2n  1)  cos v ,

0
where n  N and 0  v   . [IIT-1994]

Solution:
n  v v n v

I =  | sin x | dx =  | sin x | dx   | sin x | dx  I1  I 2

0 0 v

v v

I1 =  | sin x | dx   sin dx (as 0  v   and sin x  0 , when n  [0, ] )

0 0
 v
=  cos x | = – cos v + 1 = 1 – cos v
0

n  v  

I 2 =  | (sin x ) | dx = n  | (sin x ) | dx = n  sin xdx = n  cos x 0 = 2n

v 0 0

So I = 1 – cos v + 2n = (2n + 1) – cos v

np p

4.2 If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then  f(x)dx = (n - m)  f(x)dx, n, m  I .

mp 0

Illustration 18 :
10

Evaluate  {2x}dx , where {.} denotes the fractional part of x.

3 / 2

Solution:
1
f(x) = {2x}is a periodic function with period
2
10 20 (1 / 2 )

Let I =  {2x}dx =  {2x}dx

 3(1/ 2 )
3 / 2

1/ 2

= 23  2 x dx (as {2x} = 2x – [2x] and when x  [0, 1 / 2), [ 2x ]  0)

0

2
1/ 2 23
= 23 x | =
0 4
b+np b

4.3 If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then  f(x)dx =  f(x)dx, n I .

a+np a

Illustration 19:

10 
3
Evaluate  (sin x  cos x) dx .

10 
6
Solution:
f(x) = sin x + cos x is periodic with period 2

10 
3  /3 /3
Let I=  (sin x  cos x) dx =  (sin x  cos x) dx = (sin x  cos x ) |
 /6
10  / 6
6

 3 1 1 3
=  2  2  2  2  =
   
 3 1 
Illustration 20:
4

Find the value of  | sinx | dx

0
Solution:
4  

We know that |sinx| is a periodic function of  . Hence  | sin x |dx  4 | sin x |dx  4 sin xdx
0 0 0


= 4   cos x 0  8

DRILL EXERCISE - 5
Evluate the following integrals :
100 41 / 2

1. 
0
{x}dx , where {x} denotes the fraction part of x. 2.  sin x dx .
0

100 7 / 2
x [ x ]
3. e
0
dx 4.  | cosec x | dx
0

z
p  q
 
5. Show that cos x dx  2q  sin p where q  N and  p .
0
2 2

5. DIFFERENTIATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

f2 (x)

5.1 If F(x) =  g(t)dt then F (x) = g(f 2 (x))f 2 (x) - g(f 1 (x))f 1 (x) .
f1 (x)

Illustration 21 :
If a, b are variable real numbers such that a + b = 4, a < 2 and f ( x )  0  x  R , then prove that

a b

  f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx  will increase as (b – a) increases.
 
0 0 
Solution:
Let (b – a) = t
b+a=4
4 t 4t
 b ,a
2 2
 4 t 4 t
2 2
Let g(t) =  f (x )dx   f ( x)dx
0 0

 4  t  1   4  t  1  1   4  t   4  t 
So, g( t ) = f     f    = f  f 
 2  2   2  2  2   2   2 
Now a < 2 and a + b = 4
 a<b
 4 t   4 t 
 f   f  ( as f ( x )  0  f(x) is increasing )
 2   2 
 g( t )  0
 g(t) will increases as t increases
a b

  f ( x )dx   f ( x)dx will increases as (b – a) increases

0 0

DRILL EXERCISE - 6

ex
1. If F(x) =  cos t dt , find F( x ) .
x2

x
t
2. Find the interval in which F(x) =  (e  1) (2  t)dt, (x  1) is increasing.
1

x
dt
3. If {F(x)}101   (F(t))100 , then find F(x).
0
1  sin t

x dy
4. If y =  n t dt , find at x = e.
dx
1

z
x2

sin tdt
0
5. Evaluate : Lim
x0 x3

6. APPROXIMATION IN DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b b b
6.1 If f1 (x)  f(x)  f 2 (x)  x  [a, b] , then  f1 (x)dx   f(x)dx   f 2 (x)dx .
a a a
Illustration 23 :
1
dx 
Prove that   .
2 3
0 4x x 4 2
Solution:
0  x 1
 0  x3  x 2  1
  x 2  x3  0
 4  x 2  x 2  4  x 2  x3  4  x 2
1 1 1
  
4  x2 4  x2  x3 4  2x 2
1 1 1
dx dx dx
   
2 2 3
0 4x 0 4x x 0 4  2x 2

 1 dx 
  
6 0 4  x 2  x3 4 2

6.2 If absolute maximum and minimum value of f(x), when x  [a , b] is M and m respectively,,
b
then m (b - a)   f(x)dx  M (b - a) .
a

Illustration 24 :

 dx 
Prove that 3
  3
 .
  10  5 0 x  10x  9 sin x  5 5
Solution:
Let f(x) = x3 + 10 x + 9 sin x + 5
f ( x ) = 3x2 + 10 + 9 cos x > 0  x  R
1
 f(x) is entirely increasing  is decreasing in (0, )
f (x)
1 1
 Absolute maximum of f(x) in [0, ] is and absolute minimum is 3
5   10  5

 dx 
so 3
 3 
  10  5 0 x  10x  9 sin x  5 5
Illustration 25 :
3

Estimate the integral  3  x 3 dx

1
Solution:
The function f (x)  3  x 3 increases monotonically on the interval [1, 3].

M = maximum value of 3  x 3  3  33  30

m = minimum value of 3  13  4  2
b–a=2
3 3

 2.2   3  x 3 dx  2 30 3
or 4   3  x dx  2 30
1 1

DRILL EXERCISE - 7
Show that :
1 1
2 dx 
1. 1   e x dx  e 2.  
0 0 1  x4 4

z
1 2
 2
x
3. 2e 4
 ex dx  2e 2
0

1
dx 
4. If I =  1 x 3/ 2
, prove that, n 2  I  .
0 4

7. DEFINITE INTEGRAL OF PIECEWISE CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

b
Suppose we have to evaluate  f (x )dx , but either f(x) is not continuous at x = c1, c2, ...., cn or it
a

is not defined at these points. In both cases we have to break the limit at c1, c2, ...., cn .

Illustration 26 :
2

Evaluate  [ x 3  1] dx where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.

1
Solution:
1 x  2  1  x3  8  0  x 3 1  7
2 21/ 3 31/ 3 2
3 3 3 3
So I=  [x  1]dx =  [x  1]dx   [x  1]dx  .......   [x  1]dx
1 1 21/ 3 71/ 3
  13 
Now if x  1, 2  , then x 3  [1, 2) or [x3 – 1] = 0 and so on
 
21 / 3 31 / 3 2

therefore I =  0.dx   1.dx  .........  6.dx

1 21 / 3 71 / 3

= [31/3 – 21/3] + 2[41/3 – 31/3] + 3[51/3 – 41/3] + 4[61/3 – 41/3] + 4[61/3 – 51/3] + 6[2 – 71/3]
= 12 – [71/3 + 61/3 + 51/3 + 41/3 + 31/3 + 21/3]

Illustration 27:
b
|x|
Prove that  dx  | b |  | a | .
a
x
Solution:
We can divide all the possible values of a and b in 3 cases
Case I : 0a b
b b
|x| x
I =  x dx =  x dx = b – a = | b | – | a |
a a

Case II : ab0
b b
|x| x
I =  x dx =  dx = a – b = – | a | – ( – | b | ) = | b | – | a |
a a
x
Case III : a<0<b
b 0 b
|x| |x| |x|
I =  x dx =  x dx   x dx
a a a

0 b

=  (1)dx   1 dx
a 0

= a+b=–|a|+|b|=|b|–|a|
DRILL EXERCISE - 8
Evaluate the following integrals :
2
1.  [2x ] dx , where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
0


2
2.   e
x 
dx , where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
0 
8. DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS THE LIMIT OF A SUM
b b

Consider  f (x )dx , for simplicity, we can take f ( x )  0  x  [a , b] . Then  f (x )dx represents

a a

the area bounded by the curve y = f(x) x–axis and the lines x = a and x = b i.e. the above shaded
area. Now this area can be divided into n parts.
ba 
A rea of the r th part can be assumed a rectangle, with width equal to   and height equal to
 n 
  b  a 
f a  r  .
  n 
n
ba    b  a 
So that area =  
r 1
f  a  r
n    n 
  but this in only approximated area. To get the actual

b n
 ba    ba  
area, take rectangle with width tends to zero, hence  f ( x )dx  Lim   f  a   r  .
a
n 
r  1  n    n  
This is used both ways i.e. to evaluate the definite integral as a limit of sum and also used in finding
the sum of infinite terms of some series.

Illustration 28 :
 1 1 1 1 
Evaluate Lim     ..... .

n 
 4n  1 4n   4 4n   9 3n  
Solution:
 1 1 1 1 
L = Lim     ..... 
  
n 
 4n  1 4n  4 4n  9 3n  
n
1
= Lim
n 
 r 1 4n 2  r 2
 n
(1  0) 1
= Lim
n 
 n 2
r 1  1 0 
4   0  r 
  n 
Which is of the form
n
ba   b  a 
Lim  f  a  r  
n 
r 1 n   n 
1
Here b = 1, a = 0 and f(x) =
4  x2
1
dx 1 x1 
So L= 
0 4  x2
= sin | =
20 6

Illustration 29 :
 n2 n2 1 
Evaluate Lim    ......... .
n   ( n  1) 3
 (n  2) 3
64n 
Solution:

 n2 n2 1 
3n
n2
L= Lim    .........  = n  
Lim
64n 
3
n   ( n  1) 3 (n  2)3 r 1 (n  r)

Put 3n = m, we get
3
 
3
m
m2 / 9
m
3  1  dx  1 3 15
L = Lim  3
= Lim    =  (1  x) 3 = | =
2(1  x ) 2 0 32
r 1 m   1  3r  
n  n 
r 1 m  0
  r  m
3   

Illustration 30 :

 1 1 1 
Show that Lim    ...   = ln6
n  n  1 n2 6n 

Solution:

 1 1 1   1 1 1 
Lim    ...   = Lim    ...  
n  n  1 n2 6n  n  n  1 n2 n  5n 
 
  
5n
 1  5n  
 lim   1 1
n 

r 1  n  r 
= Lim
n  n
 
r 1 

r
 1 
 n
 Lower limit of r = 1
1
 Lower limit of integration = Lim 0
n n
 Upper limit of r = 5n.
5n
 Upper limit of integration = lim 5
n  n
5
1 5
from (1) 1 x dx  ln (1  x) 0 = ln6 – ln1 = ln6
0

DRILL EXERCISE - 9

Evaluate the following integrals :

n 1 n2 1
Lim  2 2  2
2n
 .....   1
1. 2 2. Lim  .
n   n  1 n 2 n n 
r 1 nr
n 1
1
3. Lim 
n 
r 0 n  r2
2

2k  4k  6 k  ..  (2n ) k
4. Lim , k –1 is equal to.
n  n k 1
 ANSWERS
Drill exercise –1

64 1 3 1 3 1
1. 2. 1 3. log 4. log 6 + tan–1 5 5.
3 2 2 5 5 6
104
6. 7. 0 8. 2
5

Drill exercise –2

4 2 1 e 1 
1. 2. 3. 0 4. 5. 0 6.
3 3 2 3
64 5 5 3
7. 8. 5 – (9 log – log )
231 2 4 2

Drill exercise –3
280 
1. 29 2. 3. 4 4. 2(1–e–1) 5. 3 – + e6
3 2
Drill exercise –4
1  
1. 2 2. 3. n (1 + 2) 4.
(n  1)(n  2) 2 2 12
Drill exercise –5
5
1. 50 2. 1 3. 100 (e–1) 4.
2
Drill exercise –6
1
1. cos(ex) ex – cos(x2)2x 2. [0, 2] 3. (tan x  sec x  1)
101
4. 1 + e 5. 2/3
Drill exercise –8
1. 3 2. loge2
Drill exercise –9

 1  2k
1. + n2 2. loge 3 3. 4.
4 2 2 k 1