Solutions to Problems — Integration in IR2 and IR3

1. For each of the following, evaluate the given double integral without using iteration. Instead, interpret
the integral as, for example, an area or an average value.
RR
(a) R dx dy where R is the rectangle −1 ≤ x ≤ 3, −4 ≤ y ≤ 1.
RR √
(b) D (x + 3) dx dy, where D is the half disc 0 ≤ y ≤ 4 − x2 .
RR
(c) R (x + y) dx dy where R is the rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b.
RR p
(d) R b2 − y 2 dx dy where R is the rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b.
Solution.
RR RR
(a) R dx dy is the area of a rectangle with sides of lengths 4 and 5. So R dx dy = 4 × 5 = 20 .
RR
(b) D x dx dy = 0 because x is odd under reflection about the y–axis, while the domain of integration
RR
is symmetric about the y–axis. D 3 dx dy is the three times the area of a half disc of radius 2. So,
RR 1 2
D (x + 3)dx dy = 3 × 2 × π2 = 6π .
RR RR
(c) R
x dx dy/ R dx dy is the average value of x in the rectangle R, namely a2 . Similarly,
RR RR RR
R
y dx dy/ R dx dy is the average value of y in the rectangle R, namely 2b . R
dx dy is area of
RR 1
the rectangle R, namely ab. So, S
(x + y)dx dy = 2 ab(a + b) .
RR p RRR p
2 2
(d) R b − y dx dy = b2 − y 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ a,
V dx dy dz, where V is the region with 0 ≤ z ≤
0 ≤ y ≤ b. y + z ≤ b is a cylinder of radius b centered on the x axis. y + z ≤ b2 , y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0
2 2 2 2 2

is one quarter of this cylinder. It has cross–sectional area 41 πb2 . V is the part of this quarter–cylinder
RR p
with 0 ≤ x ≤ a. It has length a and cross–sectional area 14 πb2 . So, R
b2 − y 2 dx dy = 14 πa2 b .
2. For each of the following, evaluate the given double integral using iteration.
RR
(a) R (x2 + y 2 ) dx dy where R is the rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b.
RR
(b) T (x − 3y) dx dy where T is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (a, 0), (0, b).
RR
(c) R xy 2 dx dy where R is the finite region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves y = x2 and
x = y2.
RR
(d) D x cos y dx dy where D is the finite region in the first quadrant bounded by the coordinate axes
and the curve y = 1 − x2 .
RR
(e) R xy ey dx dy where R is the region 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x2 ≤ y ≤ x.
RR xy
(f) T 1+x 4 dx dy where T is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1).

Solution. The following figures show the domains of integration for the integrals in this problem.
(a, b) (0, b) x = y2
ay + bx = ab (1, 1) y = 1 − x2
a) b) c) d)
y = x2 (1, 0)
(a, 0)

(1, 1)
y = x (1, 1)
e) f)
y = x2 y=x

1
 ZZ Z a Z b Z a


a) (x2 + y 2 ) dx dy = dx dy (x2 + y 2 ) = dx x2 b + 31 b3 = 1
3 a3 b + ab3
R 0 0 0
ZZ Z a Z b(1− x
a)
Z a h

2 i
b) (x − 3y) dx dy = dx dy (x − 3y) = dx bx 1 − xa − 32 b2 1 − xa
T 0 0 0
h
3 ia
b 2 b 3 a 2 a2 b a2 b ab2 a2 b ab2
= 2x − 3a x + 2b 1 − xa = 2 − 3 − 2 = 6 − 2
0
ZZ Z 1 Z √x Z 1
2



c) xy dx dy = dx dy xy 2 = 1
3 dx x x3/2 − x6 = 1 2
3 7 − 1
8 = 3
56
R 0 x2 0
ZZ Z 1 Z 1−x2 Z 1 h i1
d) x cos y dx dy = dx dy x cos y = dx x sin(1 − x2 ) = 1
2 cos(1 − x2 )
D 0 0 0 0
1
= 2 (1 − cos 1)
ZZ Z 1 Z √y Z 1 Z 1
x y x y y−y 2 y
e) ye dx dy = dy dx ye = dy 2y e = 1
2 dy (1 − y)ey
R 0 y 0 0
i1 h
− yey + 2ey = 12 (e − 2)
= 1
20
ZZ Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
xy xy 1 x(1−x2 ) 1 1−t
f) 1+x4 dx dy = dx dy 1+x4 = 2 dx 1+x4 = 4 dt 1+t2 where t = x2
T 0 x 0 0
h i1

= 1
4 arctan t − 1
2 ln(1 + t2 ) = 1 π
2 4 − 1
2 ln 2
0

3. For each of the following integrals (i) sketch the region of integration, (ii) write an equivalent double
integral with the order of integration reversed and (iii) evaluate both double integrals.
Z 2 Z ex Z √2 Z √4−2y2 Z 1 Z 3x+2
(a) dx dy (b) dy √ dx y (c) dx dy
0 1 0 − 4−2y 2 −2 x2 +4x

Solution. The following figures show the domains of integration for the integrals in this problem.
y = ex
(1, 5)
x = ln y √
e2 x2 + 2y 2 = 4 2 y = 3x + 2
(a) (b) (c)
y = x2 + 4x
1 −2 0 2 (−2, −4)
0 2
Z 2 Z ex Z 2    2
(a) dx dy = dx ex − 1 = ex − x 0 = e2 − 3
0 1 0
Z e2 Z 2 Z e2    e2
dy dx = dy 2 − ln y = 2y − y ln y + y 1 = e2 − 3
0 ln y 0
Z √ Z √4−2y2 Z √
2 2 p  √2
(b) dy √ dx y = dy 2y 4 − 2y 2 = − 13 (4 − 2y 2 )3/2 0 = 8
3
0 − 4−2y 2 0
p
Z 2 Z 2− x22 Z 2
 2  3 2
dx dy y = dx 1 − x4 = 2 x − x12 0 = 83
−2 0 −2
Z 1 Z 3x+2 Z 1    x3 x2
1
(c) dx dy = dx − x2 − x + 2 = − 3 − 2 + 2x −2 = 9
2
−2 x2 +4x −2
Z Z √ Z
5 −2+ 4+y 5  p   5
4 y 4y y2 3
dy dx = dy − 3 − 3 + 4+y = − 3 − 6 + 23 (4 + y) 2 −4
= 9
2
y−2
−4 3 −4

2
4. Find the volume lying inside the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 and above the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 .
Solution. The top surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 meets the bottom surface z = x2 + y 2 when z obeys
x2 + y 2 = z = 2 − z 2 . That is, when z = 1. The other root of z 2 + z − 2 = 0, namely z = −2, is
inconsistent with z = x2 + y 2 ≥ 0. The top and bottom surfaces meet at the circle, z = 1, x2 + y 2 = 1.
In polar coordinates, the top surface is z 2 = 2 − r2 and the bottom surface is z = r2 , so
Z 1 Z 2π Z 1
p  p 
Vol = dr dθ r 2 − r2 − r2 = 2π dr r 2 − r2 − r2
0 0 0
 
r4 1
 
= 2π − 13 (2 − r2 )3/2 − 4 0 = 2π − 1
3 − 1
4 + 31 23/2 ≈ 0.36

In cartesian coordinates
Z Z √
1 1−x2 p 
Vol = 4 dx dy 2 − x2 − y 2 − x2 − y 2
0 0
√
The y integral can be done using the substitution y = 2 − x2 cos t, but it is easier to use polar
coordinates.
5. Find the volume of the solid inside the cylinder x2 + 2y 2 = 8, above the plane z = y − 4 and below the
plane z = 8 − x.
Solution. Looking down from the top, we see the cylinder x2 + y 2 ≤ 8. That gives the base region. The
top of the solid, above any fixed (x, y) in the base region, is at z = 8 − x (this is always positive because
√
x never gets bigger than 8) . The bottom of the solid, below any fixed (x, y) in the base region, is at
z = y − 4 (this is always negative because y is always between −2 and 2). So the height of the solid at
any (x, y) is ztop − zbottom = (8 − x) − (y − 4) = 12 − x − y. The volume is

Z 2 Z √8−2y2
dy √ dx (12 − x − y)
−2 − 8−2y 2

Recall from first year that if f (x) is an odd function (meaning that f (−x) = −f (x) for all x), then
Ra Ra R0
−a f (x) dx = 0 (because the two integrals 0 f (x) dx and −a f (x) dx have the same magnitude but
opposite signs). Applying this twice gives

Z √8−2y2 Z 2 Z √8−2y2 Z 2 p
√ dx x = 0 and dy √ dx y = dy 2y 8 − 2y 2 = 0
− 8−2y 2 −2 − 8−2y 2 −2

p
since x and y 8 − 2y 2 are both odd. Thus

Z 2 Z √8−2y2 Z 2 Z √8−2y2
dy √ dx (−x − y) = 0 =⇒ volume = dy √ dx 12
−2 − 8−2y 2 −2 − 8−2y 2

so that the volume is just 12 times the area of the ellipse x2 + 2y 2 = 8, which is
√
√
12 π 8 2 = 48 2π

3
6. Use polar coordinates to evaluate each of the following integrals.
RR
a) S (x + y)dx dy where S is the region in the first quadrant lying inside the disc x2 + y 2 ≤ a2 and
√
under the line y = 3x.
RR
b) S x dx dy, where S is the disc segment x2 + y 2 ≤ 2, x ≥ 1.
RR
c) T (x2 + y 2 )dx dy where T is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0) and (1, 1).
RR
d) x2 +y2 ≤1 ln(x2 + y 2 ) dx dy
√
Solution. (a) In polar coordinates the domain of integration, x2 + y 2 ≤ a2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 3x, becomes
√ √ π
r ≤ a, 0 ≤ r sin θ ≤ 3r cos θ or r ≤ a, 0 ≤ θ ≤ arctan 3 = 3

The integral is
ZZ Z Z π
a 3
(x + y)dx dy = dr dθ r(r cos θ + r sin θ)
S
Z0 a h
0
i π3 h√ i
a3 a3
√ 
= dr r2 sin θ − cos θ = 3 2
3
− 1
2 +1 = 6 3+1
0 0

(b) In polar coordinates the domain of integration, x2 + y 2 ≤ 2, x ≥ 1, becomes

(1, 1)
√
√ 1
√ r= 2
r ≤ 2, r cos θ ≥ 1 or cos θ ≤r≤ 2
x=1

√
For cos1 θ ≤ r ≤ 2 to be nonempty, we need cos θ ≤ √1
2
or |θ| ≤ π
4. By symmetry under y → −y, the
integral is
ZZ Z π Z √
4 2
x dx dy = 2 dθ dr r(r cos θ)
1
S 0 cos θ
Z π
4
√2 Z π
4 h i h i π4
r3 
=2 dθ cos θ 3  1
= 2
3 dθ 23/2 cos θ − 1
cos2 θ = 2
3 23/2 sin θ − tan θ
0 cos θ 0 0
 
= 32 23/2 √12 − 1 = 2
3

π
(c) In polar coordinates, the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0) and (1, 1) has sides θ = 0, θ = 4 and
r = cos1 θ (which is the polar coordinates version of x = 1). The integral is
ZZ Z π Z 1
4 cos θ
2 2
(x + y )dx dy = dθ dr r(r2 )
T 0 0
Z π  1 Z π Z π
4 4 4
r 4  cos θ
= dθ 4 0 = 1
4 dθ 1
cos4 θ = 1
4 dθ sec4 θ
0 0 0
Z π Z
4
1

= 1
4 dθ sec2 θ 1 + tan2 θ = 1
4 dt 1 + t2 where t = tan θ
0 0
h i1
1 t3 14 1
= t+ 4 3 0 = 43 = 3

4
 (d)
ZZ Z 2π Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2 2 2 2
ln(x + y ) dx dy = dθ dr r ln r = 2π dr r ln r = π ds ln s where s = r2
x2 +y 2 ≤1 0 0 0 0
h i1
= π s ln s − s = −π
0

7. Find the volume lying inside the cylinder x2 + (y − a)2 = a2 and between the upper and lower halves of
the cone z 2 = x2 + y 2 .
Solution. For this region x and y run over the interior of the cylinder x2 + (y − a)2 = a2 . For each
p p
(x, y) inside the cylinder, z runs from − x2 + y 2 to x2 + y 2 . As x2 + (y − a)2 = a2 if and only
if x2 + y 2 − 2ay = 0, the cylinder has equation r2 = 2ar sin θ, or equivalently, r = 2a sin θ, in polar
coordinates. Thus (r, θ) runs over 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2a sin θ and for each (r, θ) in this region z runs
from −r to r. By symmetry under x → −x, the volume is

Z π Z Z π Z r = 2a sin θ
2 2a sin θ   2 2a sin θ
2
V =2 dθ dr r r − (−r) = 4 dθ dr r
0 0 0 0
Z π Z π Z
2 2 0
3 32 3 2 3
= 4
3 dθ (2a sin θ) = 3 a dθ sin θ(1 − cos θ) = − 32
3 a dt (1 − t2 ) where t = cos θ
0 0 1
h i0
3 t3
= − 32
3 a t− 3 1 = 64 3
9 a

8. Find the volume of the region in the first octant below the paraboloid

x2 y2
z = 1− −
a2 b2

x2 y2
Solution. The paraboloid hits the xy–plane at a2 + b2 = 1.
p 2
Z a Z b 1− x2

a
x2 y2
Volume = dx dy 1 − a2 − b2
0 0
p 2
Z a Z 1− x2

a
x2
=b dx dv 1 − a2 − v2 where y = bv
0 0
p 2
Ra R 1− x2 x2


Think of this integral as being of the form b 0 dx g(x) with g(x) = 0
a
dv 1 − a2 − v2 .

Z Z √
1 1−u2

Volume = ab du dv 1 − u2 − v 2 where x = au
0 0
ZZ


= ab dudv 1 − u2 − v 2
u2 +v2 ≤1
u,v≥0

Now switch to polar coordinates u = r cos θ, v = r sin θ.

Z Z π
1 2
h 2 i1
r4
Volume = ab dr dθ r 1 − r2 = ab r2 − 4 0 = π
8 ab
0 0

5
 9. Find the volume common to the cylinders x2 + y 2 ≤ 2ax and z 2 ≤ 2ax. Use polar coordinates.
Solution. The figure below shows the top view of the specified solid. (x, y) runs over the interior of
√ √
the circle x2 + y 2 = 2ax. For each fixed (x, y) in this disk, z runs from − 2ax to + 2ax. In polar
coordinates, the circle is r2 = 2ar cos θ or r = 2a cos θ. The solid is symmetric under x → −x and
z → −z, so we can restrict to x ≥ 0, z ≥ 0 and multiply by 4. The volume is

r = 2a cos θ
Z π Z
2 2a cos θ √
Volume = 4 dθ dr r 2ar cos θ
0 0
Z π
2 √ 2a cos θ
2a cos θ 25 r5/2 

=4 dθ
0 0
Z π Z π
2
3 2

= 8
5 dθ 2a cos θ = 64 3
5 a dθ cos θ 1 − sin2 θ
0 0
Z 1
64 3 2


= 5 a dt 1 − t where t = sin θ
0
64 3
 
t3 1 128 3
= 5 a t− 3 0 = 15 a

10. A symmetrical coffee percolator holds 24 cups when full. The interior has a circular cross-section which
tapers from a radius of 3” at the centre to 2” at the base and top, which are 12” apart. The bounding
surface is parabolic. Where should the mark indicating the 6 cup level be placed?

3” 12”

2”

Solution. Let r(z) be the radius of the urn at height z above its middle. Because the bounding surface
of the urn is parabolic, r(z) must be a quadratic function of z that varies between 3 at z = 0 and 2 at

2
z = ±6. The function r(z) = 3 − z6 does the job. Slice the urn into horzontal slices, with the slice at
height z a disk of radius r(z) and thickness dz and hence of volume πr(z)2 dz. The volume to height z0
is Z z0 Z z0 h i h i 2 z0
z2 z3 z5
V (z) = dz πr(z)2 = dz π 3 − 36 = π 9z − 18 + 5×362
−6 −6 −6
h iz0 h i6
z3 z5 π z3 z5
We wish to choose z0 so that π 9z − 18 + 5×362 −6 = 4 9z − 18 + 5×362 −6 or

h i
z03 z05 63 65
9z0 − 18 + 5×362 = − 21 9 × 6 − 18 + 5×362 = −21.60
h i h i
z03 z05 z03 z05
Since 9z0 − 18 + 6480 z =−2.495 = −21.61 and 9z0 − 18 + 6480 z =−2.490 = −21.57, there is a solution
0 0

z0 = −2.49 (to two decimal places). The mark should be about 3.5” above the bottom .

6
 RRR
11. Evaluate R
x dV where R is the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane x
a + yb +
z
c = 1.
Solution. The domain of integration is x, y, z ≥ 0, xa + yb + zc ≤ 1. In this region, z takes all values
between 0 and c. For each fixed 0 ≤ z ≤ c, (x, y) takes all values satisfying x, y ≥ 0, xa + yb ≤ 1 − zc .
This is pictured in the figure on the right below.
z y


(0, 0, c) z = z0 0, b(1 − zc )

(0, b, 0)
y y


a(1 − b − zc ), y
(a, 0, 0)
x x

ZZZ Z c Z b(1− zc ) Z a(1− yb − zc ) Z c Z b(1− zc )

a2 y z 2
x dV = dz dy dx x = dz dy 2 1− b − c
R
Z0 c 0 0
z
Z 0c 0
 a2 b y


z 3 b(1− c ) a2 b


z 3
 a2 bc


z 4 c
= dz − 6 1− b − c 0
= dz 6 1− c = − 24 1− c 0
0 0
a2 bc
= 24

RRR
12. Evaluate R
y dV where R is the portion of the cube 0 ≤ x, y, z ≤ 1 lying above the plane y + z = 1
and below the plane x + y + z = 2.
Solution. The domain of integration is 0 ≤ x, y, z ≤ 1, z ≥ 1 − y, z ≤ 2 − x − y. In the figure on the
left below, the more darkly shaded region is part of z = 1 − y and the more lightly shaded region is part
of z = 2 − x − y. The figure on the right shows a section with z constant.
z
y
x+y = 2−z

y y=1

x
xy = 1−z
ZZZ Z 1 Z 1 Z 2−y−z Z 1 Z 1
y dV = dz dy dx y = dz dy y(2 − y − z)
R 0 1−z 0 0 1−z
Z 1 Z z
= dz du (1 − u)(1 + u − z) where u = 1 − y
0 0
Z 1 Z z Z 1
2 z3 z3
= dz du (1 − u − z + uz) = dz z − 3 − z2 + 2 )
0 0 0
1 1 1 1 5
= 2 − 12 − 3 + 8 = 24

7
13. For each of the following, express the given iterated integral as an iterated integral in which the integra-
tions are performed in the order: first z, then y, then x.
Z 1 Z 1−z Z 1−z Z 1 Z 1 Z y
a) dz dy dx f (x, y, z) b) dz √
dy dx f (x, y, z)
0 0 0 0 z 0

Solution. (a) The domain of integration is 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − z, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 − z or equivalently,

x, y, z ≥ 0, x + z ≤ 1, y + z ≤ 1. In this region, x takes all values between 0 and 1. For each fixed
0 ≤ x ≤ 1, (y, z) takes all values satisfying y, z ≥ 0, z ≤ 1 − x, y + z ≤ 1. This is pictured in the figure
on the right below. In the figure on the left, the front face is x + z = 1 and the lightly shaded face right
is y + z = 1.
z z
z = z0
(y = x, z = 1 − x)

y z =1−x

x (1, 1, 0) y
z =1−y
In the new order, the integral is
Z 1 Z x Z 1−x Z 1 Z 1 Z 1−y
dx dy dz f (x, y, z) + dx dy dz f (x, y, z)
0 0 0 0 x 0

√
(b) The domain of integration is 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, z ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ y or equivalently, 0 ≤ z ≤ y 2 ≤ 1,
0 ≤ x ≤ y. In this region, x takes all values between 0 and 1. For each fixed 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, (y, z) takes all
values satisfying x ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ y 2 . In the new order, the integral is
Z 1 Z 1 Z y2
dx dy dz f (x, y, z)
0 x 0

14. Use cylindrical coordinates to evaluate the volumes of each of the following regions.
p
(a) Above the xy plane, inside the cone z = 2a − x2 + y 2 and inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 2ay.
√
(b) Above the xy plane, under the paraboloid z = 1 − x2 − y 2 and in the wedge −x ≤ y ≤ 3x.
(c) Above the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and below the plane z = 2y.
Solution. (a) The figures below show the parts of the cone, the cylinder and the intersection, respectively,
that are in the first octant.
z z z

r = 2a − z r = 2a − z
y y y

r = 2a sin θ r = 2a sin θ
x r = 2a x x r = 2a

8
 By symmetry under x → −x, the full volume is twice the volume in the first octant.
Z π Z Z
2 2a sin θ 2a−r
Vol = 2 dθ dr r dz
0 0 0
Z π Z
2 2a sin θ
=2 dθ dr r(2a − r)
0 0
Z π
2  
=2 dθ 4a3 sin2 θ − 8
3 sin3 θ
0
h Z 1
i
= 8a3 1π
2 2 − 2
3 dt 1 − t2 where t = cos θ
0
h
i

= 8a3 π
4 − 2
3 1 − 31 = a3 2π − 32
9

√
(b) The boundaries of the wedge −x ≤ y ≤ 3x correspond, in polar coordinates, to θ = tan−1 (−1) =
√
− π4 and θ = tan−1 3 = π3 . In cylindrical coordinates, the paraboloid z = 1−x2 −y 2 becomes z = 1−r2 .
This paraboloid intesects the xy–plane on the circle r = 1.
Z π
3
Z 1 Z 1−r 2

Z 1

Vol = dθ dr r dz = π
3 + π
4 dr r(1 − r2 ) = 7 1
12 π 2 − 1
4 = 7
48 π
−π
4 0 0 0

(c) The region is x2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ 2y. In cylindrical coordinates, the bottom is z = r2 and the top is
z = 2r sin θ. The top and bottom intersect on the circle r = 2 sin θ or x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1. By symmetry
under x → −x, the full volume is twice the volume in the first octant.
Z π Z Z Z π Z
2 2 sin θ 2r sin θ 2 2 sin θ
Vol = 2 dθ dr r dz = 2 dθ dr r(2r sin θ − r2 )
0 0 r2 0 0
Z π
2 4 4
4
=2 dθ 2
3 − 2
4 sin4 θ = 2 212 16
3
π= π
2
0

15. The centre of mass (x̄, ȳ, z̄) of a body B having density ρ(x, y, z) (units of mass per unit volume) at
(x, y, z) is defined to be
ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
1 1 1
x̄ = M xρ(x, y, z) dV ȳ = M yρ(x, y, z) dV z̄ = M zρ(x, y, z) dV
B B B

where ZZZ
M= ρ(x, y, z) dV
B

is the mass of the body. So, for example, x̄ is the weighted average of x over the body. Find the centre
of mass of the part of the solid ball x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ a2 with x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 and z ≥ 0, assuming that the
density ρ is constant.
Solution. By symmetry, x̄ = ȳ = z̄, so it suffices to compute, for example, z̄. The mass of the body is
the density, ρ, times its volume, which is one eighth of the volume of a sphere. So

ρ4 3
M= 8 3 πa

9
 In cylindrical coordinates, the equation of the spherical surface of the body is r2 + z 2 = a2 . The part of
√
the body at height z above the xy–plane is one quarter of a disk of radius a2 − z 2 . The numerator of
z̄ is
ZZZ Z a Z π/2 Z √a2 −z2 Z a Z π/2 √
a2 −z 2
r2
zρ dV = ρ dz dθ dr r z = ρ dz dθ z 2 0
B 0 0 0 0 0
Z a Z π/2 Z a
ρ
= 2 dz dθ z(a2 − z 2 ) = π
4ρ dz z(a2 − z 2 )
0 0 0
 2 
z4 a
= π
4ρ a2 z2 − 4 0 = π
16 ρa
4

π
Dividing by M = 6 ρa
3
gives x̄ = ȳ = z̄ = 83 a .
16. Evaluate the volume of a circular cylinder of radius a and height h by means of an integral in spherical
coordinates.
Solution.
z z R= h z
cos ϕ

a
ϕ ϕ ϕ R= sin ϕ

y y y
x ϕ = tan−1 a x ϕ < tan−1 a x ϕ > tan−1 a
h h h

The top of the cylinder has equation z = h i.e. R cos ϕ = h. The side of the cylinder has equation
x2 + y 2 = a2 i.e. R sin ϕ = a. The bottom of the cylinder has equation z = 0 i.e. ϕ = π2 . For each fixed
ϕ, θ runs from 0 to 2π and R runs from 0 to either cosh ϕ (if ϕ < tan−1 ha ) or sina ϕ (if ϕ > tan−1 ha ).

Z tan−1 a
h
Z 2π Z h/ cos ϕ Z π
2
Z 2π Z a/ sin ϕ
Vol = dϕ dθ dR R2 sin ϕ + dϕ dθ dR R2 sin ϕ
a
0 0 0 tan−1 h 0 0
Z tan−1 a
h
Z π
2
h3 sin ϕ a3 sin ϕ
= 2π dϕ 3 cos3 ϕ + 2π dϕ 3 sin3 ϕ
a
0 tan−1 h
a
nZ h
Z 0 o
h3 a3
= 2π dt 3 t − ds 3 where t = tan ϕ, dt = sec2 ϕ dϕ, s = cot ϕ, ds = csc2 ϕ dϕ
h
0 a
n
o n o
h3 1 a 2 a3 h ah2 a2 h
= 2π 3 2 h + 3 a = 2π 6 + 3 = πa2 h

17. Use spherical coordinates to find

p
(a) The volume inside the cone z = x2 + y 2 and inside the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
RRR RRR
(b) R x dV and R z dV over the part of the sphere of radius a that lies in the first octant.
(c) The mass of a spherical planet of radius a whose density at distance R from the center is ρ =
A/(B + R2 ).
(d) The volume enclosed by R = a(1 − cos φ). Here R and φ refer to the usual spherical coordinates.
Solution. (a)
Z Z Z π π
a 2π 4 nZ a on Z 2π on Z 4 o
2 2
Vol = dR dθ dϕ R sin ϕ = dR R dθ dϕ sin ϕ
0 0 0 0 0 0
h i π4

a3 3
= 3 2π cos φ = 2π a3 1 − √1
2
0

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 (b) By symmetry, the two integrals are equal.

Z Z π Z π z Z π
a 2 2 z }| { 2
2 a4 π
dR R dϕ sin ϕ dθ R cos ϕ = 4 2 dϕ sin ϕ cos ϕ
0 0 0 0
Z 1
πa4
= 8 dt t where t = sin ϕ, dt = cos ϕ dϕ
0
πa4
= 16

(c)
density
Z a Z π Z 2π z }| { nZ π on Z a o
2 A R2
mass = dR R dϕ sin ϕ dθ B+R2 = 2πA dϕ sin ϕ dR B+R2
0 0 0 0 0
Z a
B


= 4πA dR 1 − B+R 2
0
√
√ Z a/ B √ √
1
= 4πAa − 4πA B ds 1+s2 where R = Bs, dR = B ds
0
√

= 4πA a − B tan−1 √a
B

(d) The volume in question is invariant under rotations about the z–axis. Its intersection with the right
half of the yz–plane is given in the figure below. z
Z 2π Z π Z a(1−cos ϕ) y
Volume = dθ dϕ sin ϕ dR R2
0
Z π0 0

a3
= 2π 3 dϕ sin ϕ(1 − cos ϕ)3
0
Z 2
3
= 2π a3 dt t3 where t = 1 − cos ϕ, dt = sin ϕ dϕ
0
3
24
= 2π a3 4 = 8
3 πa
3

18. A torus of mass M is generated by rotating a circle of radius a about an axis in its plane at distance
b from the centre (b > a). The torus has constant density. Find the moment of inertia about the axis
RRR 2
of rotation. By definition the moment of intertia is r dm where dm is the mass of an infinitesmal
piece of the solid and r is its distance from the axis.
Solution. The torus is constructed by rotating the circle (x − b)2 + z 2 = a2 (viewed as lying in the
xz–plane) about the z–axis. On this circle, x runs from b − a to b + a. In cylindrical coordinates, the
torus has equation (r − b)2 + z 2 = a2 . On this torus, r runs from b − a to b + a. For each fixed r, z runs
p p
from − a2 − (r − b)2 to a2 − (r − b)2 . As the torus is symmetric about the xy–plane, its volume is
twice that of the volume of the part with z ≥ 0.
Z 2π Z b+a Z √a2 −(r−b)2
Volume = 2 dθ dr r dz
0 b−a 0
Z 2π Z b+a p
=2 dθ dr r a2 − (r − b)2
0 b−a
Z a p
= 4π ds (s + b) a2 − s2 where s = r − b
−a

11
 √ Ra √ Ra √
As s a2 − s2 is odd under s → −s, −a ds s a2 − s2 = 0. Also, −a ds a2 − s2 is precisely the area
of the top half of a circle of radius a. So
Z a p
Volume = 4bπ ds a2 − s2 = 2π 2 a2 b
−a

M M M
So the mass density of the torus is 2π 2 a2 b so that dm = 2π 2 a2 b dV = 2π 2 a2 b r dr dθ dz and

Z 2π Z b+a Z √a2 −(r−b)2

2
moment of inertia = 2 dθ dr r dz 2πM
2 a2 b r
0 b−a 0
Z 2π Z b+a p
= M
π 2 a2 b dθ dr r3 a2 − (r − b)2
0 b−a
Z a p
= 2M
πa2 b ds (s + b)3 a2 − s2 where s = r − b
−a
Z a p
= 2M
πa2 b ds (s3 + 3s2 b + 3sb + b3 ) a2 − s2
−a

Again, by oddness, the s3 and 3sb integrals are zero. For the others, sub in s = a sin t, ds = a cos t.
Z π Z π
2 2
moment = 2M
πa2 b (a cos t dt)(3a2 b sin2 t + b3 )a cos t = 2M
π dt (3a2 sin2 t + b2 ) cos2 t
−π2 −π
2
Z π
2
= 2M
π dt (−3a2 cos4 t + b2 cos2 t + 3a2 cos2 t)
−π
2
h i

= 2M
π − 3a2 3π
8 + b 2π
2 + 3a 2π
2 = M
3 2
4a + b2

12