MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Double Integral

b
In one-variable calculus, the integral a f ( x) dx for positive
f(x) can be interpreted as the area under the curve over the
interval [a,b].
Double Integral
Imagine that the blue object below is the surface z = f ( x, y )
floating above the xy-plane. The double integral R f ( x, y ) dA
can be interpreted as the volume between the surface z = f ( x, y )
and the xy-plane, i.e., the “cylinder” above the region R.
z

Volume =  f ( x, y ) dA
R

R
x
Double Integral Over Rectangular Region

 The double integral over a rectangular region has limits of constants

constant

d b b d

 f ( x, y)dA =  
R c a
f ( x, y )dx dy = 
a

c
f ( x, y )dy dx

constant
Partial Definite Integrals
d b d
b 
 
c a
f ( x, y )dx dy = 
c
  f ( x, y )dx dy
a 
b d b
d 
 
a c
f ( x, y )dy dx = 
a
  f ( x, y )dy dx
c 
The double integral has two variables of integration, i.e., dxdy. The
limits of the inner integral corresponding to the inner variable of
integration, and the limits of the outer integral corresponding to
the outer variable of integration.

5
Partial Definite Integrals
When we partially integrate a two-variable function over x, the
variable y is hold fixed (treat it like a constant)
Likewise, when we partially integrate a two-variable function
over y, the variable x is hold fixed (treated as constant)
After the integration of the first variable, the integral is reduced
to a single variable function and then it could be integrated in a
normal way. For example:
d b d
b 

c a
f ( x, y )dx dy =    f ( x, y )dx  dy
c a 
d
=  g ( y ) dy 6

c
Double integration properties:

 c f ( x, y) dA = c  f ( x, y) dA
R R
, where c is a constant

  f ( x, y)  g ( x, y)dA =   f ( x, y)dA   g ( x, y)dA

R R R

 f ( x, y) g ( x, y)dA =  g ( x, y) f ( x, y)dA
R R

7
Volume as a Double Integral:
If f ( x, y )  0 then the volume, V of the solid that lies above the rectangle R and below the
z
surface 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is
z=f(x,y)

V =  f ( x, y ) dA
R 0 c d y
a
R
b

x
EXAMPLE
Solve 3 2

  y dydx
2
x
0 1

Solution:
3 2 3
 2

0 1 x y dydx = 0  1 x y dy dx

2 2

  y2
3
 
2

=   x 2    dx
0 
  1 
2

 1
3
=  x 2  2 − dx
0  2
3
3 x 
3 3
3 2 3
( ) 27
2 0
= x dx =   = 9 − 0 =
2  3  0 2 2
Fubini’s Theorem: If f is continuous on a rectangle

b d d b

 f (x, y )dA =   f (x, y )dydx =   f (x, y )dxdy

R a c c a

R = a, b c, d  = ( x, y ) / a  x  b, c  y  d 

EXAMPLE
Verify Fubini’s theorem for the double integral
 (6 x )
y 3 − 5 y 4 dA where R = ( x, y ) / 0  x  3,0  y  1
2

Solution: R
EXAMPLE
Verify Fubini’s theorem for the double integral
 (6 x )
y 3 − 5 y 4 dA where R = ( x, y ) / 0  x  3,0  y  1
2

Solution: R

 (6 x ) ( )  (6 x ) ( )
3 1 1 3
2
y − 5 y dA =   6 x y − 5 y dydx
3 4 2 3 4 2
y − 5 y dA =   6 x 2 y 3 − 5 y 4 dydx
3 4

R 0 0
R 0 0
3

1 1
 x3 3 
y 
3
=  6 y − 5 y 4 x  dy
4 5
y
=  6 x 2 − 5  dx 0 
3 0
0 
4 5 0
( )
1
3
 3   =  54 y 3 − 15 y 4 dy
=   x 2 − 1 − 0dx 0
0   
2 1
 y4 y5 
3 x  3 3 = 54 − 15 
= − x  4 5 0
2 3 0  54 
=  − 3  − (0 − 0 )
 27   4 
=  − 3  − (0 − 0 )
 2  54 − 12
=
21 4
= → (i ) 42 21 Fubini’s theorem is verified.
2 = = → (ii )
4 2
Dot Product Integration

Suppose
f ( x, y ) = g ( x )  h( y )

Then
b d b d

 f (x, y )dA =  g (x )  h( y )dydx =   g (x )  h( y )dydx =  g (x )dx   h( y )dy

R R a c a c

where R = a, b c, d  = ( x, y ) / a  x  b, c  y  d 

EXAMPLE
1 2
Evaluate xe x
0 1 y dydx
Solution:
1 2 1 2
xe x x 1
0 1 y dydx = 0 1 xe  y dydx
1 2
1
=  xe dx   dy
x

0 1
y

= xe − e x
  ln y 
x 1
0
2
1

= (e − e ) − (0 − 1)  ln 2 − ln 1

= 0 + 1  ln 2 − 0 = ln 2
EXAMPLE
Find the volume of solid that lies under the plane 3x + 2 y + z = 12 and above the rectangle
R = ( x, y ) / 0  x  1,−2  y  3

Solution:
EXAMPLE
Find the volume of solid that lies under the plane 3x + 2 y + z = 12 and above the rectangle
R = ( x, y ) / 0  x  1,−2  y  3

3 1

Solution: V =  f ( x, y )dA =   (12 − 3x − 2 y ) dxdy

Let z = f ( x, y ) = 12 − 3 x − 2 y R −2 0
1

3
3x 2 
The volume of the solid lies between =  12 x − − 2 yx  dy
z = f ( x, y ) and the rectangle R is given by −2 
2 0
  
3
3
=  12 − − 2 y  − 0 dy
− 2   
2
 21 
3
=   − 2 y dy
− 2 
2
3
 21 2y2 
= y− 
2 2  −2
 63 
=  − 9  − (− 21 − 4 )
 2 
45 95
= + 25 =
2 2
Exercise:
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the elliptic paraboloid z = 1 + ( x − 1) + 4 y 2
2

the plane x = 3 and y = 2 and the co-ordinate planes.

Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the cylinder z = 9 − y 2

and the plane x = 2.

Evaluate
xy 2
(i) R x 2 + 1dA, R = (x, y ) / 0  x  1, − 3  y  3

1+ x2
(ii) R 1 + y 2 dA, R = (x, y ) / 0  x  1, 0  y  1
Iterated Integrals with Non-constant Limits of
Integration
 Definition

After the integration is partially integrated over x and evaluated at the limit between
the functions g1 ( x) and g 2 ( x) , the integral is reduced to a single variable function F (x)
and then it could then be integrated in a normal way.

b g2 ( x) b g2 ( x) 
 
a g1 ( x )
f ( x, y )dy dx = 
a
  f ( x, y )dy  dx
 g1 ( x ) 
b
=  F ( x) dx
a
18
Iterated Integrals with Non-constant Limits of
Integration
After the integration is partially integrated over y and evaluated at the limit between
the functions h1 ( y ) and h2 ( y ) , the integral is reduced to a single variable function F ( y )
and then it could then be integrated in a normal way.

d h2 ( y ) d  h2 ( y ) 
 
c h1 ( y )
f ( x, y )dx dy = 
c
  f ( x, y )dx  dy
 h1 ( y ) 
d
=  F ( y ) dy
c
19
Exercise:
Fill in the missing limits of the integration for the
figures below. ? ?


R
f ( x, y )dA =  
? ?
f ( x, y )dydx

y y
y= x (1,1)
y = x2 (2,4) R

R
y=x 2

x x
0 2 0
Figure 1 Figure 2
21
Exercise:
Fill in the missing limits of the integration for the
figures below.
? ?


R
f ( x, y )dA =  
? ?
f ( x, y )dxdy

y y
y= x (1,1)
y=x 2
(2,4) R

R
y = x2
x x
0 2 0
Figure 1 Figure 2 22
Example 21: Evaluate  x cos y dA, where D is bounded by y = 0, y = x 2 , x = 1.
D
Example 21: Evaluate  x cos y dA, where D is bounded by y = 0, y = x 2 , x = 1.
D

Sol: In the region D, consider a vertical strip. Along this vertical strip y varies from 0 to x2. Move this
vertical strip horizontally form x=0 to x=1 to cover the region of integration D.

∴ y limits are to x2 and x limits are 0 to 1

y
x 
2
1
  x cos y dA =    x cos y dydx
D x =0 
 y =0 
1

 xsin y 0 dx
x2
=
x =0

 xsin x 
1
= 2
− sin 0 dx 2
x =0
1
y= x
=  x sin x
2
dx
x =0
1
1
=  sin x 2  2 x dx
2 x =0 1 y= x 2
(1,1)
( ) ( d (x ) = 2 x dx)
1
1
=  sin x 2  d x 2 2

2 x =0 D x=1
=
1
2
 1
− cos x 2 0  x
y=0 1
= − cos1 + cos 0 = 1 − cos1
1 1
2 2
Example 22: Evaluate  (x + y )d A, where D is bounded by
D
y= x and y = x 2
Example 22: Evaluate  (x + y )d A, where D is bounded by
D
y= x and y = x 2

Sol: Consider a vertical strip in the region integration D. Along this vertical strip y varies from x 2 to x
and move this strip horizontally from x = 0 to x = 1 to cover the region D.

∴ y limits are x 2 to x and x limits are 0 to 1 y

1  x 
  (x + y )dA =    (x + y )dy dx
D x =0 
 y= x2 

x
1
 y2 
  ( x + y )dA =   xy +  dx
x =0 
D
2  x2 (1,1)
1/2
1
 x   3 x 4  1 y= x
= x=0  x x +  −  x +  dx
2  2 

 32 x
D
x4 
1
=   x + − x −  dx
3

x =0 
2 2 2
1
y= x x
 2 52 x 2 x 4 x 5 
= x + − −  0 y=0
 5 4 4 10  0 1
2 1 1 1 
=  + − −  − (0) =
3
 5 4 4 10  10
Example 23: Evaluate  y dA where D is a triangular region with vertices (0,2), (1,1) and (3,2).
3

D
Example 23: Evaluate  y dA where D is a triangular region with vertices (0,2), (1,1) and (3,2).
3

Sol: Consider a horizontal strip in the region of integration D. Along this horizontal strip x varies from (2-y) to
(2y-1) and move this strip vertically from y =1 to y =2 to cover the region D.

∴ y limits are (2 − y ) and (2 y − 1) and x limits are 1 to 2 y

2 2 y −1 3 
D y dA = y=1  x=2−yy dx dy
3

  3
2

 y x
2 y −1
= 3
2− y dy
y =1
2
=  y (2 y − 1) − (2 − y )dy (0,2) (3,2)
3

y =1
2
D
=  y 2 y − 1 − 2 + y dy
3

y =1
2
=  y 3 y − 3dy 1
3

y =1
x=2y-1
2
x=2-y (1,1)
=  3y − 3 y 3 dy
4

y =1 x
 y5 y4 
2
 32 16   1 1   31 15  147
0 1 2 3
= 3 −  = 3 −  −  −  = 3 −  =
5 4 1  5 4   5 4   5 4  20
  dA
2
xy
Example 24: Evaluate D
where D is enclosed by x = 0 and x = 1 − y 2
  dA
2
xy
Example 24: Evaluate D
where D is enclosed by x = 0 and x = 1 − y 2
Sol: Since D is enclosed by x = 0 and x = 1 − y 2 (i.e x 2 + y 2 = 1) therefore D is the right half of the circle
with centre at the origin and radius 1.
Consider a horizontal strip in the region of integration D. Along this strip x varies from 0 to 1 − y 2
and move this strip vertically from y = -1 to y = 1 to cover the region D.
y
∴ y limits are 0 to 1 − y 2 and x limits are -1 to 1
1  1− y 2 
  xy dA =  
2
x=0xy dxdy
2

y = −1 
(0,1)
D
 
 1− y 2 
1
 x2 
=   y 2   dy
y = −1
  2 0  D
 
x
1
1 − y 2   0
=  y  2
 − 0dy
y = −1  2   x=0 x=(1-y2)½

( )
1
1 (0,-1)
=  y 2 − y 4 dy
2 y = −1
1
1  y3 y5  1   1 1   1 1  1 1 2
=  −  =   −  −  − +  = − =
2 3 5  −1 2  3 5   3 5  3 5 15
Example 25: Evaluate  (2 x − y )dA where D is bounded by the circle with centre the origin and the radius 2.
D

Sol: Consider a vertical strip in the region of integration D. Along this vertical strip y varies from
y = − 4 − x2 to y = 4 − x 2 and move this strip horizontally from x = -2 to x = 2 to cover the region D.

∴ y limits are − 4 − x 2 to 4 − x2 and x limits are -2 to 2.

y
2  4− x 2 
  (2 x − y )dA =    (2 x − y )dydx 2
½
x = −2  y = − 4 − x 2  y=(4-x )
D
 
4− x 2
2
 y2 
=  2 xy −  dx
x = −2 
2 − 4− x 2
D
 1 
2
=   2 x  4 − x 2
− (0)dx (-2,0) 0 (2,0) x
x = −2  2 
2
= −2 
x = −2
4 − x 2  −2 xdx

 )
½
(
2
2
= −2 4− x d 4− x
2 2 y=-(4-x )
x = −2
2
2 
( )
3

 = − 3 0 − 0 = 0
4
= −2   4 − x 2 2
3  −2