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of
Multivariable Functions
Double Integrals
In calculus of a single variable the definite integral
b
f ( x)dx
a
for f(x) ≥ 0 gives the area under the curve f(x) from x=a to
x=b.
D f ( x, y)dA
where D is the region of integration in the xy-plane.
For positive f(x,y), the definite integral is equal to the volume
under the surface z = f(x,y) and above xy-plane for x and y in
the region D. This is shown in the figure
D
Definite integrals as Area
In one variable calculus, what happens if we integrate the
function f (x) = 1 over the interval [a, b]?
We calculate
b b
b
f ( x)dx dx x a b a
a a
The integral of the function f (x) = 1 is just the length of the
interval [a, b].
Area dA
D
If D is a region in xy-plane as
shown in the diagram, then
x2 y2 ( x ) x2
dy dx [ y2 ( x) y1 ( x)]dx
x1 y1 ( x ) x1
Example:
Find area of region bounded by parabola x = y2 and the line y = x.
Solution:
The graph of the problem is Y
Here we take dA = dx dy
Also we let y go from 0 to 1. dA
Then x goes from y2 to y.
X
The area now is
1 y 1 1
dA
y
2 dxdy x y 2
dy y
y 2
dy
D 0y 0 0
y2 3 1
y 1 1 1
2 3 0 2 3 6
Evaluate xydxdy over the region in the positive quadrant for which
xy 1
y
(0,1) B
Q x+y=1
dy
dx
o P A x
(1,0)
1 x
1 1 x 1 1 x 1 y 2
xydxdy xydxdy xdx ydy xdx
R 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
1
1 x 2
2x x 3
1 4
11
20
2 11
20
x 1 x dx x 2x 2 x 3 dx
2 2 3
4 0 24
Fubini’s Theorem
kf ( x, y )dA k f ( x, y )dA
R R
f ( x, y ) g( x, y ) dA f ( x, y )dA g( x, y )dA
R R R
f ( x, y )dA 0 if f(x,y) 0 on R
R
y=x
D
B
A
x=2
x=1
O X
2 2
x(ln 2 x ln x)dx x ln 2dx
1 1
2
x 2 22 1 3
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
2 2 2 2
1
1 2-x
Sketch the region of integration for the integral xydxdy .
0 x2
and write an equivalent integral with the order
of integration reversed.
(1,1)
1 y 2 2- y
3
xydxdy + xydxdy 8
0 0 1 0
2 4 y 2
Example: Integrate 0 0 ydxdy
4 2 4 x
y
dx
2
0 0
4
4 x
dx
2
0
2 4
x
2x
4
0
42
2(4) 4
4
Example: Set up the integral to find the volume of the solid that
lies below the cone z 4 x 2 y 2 and above the xy-plane.
Solution: (0, 0, 4)
x 2 y 2 16
O
(r,) r2()
D
r1()
2 1
O
The elementary area dA enclosing the point (r,) is as shown in
figure.
If both r and are very small then the polar rectangle has area
Area = r r
In the limiting case we get dA = r dr d
Theorem:
Let f(x,y) be a continuous function defined over a
region D bounded in polar coordinates by
r1() < r < r2() 1 < < 2 then
2 r2 ()
4 16 x 2 2 4
4 x 2 y 2 dydx
4 16 x 2
(4 r )rdrd
0 0
2 4
64
( 4r r
2
)drd
3
0 0
aa
x
Example: Evaluate the integral 2 2
dydx by changing
0x x y
to polar coordinates.
Solution:
The region of integration is shown in the figure
Y
(x, a) x=y
Over the region of integration ө y=a
B
varies from . P A
r
XOA to XOB
4 2 ө X
O x=a
2
a2 a 2 2
2
cos d
2
cosec cot d
2sin
4 4
a2 a2
2
2
cosec 4
2
1 2
y y L arg est is 2
B2 x2 y 2 4 2 L
R R y =x
A 2 C 2
( 2, 2)
Smallest is
y 2 4
x
x 0
0
y Leaves at r = 2
2 L
r sin y 2
R
or
r 2 cos ec Enters at r 2 cos ec
x
0
The integral is f(r, )dA
R
2 r 2
f ( r, )rdrd
r 2 csc
4