AREA UNDER CURVE (QUADRATURE)

1ST LECTURE
1. INTRODUCTION : Titled as Quadrature / Reduce the differential equation to a
quadrature.
y   x  x
  
Example : Bring the equation y' = +   to quadrature. What must the function
x  y  y
x
be so that y = is the general solution of the given equation.
ln | cx |
y dy dy
[Sol. Let =u  y = ux  =u+x
x dx dx
dy 1
 u+x = u +   
dx u
dx dy
= 1 u 
x
dy
integrating, ln | x | =  1 u  ]

2. Area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the

ordinate at x = a and x = b is given by
b
A =  y dx
a
Where y = f (x) lies above the x-axis and b > a.

However if y = f (x) lies complete below the x-axis then

b
A=  y dx
a
In case curve crosses the x-axis at x = c then
c b
A=  y dx +  y dx
a c

EXAMPLES :
2
2
Ex.1 A =  x dx
1

3
Ex.2 Area enclosed between y = sin x & x-axis as x varies from 0 to .
2
 3 2
A =  sin x dx +  sin x dx
0 
2+1=3
 e
e e
A=  ln x dx +  ln x dx
1e 1e

3. Sometimes integration w.r.t. y is very useful i.e. (horizontal strip):

Area bounded by the curve, y-axis and the two
abscissas at y = a & y = b is written as
b
A =  x dy
a
EXAMPLES :
Ex.1 Let x = 2y – y2 and the y-axis
dx
= 2 – 2y  y = 1 ;
dy
2 2 2
y3  8 4
A=  x dy 2
=  (2 y  y ) dy = y2 –  = 4 – = Ans.
0 0
3 0 3 3
Note: This can also be done by taking vertical strip.
y2 – 2y + x = 0
2  4  4x
y=
2
y = 1 + 1 x (y2)
y = 1 – 1 x (y1)
1 1
A =  y dx =  2( 1  x ) dx
0 0

4. Area enclosed between two curves :

(a) integrate w.r.t. x
x2

A=  [f ( x )  g(x )]dx
x1

(b) In case horizontal strip, we have

y2
A=  ( x 2  x1) dy
y1

y2

A=  [f ( y)  g( y)] dy
y1
 4
[Sol. A=  (cos x  sin x ) dx ]
0

 
(b) Find the ratio in which the area enclosed by the curve y = cos x, x  0,  in the
 2
1st quadrant is divided by the curve y = sin x.
Ex.2 y = sin–1x ; y = cos–1x and the x-axis
If vertical stripe is used
1 2 1
1 1
A=  sin x dx +  cos x dx
0 1 2

If horizontal strip is used

4
A =  (cos y  sin y) dy
0

Ex.3 Area enclosed by y = tan x ; y = cot x and

x-axis in 1st quadrant.
4 2
A=  tan x dx +  cot x dx
0 4

Ex.4 Compute the area enclosed between

y = tan–1x ; y = cot–1x and y-axis.
1
1 1
A =  (cot x  tan x ) dx
0
1
 1 
=    2 tan x  dx
0 2 
4 4
alternatively A = 2  x dy = 2 ·  tan y dy
0 0
Ex.5 y = sec–1x ; y = cosec–1x and line x – 1 = 0
2
1
A=  (cos ec x  sec 1 x ) dx
1
alternatively, if horizontal strip is used
4

A = 2 ·  (sec y  1) dy [Ans. ln (3 + 2 2 ) – ]
0 2
Ex.6 Area enclosed by y = 9 – x2 and coordinates axes.
3
2
A =  (9  x ) dx [Ans. 18 sq. units]
0
 4
A =  y dx
0
Ex.8 Compute the area bounded by the curves
 
y = sec2x ; y = tan2x and the line x = – and x =
4 4
4 4
2 2
A=  (sec x  tan x ) dx = 2  (sec2 x  tan 2 x ) dx
 4 0
Ex.9 Curves y = sinx ; y cos x intersect each other at infinite number of points enclosing
regions of equal areas. Compute the area of one such equal region.
5 4

(strip-1) A=  (sin x  cos x ) dx

4

4

(strip-2) A=  (cos x  sin x ) dx

 3 4

Ex.10 Area of the region bounded by the parabola

y2 = 4x and a normal drawn to it with gradient – 1.
Sol. Equation of normal
y = mx – 2am – am3
y=–x+2+1 (a = 1 and m = – 1)
y = 3 – x ; solving it will y2 = 4x.
(3 – x)2 = 4x
or 9 + x2 – 6x = 4x
x2 – 10x + 9 = 0  x = 1 or x = 9
2  2
y2 
Now, A =  x dy =  (3  y)  4  dy
6 6 
 
Ex.11 Find area of triangle (Only CBSE) as shown in integration

GENERAL PROBLEMS (Look at the Language)

Ex.12
(a) Find the area of the region in the 1st quadrant that is
bounded above by y = x and below by the x-axis
and the line y = x – 3. [Ans. 10/3]
y1
[Sol. A =  [( y  3)  y2 ] dy
0
 by the line y= , above left by the curve y=1+ x and above right by the curve y=
4 x
[Ans. 11/3]
1
 x
[Sol.(b) A1=   (1  x )   dx
0  4 
4
 2 x
A2 =     dx
1  x 4
A = A1 + A2 ]

5. Standard areas to be remembered for the purpose of screening :

(1) y2 = 4ax ; x2 = 4by

a>0;b>0
k
 x 2 
A =   2 a x  4b  dx
0 
16ab
A=
3
Example : y= x ;x= y
1 1
a= ;b=
4 4
16
A=
3
(2) y2 = 4ax and y = mx
c
 2 a x  mx dx 
0

8a 2
A=
3m3
Example : x2 = y ; y = | x | (fig-1)
y2 = x ; x = | y | (fig-2)

 x  x dx
c
2
A=2·
0
(3) Area enclosed by y2 = 4ax and its double ordinate at x = a
(chord perpendicular to the axis of symmetry)
a

2·  2 ax dx 
0
This simplifies to
2
 2 32
required area  × 16 =
3 3
3
2
Aliter : By integration A =  [ (2 x  x )  (3) ] dx
1

x2 y2
(4) Whole area of ellipse  1
a2 b2
a 2 
 b 1  x  dx
A = 4  = a b
0 a 2 
SHIFTING OF ORIGIN :
Since area remains invariant even if the coordinates axes are shifted, hence shifting of
origin in many cases proves to be very convenient in computing the areas.
EXAMPLES :
Ex.1(a) Area enclosed between the parabolas y2 – 2y + 4x + 5 = 0 and x2 + 2x – y + 2 = 0.
(b)Area enclosed between the ellipse 9x2 + 4y2 – 36x + 8y + 4 = 0 and the line
9x + 2y – 34 = 0 in the first quadrant. [Ans. (a) 4/3 , (b) ]
[Hint:
(a) (y – 1)2 = – 4(x + 1) ; (x + 1)2 = y – 1
Y2 = – 4X X2 = Y ]
Ex.2 Find the area enclosed by the parabola (y – 2)2 = x – 1 and the tangent to it at (2, 3) and
x-axis.
[Sol. Put x – 1 = X and y– 2 = Y
Hence the parabola becomes Y2 = X
also x = 2  X = 1
and y = 2  Y = 1
also x-axis means y = 0
 Y=–2
1
Tangent : YY1 = 2· (X + X1)
4
2yy1 = x + x1
1
2
2y = x + 1; HenceA =  [Y  (2Y  1)] dY ]
2
Ex.2 Area enclosed between the smaller arc of the circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11 = 0 and the
parabola y = – x2 + 2x + 1 – 2 3
[Sol. Circle : (x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16 ....(1)
2
Parabola : y = – [x – 2x – 1 + 2 3 ]
= – [(x – 1)2 – 2 + 2 3 ]
y + 2 = (4 – 2 3 ) – (x – 1)2 ....(2)
Let x – 1 = X and y + 2 = Y
Hence Circle : X2 + y2 = 16 ;
Parabola : Y = 4 – 2 3 – X2
 and Y = – 2 3 ; Y = 1 + 2 3 (rejected)


2
 2
 2 
A = 2   (4  2 3  x )   16  x   ]
0
Where the curve sketching is very significant : ln x
Ex.1 A rea en cl o sed b etw een th e cu r v es y = ex · ln x and y =
ex
ln x
Sol. Solving ex · ln x =
ex
ln x (e2x2 – 1) = 0
1
x = 1 or x =
e
where x = 1 ; y1 = 0 ; y2 = 0
1
x= ; y1 = – 1 ; y2 – 1
e
Also examine the increasing and decreasing behaviour of the curve
1
 ln x 
A=    ex ln x  dx

1 e ex
Ex.2
(a) Area enclosed by the curve (y – sin–1x)2 = x – x2.
[Sol. (a) y – sin–1x = ± x (1  x )
y = sin–1x + x (1  x ) or y = sin–1x – x (1  x )
1
2
A = 2  x  x dx ]
0
(b) Area of the closed figure bounded by the curves
3 4  3ln 3
y = 2 – | 2 – x | and y = [Ans. ]
|x| 2
2  (2  x ) if x  2
[Sol.(b) y=  x ]
2  (2  x ) if x  2
4  x
(c) Find the whole area enclosed by the curve a2y2 = x3(2a – x)
(d) Area bounded by the curve
y2(2a – x) = x3 and its asymptote. [Ans. 3a2]

[Hint: ]

(e) Area of the loop ay2 = x2(a – x)

 9 1 49
x = 1 and y = c is equal to . [Ans. c = ; c= ]
4 4 4
Ex.2 Find the area of the figure bounded by the parabola y = ax2 + 12x – 14 and the straight
line y = 9x – 32 if the tangent drawn to the parabola at the point x = 3 is known to make
an angle  – tan–16 with the x-axis.
[Hint: y = ax2 + 12x – 14
dy dy
= 2ax + 12 ;  6a  12
dx dx x 3
hence tan( – tan–16) = 5a + 12
– 6 = 6a + 12  a=–3
hence y = – 3x + 12x – 14 (note that D < 0, y < 0  x  R)
2

point of intersection of the line with parabola are x = – 2 or 3

3
2
Hence A=  [3x  12x  14]  (9x  32)] dx ]
2

Ex.3 Find the value of 'a' (a > 2) for which the reciprocal of the area enclosed between
1 1
y= ;y= ; x = 2 and x = a is 'a' itself and for what values of b  (1, 2), the
x2 4( x  1)
1
area of the figure bounded by the lines x = b and x = 2 is 1 – .
b
[Sol. x2 = 4 (x – 1)
(x – 2)2 = 0  curves touch other
a
 1 1  1
   4( x  1)  x 2  dx =
a
2 
a= e2 +1 Ans.
1 2 1 1 
Also 1 – =    2  dx  b = 1 + e–2 ]
b b  4( x  1) x 

Ex.4 For what value of 'a' is the area of the figure bounded by the lines,
1 1 4
y = , y = 2 x1 , x = 2 & x = a equal to ln ?
x 5
1
[Sol. y = 2x – 1 ; y= ; solving these two
x
we get, x = 1
a
1 1  4
Hence A =     dx = ln
2  x 2x  1  5
a
 1 
l n x  ln (2x  1) = ln 4
2 2 5
 2 x  1 ln  ln  ln
 5  2a  1  3 5
2  
a2 64 a2 64
ln  ln    15a2 – 128a + 64 = 0
2a  1 15 2a  1 15
8
a=8 ; a= ]
15
 
Ex.5 Consider the two curves C1 : y = 1 + cos x & C2 : y = 1 + cos (x ) for   0,  ;
 2
x [0, ]. Find the value of , for which the area of the figure bounded by the curves
C1, C2 & x = 0 is same as that of the figure bounded by C2 , y = 1 & x =  . For this
value of , find the ratio in which the line y = 1 divides the area of the figure by the
curves C1, C2 & x = .
[Sol. 1 + cos x = 1 + cos(x – )

x=–x  x=
2
2 
now  cos x  cos( x  ) dx =–  cos( x  ) dx
0 

2


or sin x  sin(x  ) 2
0
= sin( x   )  2


     
sin
 2  sin      [ 0  sin(   )] = sin    sin    
  2  2

2sin – sin  = 1 – sin  ,
2
 
hence 2sin = 1   = ]
2 3
Ex.6
(a) Let f (x) = x3 + 3x + 2 and g (x) is the inverse of it. Find the area bounded by g (x), the
x-axis and the ordinate at x = – 2 and x = 6. 5
[Ans. ]
4
[Sol. The required area will be equal to area enclosed by y = f (x),
the y-axis between the abscissa at y = – 2 and y = 6
1 0
Hence A =  6  f ( x )dx +  f ( x )  (2) dx
0 1

1 0
3
=  (4  x  x ) dx +  3x  4) dx = 5 Ans ]
 (x
3

0 1 4
(b) Find the area bounded by the curve g (x), the x-axis and the ordinate at x = – 1 and
x = 4 where g (x) is the inverse of the function
x3 x 2 13x 16
f (x) = + + +1 [Ans. ]
24 8 12 3
 A=  4  f ( x ) dx   f (x )  1 dx ]
0 2

(c) f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + 2x + 1 and g (x) is the inverse of it. Then compute the area bounded
by g (x), x-axis and the ordinate at x = – 3 and x = 6.

VARIABLE AREA GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE :

(1) An important concept :
If y = f (x) is a monotonic function in (a, b) then the area bounded by the ordinates at
ab
x = a, x = b, y = f (x) and y = f (c), [where c  (a, b)] is minimum when c = .
2
c b
Proof :A =  f (c)  f ( x ) dx   f ( x )  f (c) dx
a c
c b
= f (c) (c – a) –  f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx – f (c) (b – c)
a c
b c
= {(c – a) – (b – c)} f (c) +  f ( x ) dx –  f ( x ) dx
c a
b c
A = [2c – (a + b)] f (c) +  f ( x ) dx –  f ( x ) dx
c a
differentiate w.r.t. c
dA
= [2c – (a + b)] f ' (c) + 2 f (c) + 0 – f (c) – (f (c) – 0)
dc
dA
for maxima and minima =0
dc
f ' (c) [2c – (a + b) ] = 0 (as f ' (c)  0)
ab
hence c =
2
ab dA a  b dA
also c < , <0 and c> , >0
2 dc 2 dc
ab
Hence A is minimum when c = ]
2
EXAMPLES :
x3
Ex.1 If the area bounded by f (x) =  x 2  a and the
3
straight lines x = 0 ; x = 2 and the x-axis is minimum
2
then find the value of 'a'. [Ans. ]
3

[Sol. f ' (x) = x2 – 2x = x (x – 2) = 0

 02
cross the x-axis are =1
2
1 2
hence f (1) = –1+a=0  a= ]
3 3
Ex.2 Find the value of the parameter 'a' for which the area of the figure bounded by the
abscissa axis, the graph of the function y = x3 + 3x2 + x + a, and the straight lines,
which are parallel to the axis of ordinates and cut the abscissa axis at the point of
extremum of the function, is the least. [Ans. a = – 1]
3 2
[Sol. f (x) = x + 3x + x + a
6
f ' (x) = 3x2 + 6x + 1 = 0  x = – 1 ±
3

1  6  6 

hence f (x) cuts the x axis at 2   1   
    1   = – 1
 3   3 
f (–1) = – 1 + 3 – 1 + a = 0
a=–1 ]

Ex.3 If the area bounded by y = x2 + 2x – 3 and the line y = kx + 1 is least. Find k and also
the least area. 32
[Ans. k = 2, Amin = ]
3
[Sol. x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation
x2 + 2x – 3 = kx + 1
x2 + (2 – k) x – 4 = 0
x1  x 2  k  2


x1x 2  4 
x2
2
A=  [(kx  1)  ( x  2 x  3)] dx
x1

x
  2  
= 

( k  2 )
x 2 x3
2

3
 4 x  =
 x 
 ( k  2 )
x 22  x12 1 3
2
 x
3 2
 x1
3
 
4 ( x 2  x1 
)
1 

= (x2 – x1)
 (k  2) 2 1
  (
3 2
x  x
1 ) 2
 x x
1 2  4

 
 2 

= ( x 2  x1 )2  4 x1x 2
 (k  2) 2 1
  
( k  2) 2
 4 
 4


 2 3 

(k  2) 2  16  1 2 16  [( k  2) 2  16]3 2
=  6 ( k  2 )  =
6 3  6
Ex.4 For what value of k is the area of the figure bounded by the curves y = x 2 – 3 and
20 5
y = kx + 2 is the least. Determine the least area. [Ans. k = 0, A = ]
3

AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION :

Average value of the function in y = f (x)
w.r.t. x over an interval a  x  b is defined as
b
1
yav =  f ( x ) dx
ba a
AND
Root mean square value (RMS) is defined as
1
 1 b 2
   f 2 ( x ) dx 
 ba a 
Note :
(1) Average value can be + ve, – ve or zero.
(2) If the function is defined in (0, ) then
1b
yav = Lim
b 
 f ( x ) dx
b0
provided the limit exists.

EXAMPLES :
cos2 x   1
Ex.1 Compute the average value of f (x) = in 0, 2 
[Ans. ]
sin 2 x  4 cos2 x 6
2
1
2
cos2 x 2 sec 2 x
yav =
  dx =

 (4  tan 2 x )(1  tan 2 x )
dx
0 0 sin 2 x  4 cos 2 x 0
2

2 dt 2  (4  t 2 )  (1  t 2 ) dt
=  2 2 = 3  2 2
0 ( 4  t )(1  t ) 0 ( 4  t )(1  t )

x2 y2
Ex.2 Find the average length of all vertical chords of the hyperbola   1 over the
a2 b2
interval a  x  2a.
 x2  2 b 2
[Sol. y2 =  2  1b  y= x  a2
a  a
2a
1 1 b 2
yav.. =  x  a 2 dx
2 2a  a a a
 yav. =  x  a dx =  x  a  ln  x  x  a   ]
a2 a a 2  2 2  
a

Ex.3 Find the average value of y2 w.r.t. x for the curve ay = b a 2 x 2 between x = 0 &
x = a. Also find the average value of y w.r.t. x2 for 0  x  a.
2b 2 2b
[Ans. (i) a = , (ii) b = ]
3 3

b2
[Sol. Let f (x) = y2 = 2
(a 2  x 2 ) .
a

b2 a
22b 2 2
Now f ( x ) av  2  (a  x ) dx  3
a ( a  0) 0
Again yav w.r.t. x2 is
a2 a2 a2 2
1 b b
f ( x ) av  2
 y d( x )   a 2  x 2 dx 2   a 2  t dt = 2b ]
( a 2  0) 0 a 2a 0 a3 0 3

DETERMINATION OF FUNCTION :
dA ax
The area function A ax satisfies the differential equation = f (x) with initial
dx
condition A aa = 0 i.e. derivative of the area function is the function itself.
Note :
If F (x) is any integral of f (x) then ,
A ax =  f (x) dx = [ F (x) + c ] A aa = 0 = F (a) + c  c =  F (a)

hence A ax = F (x)  F (a). Finally by taking x = b we get , A ab = F (b)  F (a).

EXAMPLES :

Ex.1 The area from 0 to x under a certain graph is given to be A = 1  3x  1 , x  0 ;

(a) Find the average rate of change of A w.r.t. x as x increases from 1 to 8.
(b) Find the instantaneous rate of change of A w.r.t. x at x = 5.
(c) Find the ordinate (height) y of the graph as a function of x.
(d) Find the average value of the ordinate (height) y, w.r.t. x as x increases from 1 to 8
3 3 3 3
[ Ans: (a) (b) (c) y = (d) ]
7 8 2 1  3x 7
[Sol.
(a) A (1) = 1 A (8) = 4
A(8)  A(1) 3
= Ans.
8 1 7
 dx x 5 2 1  3x 8
3
(c) y= Ans.
2 1  3x

1 8 3 18 3 3
(d) 
(8  1) 1 2 1  3x
dx = 
7 1 2 1  3x
dx =
7
Ans. ]

Ex.2 Let C1 & C2 be the graphs of the functions y = x2 & y = 2x,

0  x  1 respectively. Let C3 be the graph of a function
y = f (x), 0  x  1, f(0) = 0. For a point P on C1, let the
lines through P, parallel to the axes, meet C2 & C3 at Q & R
respectively (see figure). If for every position of P (on C1),
the areas of the shaded regions OPQ & ORP are equal,
determine the function f(x). [JEE '98, 8]
[Ans. f(x) = x3  x2]
h2
 x 
h
 y 2
 f ( x ) dx
[Sol.   y   dy =
 2
0 0
differentiate both sides w.r.t. h
 2
 h  h  2h = h2 – f (h)
 2 


 h 2 
f (h) = – h   h2 2h = h2 – h(2h – h2) = h2 – 2h2 + h3
 2  

= h 3 – h2
f (x) = x3 – x2
= x2(x – 1) ]
AREA ENCLOSED IN CASE ONE CURVE ARE EXPRESSED IN POLAR FORM :
r = a(1 + cos) (Cardloid)

1 2 2 a 2 2 
A =  r d =  4 cos4 d
20 2 0 2


put =t
2
 2
2 4 3a
A= a  4 cos t dt = 8 × ]
0 16

AREA IN RESPECT OF CURVE REPRESENTED PARAMETRICALLY :

Find the area enclosed by the curves x = a sin 3t and y = acos3t
2 2 2
Sol. x3  y3  a3