15.

1 Double Integrals Over Rectangles

 Review of the Definite Integrals
• First let’s recall the basic facts concerning definite
integrals of functions of a single variable, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
• If 𝑓(𝑥) is defined for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, we start by dividing the
interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑛 subintervals [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] of equal width
Δ𝑥 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑛 and we choose sample points 𝑥𝑖∗ of these
subintervals. Then we form the Riemann sum
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ Δx
• Taking the limit of such sums as 𝑛 → ∞, we obtain the
definite integral of f from a to b:
𝑏 𝑛

න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ Δx

𝑎 𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
2
 Review of the Definite Integrals
• In the special case where 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0, the Riemann sum
can be interpreted as the sum of the areas of the
approximating rectangles.

𝑏
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
represents the area under the curve y = f (x) from a to b. 3
 Review of the Definite Integrals

Function Derivative Integrals

𝑏
• Single variable: f(x) 𝑓′(𝑥) ‫𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝑓 𝑎׬‬

• Several variables:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) , , ‫𝑥 𝑓 ׭‬, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
‫𝑥 𝑓 ׮‬, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉

4
 Volumes and Double Integrals
In a similar manner we consider a function f of two variables
defined on a closed rectangle
𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑏 × 𝑐. 𝑑 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑
and we first suppose that 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0.

The graph of f is a surface

with equation z = f(x, y).

Let S be the solid that lies

above R and under the
graph of f, that is,

𝑆= 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ3 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)}

5
 Volumes and Double Integrals
Our goal is to find the volume of S.
The first step is to divide the rectangle R into subrectangles.
We accomplish this by dividing the interval [a, b] into m
subintervals [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] of equal width x = (b – a)/m and
dividing [c, d ] into n subintervals [𝑦𝑖−1 , 𝑦𝑖 ] of equal width
y = (d – c)/n.

6
 Volumes and Double Integrals
By drawing lines parallel to the coordinate axes through the
endpoints of these subintervals, we form the subrectangles
𝑅𝑖𝑗 = 𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 × 𝑦𝑖−1 , 𝑦𝑖
= {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥𝑖−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖−1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑦𝑖 }
each with area Δ𝐴 = Δ𝑥Δ𝑦

7
 Volumes and Double Integrals
∗ ∗
If we choose a sample point (𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ) in each 𝑅𝑖𝑗 , then
we can approximate the part of S that lies above each Rij
by a thin rectangular box (or “column”) with base 𝑅𝑖𝑗 and
∗ ∗
height 𝑓(𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ) .

The volume of this box is the

height of the box times the
area of the base rectangle:
∗ ∗
𝑓 𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 Δ𝐴

8
 Volumes and Double Integrals
If we follow this procedure for all the rectangles and add the
volumes of the corresponding boxes, we get an approximation
to the total volume of S:
𝑚 𝑛
∗ ∗
𝑉 = ෍ ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 Δ𝐴
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
This double sum means that
for each subrectangle we
evaluatef at the chosen point
and multiply by the area of the
subrectangle, and then we
add the results.
9
Volumes and Double Integrals

10
 Volumes and Double Integrals
Our intuition tells us that the approximation become
better as m and n become larger and so we would expect
that 𝑉 = lim σ𝑚 σ 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑓 𝑥 ∗
, 𝑦 ∗
𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 Δ𝐴= ‫𝑥 𝑓 ׭‬, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝑚,𝑛→∞

We use this expression to define the volume of the solid S

that lies under the graph of f and above the rectangle R.

11
Properties of Double Integrals

  f ( x, y) + g ( x, y) dA =  f ( x, y)dA +  g ( x, y)dA

D D D

 cf ( x, y)dA = c  f ( x, y)dA
D D

If f ( x, y )  g0( x, y ) for all ( x, y ) in D, then

 f ( x, y)dA  0 g ( x, y)dA

D D

If f ( x, y )  g ( x, y ) for all ( x, y ) in D, then

 f ( x, y)dA   g ( x, y)dA
D D
If D = D1  D2 where D1 and D2 don't overlap
except perhaps on their boundaries, then

 f ( x, y)dA = 
D
D1
f ( x, y )dA +  f ( x, y )dA
D2

 1dA = A( D)
D

(This integral gives the area of D.)

Theorem: Fubini’s Theorem (First Form)
If f (x, y ) is continuous throughout the rectangle R = a, b c, d  , then
bd db

 f (x, y ) dA =   f (x, y ) dy dx =   f (x, y ) dx dy

R ac ca

 (x − 3 y ) dA , where R = 0, 2 1, 2

Example 1 Evaluate 2

R
1st method

 (x − 3 y ) dA =   (x − 3 y ) dy dx = 0 (xy − y
2 2 2
3 2
2 2
) dx
1
R 0 1
2
2 2 x 
2
=  (2 x − 8 − x + 1) dx =  (x − 7 ) dx =  − 7 x  = −12

0 0  2 0
2st method

2 2 2

 (x − 3 y ) dA =   ( )
2 2
x
2
x − 3 y dx dy =   − 3 y x  dy
2 2
 2 
R 1 0 1  0

( )
2
=  2 − 6 y dy = ( 2 y − 2 y )
2
2 3
= −12
1
1
Example 2
Find the volume of the region bounded above by the elliptical
paraboloid z = 10 + x 2 + 3 y 2 and below by the rectangle R :
0  x  1, 0  y  2.
Solution
Obviously the function z = 10 + x 2 + 3y 2 is positive everywhere.
The volume is given by the double integral:
1 2
V =  (10 + x + 3 y )dA = 0 0 (10 + x 2 + 3 y 2 )dydx
2 2

R
1
=  [10 y + x 2 y + y 3 ]yy ==02dx
0
1
=  (20 + 2x 2 + 8)dx
0
1
 2  86
=  20x + x 3 + 8x  =
 3 0 3