Presented by……

Guidance by…..
Vaishali G. mohadikar
Vinita G. Patel
What exactly are integrals?
In calculus, an integral is a mathematical object that can be interpreted as an
area or a generalization of area. ... Integrals, together with derivatives, are the
fundamental objects of calculus. Other words for integral include
antiderivative and primitive.
What is a integral in math?
integral, in mathematics, either a numerical value equal to the area under the
graph of a function for some interval (definite integral) or a new function the
derivative of which is the original function (indefinite integral).
What does an integral do?
In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that
describes displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by
combining infinitesimal data. The process of finding integrals is called
integration.
 Multiple Integrals

Double Integrals Triple Integrals

Spherical
Coordinates

Cylindrical
Coordinates
 Double integrals

Definition:
The expression:
y2 x2
f (x,
y y x
is called a double integral
x
1
y)dx.dy
and provided the four limits
1
on the integral are all constant the order in which
the integrations are performed does not matter.

If the limits on one of the integrals involve the other

variable then the order in which the integrations
are performed is crucial.
T h e d o u b l e i n tegraol f f o v e r t h e r e c t a n g l e R i s f ( x ,y ) d
R A
m n
f( x,y) d A lim f ( xi*j , yi j* ) Δ Δ i j
|P | 0
R i 1 j 1
Then, by Fubini’s Theorem ,

f (x, y) F (x, y)
D dA R dA
b
d F (x, y) dy
a c
dx
We assume that all the following integrals
exist.

b c b
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
a a c

f x, y g x, y dA
D

f g x, y dA
D x, y D
 The next property of integrals says that,
if we integrate the constant function f(x, y) = 1 over a
region D, we get the area of D:

1dA A D
D
If D = D1 D2, where D1 and D2 don’t overlap except perhaps on
their boundaries, then

f x, y f x, y f x, y
D dA D dA D dA
1 2
E x am p le :
1 . E v alu ate (x 3y)dA
D

W h e r eD {(x,y) | -1 x 1, 2 x 2 y 1 x2}
Ans :
1 1 x 2
(x 3y)dA (x 3y)dydx
-1 2x
D 2

1 3
x(1 x -
2 ((1 x 2 )2 - (2x 2 )2 )
2x 2 ) dx
3 2
-1
1
x x3 -
2x 3 2 23 4
-1 3x 2
x - 4x 4dx
1 2 1 4 3 3 1 5 1 3 1
( x - x x x - x ) 1- 2
2 4 2 2 -1 2 2
2 . E v a lu a t e x y d A w h e r e D is t h e r e g io n b o u n d e d
D by
theline y
x -1 and the parabola y2 2x 6

Sol:
D {(x,y) | -3 x 5, ? y 2x 6}
y2 - 6
{(x,y) x y 1, - 2 y 4}
| 2
4 y 1
xydA y -6 xydxdy
2 36
-2
D 2
Consider {(r, ) | a r b,
R

Polar rectangle
Properties
1. Let R {(r, ) r b, } be a polar
|a - 2 If f is continuouson R,
then
rectangleand 0 b f(rcos , rsin )rdrd
a
f(x,y)dA
R , h1 ( h 2 ( )}be a
2. Let D If f{(r,
region. is continuouson D polor
)then
| h ( 2
)
f(x,y)dA f(rcos , rsin )rdrd
)
D
r
h1 ( )
Example
:
1. (4y2 3x)dA
Evaluate R

wheer {(x,y) | y 0,1 x 2 y2 4}

R Sol :
R {(x,y) | y 0,1 x 2 y 2 4}
{(r, )|1 r }
2, 0 2
(4y 2 (4(rsin ) 2
3rcos
R 3x)dA
)rdrd
0 1

(15sin2 7cos
)d
0

15
2
 Changing The Order of
integration

Sometimes the iterated integrals with givan limits bocomes

more compliated.As we know that w.r.t. y, or may be integrated
in the reverse order.
If it is given first to integrate w.r.t. x,then to change it consider a
vertical strip line and determine the limits.
If it is given first to integrate w.r.t. y,then to change it consider
a horizontal strip line and determine the limits.
 y
1 y 2 2 22 2 2

3. Evaluate : 0 0 ( x y) 1 0
(x y )dxdy by changing the order of
I n R1 : x 0, x y, y integration.
0, y 1
I n R2 : x 0, x 2 y, y 1, y
2
Take a horizontal strip line.
the limits are : x y 2-
x
1 2-x
0
I ( x 2
y2 )dydx
0 x
x 2 x

(2 x)
3 3
1

2
y1
3
dx
1

3
x dx
0 x y 3 0 x
2
(2 3 x 3
x
x)
3
1
2 7 3 (2 x)
2x 3 x 3
dx
0

x
3 4
(2 x) 4
4
2 7x
3 3 4 12 3
0
 Triple integrals
The expression:
z2 y2 x2
f (x, y,
z y y1 x
z)dx.dy.dz
is called a triple xintegral
1 and provided the six limits
z1
on the integral are all constant the order in which the
integrations are performed does not matter.

If the limits on the integrals involve some of the

variables then the order in which the integrations
are performed is crucial.
 Determination of volumes by multiple integrals

The element of volume is:

V x. y. z
Giving the volume V as:
x x2 y y 2 z z 2

V x. y. z
x x1 y y1 z z1
That is:
x2 y2 z2

V dx.dy.dz
x x1 y y1 z z1
propertie
s If E {(x,y,z) | (x,
1. D, φ1 (x, y) z φ 2 (x,
y) y)}
φ 2(x,y)
then E f(x,y,z)dv φ1(x,y)
f(x,y,z)dz dA
2. If E {(x,y,z) | a D z φ 2 (x,
x gb,g
1(x) 1φ
(x) y g 2 (x),φ1 (x, y)}
then f(x,y,z)dv f(x,y,z)dzdydx
2(x,y)

E
y)
a
g1(x) φ1(x,y)
b
Example: Find the volume of the solid bounded by
planes z = 0, x = 1, x = 2, y = −1, y = 1 and the surface
the
z
= x2 + y2.
2 1 x2 y2 2 1

V dx dy dx x2 y 2 dy
dzz 0 x 1 y 1

x2 1 y 1 1 2
y 3 2
x2 y dx 2x 2 dx
x 1
3 1 x 1
3
16
3
3. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the
planes x 2y, x 0, z 0 and x 2y z 2
Sol
: D {(x,y) | 0 x 1,
x 2-
y x2
21 2- }
V 2 -x - x
(2 - x -
0 2
2ydAD x 2y)dydx
2
1
3
2. Find the volumeof thesolid bounded by theplane z 0
and the paraboloid z 1 - x 2 -
y 2
Sol : D {(r, ) | 0 r 1, 2 }
0 V (1- x 2 - y 2 )
D
dA 2 1
(1- r 2 )rdrd
0 0

2
 formula for triple integration in
cylindrical coordinates.

h2 ( ) u 2 (r cos ,r sin
f (x, y, ) f (r cos , r ,
E z)dV h1 ( ) u1 (r cos ,r sin ) sin z)rdzdrd
To convert from cylindrical to
rectangular coordinates, we use the
equations

1 x=r cosθ y=r sinθ z=z

whereas to convert from rectangular
to cylindrical coordinates, we use
y
2. r2=x2+y2 tan θ=
z=z

x
Example : 2

Evaluate D x
2 2
y dV, where D is the solid bounded by thesurfaces y z
2
,z 0,z
1.
Here we use cylindrical
x co-
2

ordinates(r,θ,z)
∴ the limits are:
2
x z 1
y
i.e. r z
1
0 r 1
0 I 2 r d z d r dθ
2π 1
2 1 1
r
r0
2
0 0
(1
0 r r ) d rd
4 1
2
0
r 3 x
3 4
0

1 1
2
3 4 6
Formula for triple integration in spherical coordinates

f (x, y,
E z)dV
d b
f ( p sin
cos , p sin som , p cos ) p 2 sin dpd
c a
d
where E is a spherical wedge given by
E {( p, , ) a p b, ,c d}
p 0 0
Example : 2
dV over the volume of the sphere 2 1.
Evaluate D x
2
y z
2
y z
2

Here we use spherical co-ordinates (r,θ,z)

x
∴ The limits are:

0 r 1
0
0 2

2 1

I 2 d rd d
0 0 0 r r
2
s in

1
5
2
0 c os 0
r
5
0

1 4
2 2
5 5