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D y a D y a
n
1
n 1
n 1
Dy an y f ( x)
D a D a
n
1
n 1
n 1
D an y f ( x)
P ( D ) y f ( x ),
where P(D) is simply the auxiliary polynomial in D.
Operator Methods
The polynomial P(D), can be factored as
P ( D ) ( D r1 ) ( D r2 ) ( D rn )
Therefore,
1
y f ( x).
( D r1 )( D r2 ) ( D rn )
Next we will see, the operation of 1/P(D) to any
function f(x).
Operator Methods
Let us start with simple equation
D y f ( x)
1
y f ( x)
D
but
dy
Dy f (x) f ( x)
dx
y f ( x)dx
Operator Methods
We make the following definitions
1
f ( x ) f ( x ) dx
D
the operator 1/D applied to a function means integrate the
function. We can extend it to
1
2
f ( x) , is integrating the function twice in succession.
D
1 1
, 2 , ... known as the inverse operators.
D D
Operator Methods
Consider the differential equation
( D r ) y f ( x)
1
y f (x)
D r
But dy
ry f ( x )
dx
rx rx
gives ye e f ( x ) dx
Operator Methods
It is therefore natural to make the definition
1 rx rx
f ( x ) e e f ( x ) dx
Dr
In general
1 1 1 1
y f (x) f (x)
P(D) (D r1) (D r2 ) (D rn )
applying the n inverse operators in succession, in any
convenient order, we get a particular solution.
Method of Successive Integrations
Aim: T o find y
1 1
y f ( x) f ( x)
P(D) ( D r1 )( D r2 ) ( D rn )
1 1 1
f ( x)
( D r1 ) ( D r2 ) ( D rn )
If we apply the n inverse operators in succession, in any
convenient order, then the procedure is called method of
successive integration.
Note: This method can be used for getting general solution.
(How ?)
Method of Successive Integrations
E x a m p le s :
x
(1) y 3 y 2 y x e
5x
(2) y 2 y 3 y 6e
P a rtic u a lr s o lu t io n s :
ex
(1) y p ( x ) (x2 2 x 2)
2
e5x
(2) y p ( x)
2
Method of Partial Fractions
The method of successive integrations is complicated
and time-consuming. If P(D) have distinct factors, then
we can write y as
1 1
y f ( x) f ( x)
P( D) ( D r1 )( D r2 ) ( D rn )
A1 A2 An
f ( x)
( D r1 ) ( D r2 ) ( D rn )
Note: This method can be used for getting general
solution. (How ?)
Method of Partial Fractions
If some of the fractions of P(D) are repeated, then
the form of the partial fractions decomposition will
be different.
P ( D)
(D D) D
1
1 D 2 D4 ( x3 1)
D
4
1 3 x 2
(1 x 6x) 3x x
D 4
Method 4: The Exponential Shift Rule
If f ( x ) is of the form e kx g ( x ), then notice that
( D r ) f ( x ) ( D r ) e kx g ( x )
kx
e ( D k r ) g ( x)
P ( D )e g( x ) e P ( D k )g( x )(1)
kx kx
The Exponential Shift Rule
1 kx 1
e g ( x) e kx
g ( x)(2)
P( D) P( D k )
Properties (1) and (2) are called the exponential shift rule.
The Exponential Shift Rule
Example: Find a particular solution of the equation
3 2x
y 4y 3y x e
Solution: In operator form, we can write the equation as
1 3 2x 2x 1 3
y 2 x e e 2
x
(D 4D 3) (D 2) 4(D 2) 3
2x 1 3 2x 2 1 3
e 2 x e (1 D ) x
D 1
2x 2 4 3 2x 3
e (1 D D )x e (x 6x)
The Exponential Shift Rule