Revision Notes

Class – 12 Mathematics
Chapter 7 - Indefinite Integration

Differentiation is the inverse of integration. Integration is the process of determining

a function whose differential coefficient is known.

So from the above, if the differential coefficient of F(x) is f (x)

d
i.e. [F(x)]  f (x) , then one can say that the antiderivative or integral of f ( x ) is
dx
F ( x ) , written as  f ( x)dx  F ( x) ,
Here  dx is the notation of integration f (x) is the integrand, x is the variable of
integration and dx denotes the integration with respect to X .

1. Indefinite Integral:

d
We know that if
dx
[F(x)]  f (x) , then  f (x)dx  F(x) .
Also, for any arbitrary constant C,

d d
[F(x)  C]  [F(x)]  0  f (x)
dx dx

  f (x)dx  F(x)  C

This shows that F(x) and F(x)  C are both integrals of the same function f (x) . Thus,
for different values of C , we obtain different integrals of f (x) . This implies that the
integral of f (x) is not definite. By virtue of this property F(x) is called the indefinite
integral of f (x) .

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1.1 Properties of Indefinite Integration

d 
f (x)dx   f (x)
dx  
1. 

d
f ( x)dx  

2. [ f (x)]dx  f (x)  c
dx

3.  k f (x)dx  k  f (x)dx , where k is any constant

4. If f1 (x), f 2 (x), f3 (x),  (finite in number) are functions of x , then

  f ( x)  f ( x)  f ( x)dx
1 2 3

  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx 

1 2 3 

1
5. If  f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c then  f (ax  b)dx  a F (ax  b)  c
1.2 Standard Formula of Integration

The definition of an integral has the following conclusions as a direct result.

x n 1
 x dx  n  1  C, n  1 .
n
1.

1
2.  x dx  log | x | C

3.  ex dx  ex  C

ax
4.  a x dx  C.
log e a

5.  sinxdx   cos x  C
6.  cosxdx  sin x  C

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7.  sec2 xdx  tan x  C

 cosec xdx   cot x  C

2
8.

9.  secx tan xdx  sec x  C

10.  cosecx cot xdx   cosec x  C .

11.  tanxdx   log | cos x | C  log | sec x | C .

12.  cotxdx  log | sin x | C

13.  secxdx  log | sec x  tan x | C

14.  cosecxdx  log | cosec x  cot x | C

dx
15.  1 x 2
 sin 1 x  C;| x | 1

dx
16.  1 x 2
 tan 1 x  C

dx
17. x x 1
2
 sec 1 | x | C;| x | 1

2. Methods of Integration

2.1 Method of Substitution

By using the suitable substitution, the variable x in  f ( x)dx is changed into another
variable t so that the integrand f ( x ) is changed into F(t) is an algebraic sum of
standard integrals or a standard integral. There is no universal formula for
determining a suitable substitute, and experience is the greatest guidance in this
regard.

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The following ideas, on the other hand, will be beneficial.

(i) If the integrand is of the form f  (ax  b) , then we

1
put ax  b  t and dx  dt
a

dt
f (ax  b)dx   f  (t )

Thus,
a

1 f (t ) f (ax  b)

a  f  (t )dt 
a

a
c

(ii) When the integrand is of the form xn1 f   xn  , we put x n  t and nx n 1dx  dt

Thus,  x n1 f   x n  dx   f  (t )
dt 1

n n

f

(t)dt 
1
n
1
 
f (t)  f x n  c
n

(iii) When the integrand is of the form [ f ( x)]n  f  ( x) , we put f ( x)  t and f  ( x)dx  dt

Thus,

f  ( x)
(iv) When the integrand is of the form , we put
f ( x)

f (x)  t and f  (x)dx  dt

f  (x) dt
Thus,  f (x)
dx    log | t | log | f (x) | c
t

2.1.1 Some Special Integrals

dx 1 x
1. x 2
a 2
 tan 1  C
a a

dx 1 x a
2. x 2
a 2

2a
log
xa
C

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 dx 1 ax
3. a 2
x 2

2a
log
ax
C

dx x
4.  a2  x2
 sin 1
a
C

dx
5.  x a2 2
 log x  x 2  a 2  C

dx
6.  x a2 2
 log x  x 2  a 2  C

x 2 a2 x
7.  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x 2  sin 1  C .
2 a

x 2 a2
8.  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2

x 2 a2
 x  a dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 2 2
9.
2 2

2.1.2 Integrals of the Form

 f a 
 x 2 dx ,
2
(a)

 f a  x2 dx ,
2
(b)

 f x 
 a 2 dx ,
2
(c)

ax
(d)  f  a  x  dx ,

Working Rule

Integral Substitution

 f a 
 x 2 dx, x  a sin  or x  a cos
2

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 f a 
 x2 dx, x  a tan  or x  a cot 
2

 f x 
 a 2 dx, x  a sec or x  a cosec
2

ax ax
 f  a  x  dx or  f  a  x  dx x  a cos 2

2.1.3 Integrals of the Form

dx
(a)  ax 2
 bx  c

dx
(b)  ax  bx  c
2

(c)  ax 2  bx  cdxa ,

Working Rule

(i) Make the coefficient of x 2 unity by taking the coefficient of x 2 outside the
quadratic.

(ii) Complete the square in the terms involving x , i.e. write ax 2  bx  c in the form

 b    b  4ac 
2 2

a  x    
 2a   4a

(iii) One of the nine special integrals is used to transform the integrand.

(iv) Then just integrate the function.

2.1.4 Integrals of the Form

px  q
(a)  ax 2
 bx  c
dx

px  q
(b)  ax 2  bx  c
dx

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(c)  ( px  q ) ax 2  bx  cdx

Integral Working Rule

px  q
 ax 2
 bx  c
dx Put px  q   (2ax  b)   or px  q   (derivative of quadratic)   .

When the coefficient of x and the constant term on both sides are compared, we
obtain

and    q   .
bp
p  2a and q  b     
2a  2a 

Then integral becomes

px  q
 ax 2
 bx  c
dx

2ax  b dx  bp  d

2a  ax  bx  c
2
dx   q    2
 2a  ax  bx  c

dx  bp  dx
 log ax 2  bx  c   q   2
2a  2a  ax  bx  c

px  q
 ax 2  bx  c
dx

In this case the integral becomes

px  q
 ax 2  bx  c
dx 

p 2ax  b  bp  dx
2a  ax 2  bx  c
dx   q   
 2a  ax 2  bx  c

p  bp  dx
 ax 2  bx  c   q  
a  2a  ax  bx  c
2

 ( px  q) ax 2  bx  cdx

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In this example, the integral is transformed to

p
 ( px  q) ax 2  bx  cdx 
2a 
(2ax  b) ax 2  bx  cdx

 bp 
  q    ax 2  bx  cdx
 2a 

 bp 
p
 ax 2  bx  c    q    ax 2  bx  cdx
3/2

3a  2a 

2.1.5 Integrals of the Form

P(x)
 ax 2  bx  c
dx , where P(x) is a polynomial in x of degree n 2 .

Working Rule: Write

P(x)
 ax 2  bx  c
dx 
where k, a 0 , a1 , a n 1 are
  a0  a1 x  a2 x  an 1 x  dx
2 n 1
ax  bx  c  k 
2

ax 2  bx  c
constants that may be found by separating the above relation and equating the
coefficients of various powers of x on both sides.

2.1.6 Integrals of the Form

x2  1 x2 1
 x4  kx2  1dx or  x4  kx2  1dx
where k is a constant positive, negative or zero.

Working Rule

(i) x 2 is divided into the numerator and denominator.

1 1
(ii) Put x   z or x   z , Whatever substitution yields the numerator of the
x x
resultant integrand on differentiation

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(iii) In Z , evaluate the resultant integral.

(iv) In terms of X, express the outcome.

2.1.7 Integrals of the Form

dx
P Q
, where P, Q are linear or quadratic functions of x .

Integral Substitution

1
 (ax  b) cx  d
dx

cx  d  z 2

dx
  ax 2
 bx  c  px  q
px  q  z 2

dx 1
 ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c
px  q 
z

dx 1
 x
 ax 2
b  cx  d
2 z

3. Method of Partial Fractions For Rational Functions

p( x)
By resolving the integrand into partial fractions, Integrals of the type  g ( x) may be

integrated.

The following is how we proceed:

First of all check the degree of p (x) and g (x) .

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If degree of p (x) degree of g (x) , then divide p (x) by g (x) till its degree is less,
p(x) f (x)
i.e. put in the form  r(x)  where degree of f (x)  degree of g (x)
g (x) g (x)

CASE 1: When there are non-repeated linear components in the denominator. i.e.

g (x)   x  1  x   2  x   n 

In such a case write f (x) and g as:

f (x) A1 A2 An
  
g (x)  x  1   x   2   x  n 

After extracting L.C.M., compare the coefficients of various powers on both sides
to get the constants A1 , A2 , An .

CASE 2: When there are both repeated and non-repeated linear factors in the
denominator.

i.e. g (x)   x  1   x  3  x   n 

2

In such a case write f ( x ) and g ( x) as:

f (x) A1 A2 A3 An
   
g (x) x  1  x  1  x   3
2
 x  n 

After extracting L.C.M., compare the coefficients of various powers on both sides
to get the constants A1 , A2 , An .

Note: corresponding to a linear factor that has been repeated (x  a)r in the
A1 A2 Ar
denominator, a sum of r partial fractions of the type   is
x  a (x  a) 2
(x  a) r
taken.

CASE 3: When there is a non-repeated quadratic component in the denominator that

cannot be factored further:

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  
g (x)  ax 2  bx  c  x  3  x   4  x   n 

In such a case express f ( x ) and g ( x) as:

f ( x) A x  A2 A3 An
 21  
g ( x) ax  bx  c x   3 x  n

After extracting L.C.M., compare the coefficients of various powers on both sides
to get the constants A1 , A2 , An .

CASE 4: When there is a repeating quadratic component in the denominator that

cannot be factored further:

i.e. g ( x)   ax 2  bx  c   x  5  x   6  x   n 
2

In such a case write f (x) and g (x) as

f ( x) A x  A2 A3 x  A4
 21  

g ( x) ax  bx  c ax 2  bx  c 
2

After extracting L.C.M., compare the coefficients

A5 An

x  5  x  n 
of various powers on both sides to get the constants A1 , A2 , An .

CASE 5: If x will be the even power then

(i) Put x 2  z in the integrand.

(ii) Resolve the resulting rational expression in z into partial fractions

(iii) Put z  x 2 again in the partial fractions and then integrate both sides.

4. Method of Integration by Parts

Integration by parts refers to the process of combining the output of two functions.

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e.g. if u and v are two functions of x , then  (uv)dx  u   v dx    
du
  vdx dx
 dx 

To put it another way, the integral of the product of two functions = first function 
integral of the second - integral of (differential of first  integral of the second
function).

Working Hints

(i) Choose the first and second functions in such a way that the derivative and
integral of the first function may be determined quickly.

 f (x)  x dx , take x
n n
(ii) In case of integrals of the form as the first function and f (x)
as the second function.

(iii) In case of integrals of the form  (log x)n 1dx , take 1 as the second function and
(log x) n as the first function.

(iv) The rule of parts integration can be applied several times if necessary.

(v) If the two functions are of different types, the first function can be chosen as the
one with the first initial in the word "ILATE," where

I - Inverse Trigonometric function

L - Logarithmic function

A - Algebraic function T  Trigonometric function

E  Exponential function.

(vi) If both functions are trigonometric, use the second function as the second
function with a simple integral. If both functions are algebraic, choose the one with
the simpler derivative as the initial function.

(vii) If the integral is an inverse trigonometric function of an algebraic expression in

x, simplify the integrand first using an appropriate trigonometric substitution before
integrating the new integrand.

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4.1 Integrals of the Form  e x  f (x)  f  (x)  dx

Working Rule

(i) Divide the integral into two equal halves.

(ii) Only use parts to integrate the first integral, i.e.

  f (x)  e x   f  (x)  e x x    e x f  (x)dx

 

 e x f (x)  C

4.2 Integrals of the Form:

After integrating by parts, the initial integrand reappears.

Working Rule

(i) Use the part-by-part integration technique twice.

(ii) If we integrate by parts a second time, we'll get the same integrand as before,
therefore we'll set it equal to I .

(iii) On one side, transpose and gather words involving I , and assess I .

5. Integral of the Form (Trigonometric Formats)

5.1

dx
(a)  a  b cos x
dx
(b)  a  b sin x
dx
(c)  a  b cos x  c sin x

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Working Rule

x x
1  tan 2 2 tan
(i) Put cos x  2 and sin x  2 so that the given integrand becomes a
x x
1  tan 2 1  tan 2
2 2
x
function of tan .
2

x 1 x
(ii) Put tan  z  sec 2 dx  dz
2 2 2

(iii) Integrate the resulting rational algebraic function of z

x
(iv) In the answer, put z  tan .
2

5.2 Integrals of the Form

dx
(a)  a  b cos 2
x

dx
(b)  a  b sin 2
x

dx
(c)  a cos 2
x  b sin x cos x  csin 2 x

Working Rule

(i) Divide the numerator and denominator by cos 2 x .

(ii) In the denominator, replace sec'x, if any, by 1  tan 2 x .

(iii) Put tan x  z  sec 2 xdx  dz

(iv) Integrate the resulting rational algebraic function of z .

(v) In the answer, put z  tan x .

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5.3 Integrals of the Form

a cos x  b sin x
 c cos x  d sin x dx
Working Role

(i) Put Numerator   (denominator)   (derivative of denominator)

a cos x  b sin x   (c cos x  d sin x)   (c sin x  d cos x)

(ii) Equate coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides and find the values of  , and
.

(iii) Divide the provided integral into two parts and evaluate each independently, as
follows:

a cos x  b sin x
 c cos x  d sin x dx 
csinx  d cos x
  ldx    dx   x   log | a cos x  b sin x |
a cos x  b sin x

(iv) Substitute the values of  and  found in step 2 .

a  b cos x  csin x
5.4 Integrals of the Form  e  f cos x  g sin x dx

Working Rule

(i) Put Numerator  I (denominator)  m (derivative of denominator)  n

a  b cos x  c sin x  l (e  f cos x  g sin x)  m

( f sin x  g cos x)  n

(ii) Equate coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term n on both sides and find the
values of l , m, n .

(iii) The next step is to divide the provided integral into 3 distinct integrals and
evaluate each one separately, i.e.

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 a  b cos x  csin x
 e  f cos x  g sin x dx
f sin x  g cos x
l  1dx  m  dx 
e  f cos x  g sin x

dx
n
e  f cos x  g sin x

dx
 Lx  m log | e  f cos x  g sin x |  n  dx
e  f cos x  g sin x

(iv) Substitute the values of l , m, n found in Step (ii). 0 |c|

5.5 Integrals of the Form  sin m x cosn xdx

Working Rule

(i) If the power of sin x is an odd positive integer, put cos x  t .

(ii) If the power of cos x is an odd positive integer, put sin x  t .

(iii) If the power of sin x and cos x are both odd positive integers, put sin x  t or
cos x  t

(iv) If the power of sin x and cos x are both even positive integers, use De' Moivre's
theorem as follows:

Let, cos x  i sin x  z . Then cos x  i sin x  z 1

1 1
Adding these, we get z   2 cos x and z   2i sin x
z z

By De Moivre's theorem, we have

1 1
zn  n
 2 cos nx and z n  n  2i sin n x
z z

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 n m
1 1 1  1
sin m x cos n x   n z  z 
(2i) 2 
m
z  z

n m
1 1 1  1
  m z  z 
2m  n i  z  z

Using the Binomial theorem, extend each of the components on the R.H.S. Then,
equidistant from the start and end, group the words. As a result, all such pairings
may be expressed as the sines or cosines of various angles. Term by term, continue
to integrate.

(v) If the sum of powers of sin x and cos x is an even negative integer, put tan x  z .

Solved Examples:

 7 2 
  x  5x2  4  
3
1. Evaluate: dx
x x

 7 2 
Ans:   x3  5 x 2  4   dx
 x x

7 2
  x3dx   5x 2 dx   4dx   dx   dx
x x

1
  x3dx  5   x 2 dx  4   1 dx  7   dx  2   x 1/2 dx
x

x4 x3  x1/2 
  5   4 x  7 log | x | 2  C
4 3  1/ 2 

x4 5 3
  x  4 x  7 log | x | 4 x  C
4 3

2. Evaluate:  ex log a  ea log x  ea log a dx

Ans: We have,

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e  ea log x  ea log a dx
x log a

  elog a  elog x  elog a dx

x a a


  a x  xa  a a dx 
  a x dx   x a dx   a a dx

ax x a 1
   aa  x  C
log a a  1

x4
3. Evaluate:  x 2  1dx
x4
Ans:  2 dx
x 1

x4 1  1 x4 1 1
 dx    2 dx
x 1
2
x 1 x 1
2

x3
   x 2  1dx  
1
dx   x  tan 1 x  C
x 1
2
3

2 x  3x
4. Evaluate:  5x dx
2 x  3x
Ans:  5x dx
 2 x 3x 
   x  x dx
5 5 

 2  x  3  x  (2 / 5) x (3 / 5) x
       dx   C
 5   5   log c 2 / 5 log c 3 / 5

5. Evaluate:  x 3 sin 4 dx

Ans: We have

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I   x 3 sin 4 dx

Let x4  t  d  x4   dt

1
 4 x 3 dx  dt  dx  dt
4 x3

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