7 INTEGRALS

KEY CONCEPTS INVOLVED

1. Integration – The process of finding the function f (x) whose differential coeffiicient w.r.t. ‘x’, denoted by


F (x) is given, is called the integration of f (x) w.r.t. x and is written as F(x) dx = f (x)
Thus, integration is an inverse process of differentiation or integration is anti of differentiation.
The differential coefficient of a constant is zero. Thus if c is an arbitrary constant independent of x. then
d
dx 
[f (x) + c] = F (x) Thus F (x) dx = f (x) + c
The arbitrary constant c is called the constant of integration.
2. Integration by Substitution


(a) To evaluate the integral f (ax + b) dx
1
Put ax + b = t, so that adx = dt i.e., dx = dt
a
1 1
 f (ax + b) dx =  f (t)  a dt  a F(t), where  f (t) dt = F (t) = F (ax + b)
If a function is not in some suitable form to find the integration, then we transform it into some suitable
form by changing the independent variable x to t by substituting x = g (t).
Consider 
I = f (x) dx
dx
Put x= g (t) , so that = g (t)
dt
We write dx = g (t) dt
Thus  
I = f (x)  dx = f (g (t) g (t) dt
But it is very important to guess, what will be the useful substitution.
f  (x)
(b)
 f (x) dx = log f (x) + c
n n 1
(c)
[f(x)] f (x) dx = f (x) (n  1)  c
(d) Some important substitutions
function Substitutions
a2  x2 x = a sin  or x = a cos 
a2  x2 x = a tan 
x2  a2 x = a sec 
3. Trigonometrical transformations – For the integration of the trigonometrical products such as
sin2 x, cos2 x, sin3 x, cos3 x, sin ax cos bx etc.they are expressed as the sum or difference of the sines and
cosines of multiples of angles.
4. Integration of Some Special Integrals –
dx dx
(a) For  ax 2  bx  c
, 
ax 2  bx  c
and ax 2  bx  c dx

 2 2
 2 b c b  c b2   b  4ac  b 2 
2
ax + bx + c = a  x  x    a   x     2
  a   x    
 a a  2a  a 4a   2a  4a 2 
b 4ac  b 2
Put x + = t ,  dx = dt,   k 2 , ax2 + bx + c changes to t2 + k2 , t2 – k2 or k2 – t2
2a 4a 2
(px  q) dx (px  q) dx
(b) For  2
ax  bx  c
, 
ax 2  bx  c  2
, (px  q) (ax  bx  c) dx
d
Put px + q =A (ax2 + bx + c) + B
dx
Compare the two sides and find the value of A and B.
d
A (ax 2  bx  c)  B
px  q dx
Thus

ax 2  bx  c
dx 
 (ax 2  bx  c)
d
(ax 2  bx  c)
dx dx
=A

(ax 2  bx  c)
dx  B

(ax 2  bx  c)
d
(ax 2  bx  c)
px  q dx dx
Similarly 
ax 2  bx  c
dx  A 
ax 2  bx  c
dx  B  ax2  bx  c

same as do (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx .

dx 1
(c) For  (x  k) ax 2  bx  c
put x + k =
t
dx x
(d) For  (x   ) (x  )
,  x
dx

 (x  ) (x  ) dx , Put x =  cos2  +  sin2 

dx dx dx
(e) For  a  b cos x ,  a  b sin x ,  a  b cos x  c sin x
x

sin x =  2 tan 
 2
1  tan x 2  , cos x = 1  tan x2  1  tan x 2  then put tan x/2 = t
2 2

p cos x  q sin x
(f) For  a  b cos x  b sin x dx
Put p cos x + q sin x = A (a + b cos x + b sin x) + B differential of (a + b cos x + b sin x) + C
A, B and C can be calculated by equating the coefficients of cos x. sin x and the constant terms.
 du 
5. 
Integration by parts u  v dx  u  v dx   
 dx 
 v dx  dx
 
i.e., the integral of the product of two functions = (first function) × (Integral of the second function –
Integral of {(dfferential of first function) x (Integral of second function)}
This formula is called integration by parts.
 P (x)
6. Partial Integration – To Evaluate
 Q (x) dx
The rational functions which we shall consider here for integration purposes will be those whose
denominators can be factorised into linear and quadratic factors.
P (x)
If is improper fraction, i.e., degree of numerator is equal or greater than the degree of denominator..
Q (x)
P (x) P (x)
Then first we reduce in proper rational function as Q (x) = T (x) + 1 where T (x) is a polynomial in x
Q (x)
P1 (x)
and is a proper rational function.
Q (x)
After this, the integration can be carried out easily using the already known methods. The following Table
7.1 indicates the types of simpler partial fractions that are to be associated with various kind of rational
functions.
Table 7.1
S. No. Form of the rational function Form of the partial fraction

px  q A B
1. ,ab 
(x  a) (x  b) xa xb
px  q A B
2. 
(x  a)2 x  a (x  b)2
px 2  qx  r A B C
3.  
(x  a) (x  b) (x  c) xa xb x c
px 2  qx  r A B C
4.  
(x  a)2 (x  b) x  a (x  a) 2 xb

px 2  qx  r A Bx  c
5.  2
(x  a) (x 2  bx  c) x  a x  bx  c
Where x2 + bx + c can not be
factorised further
In the above table, A, B and C are real numbers to be determined suitably.
7. Definite Integral – The definite integral of f(x) between the limits a to b i.e. in the interval [a,b] is denoted
b b
by 
a
f (x) dx and is defined as follows.  a
f (x) dx  [F (x)]ba = F(b) – F(a) where  f (x) dx  F(x)
8. General Properties of Definite Integrals –
b b
Prop. I a
f (x) dx  
a
f (t) dt
b a
Prop. II a
f (x) dx    b
f (x) dx
b c b
Prop. III
a
f (x) dx   f (x) dx   f (x) dx where a < c < b
a c
b b
Prop. IV a
f (x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a
 a a
In particualr 
0
f (x) dx  
0
f (a  x) dx
2a
Prop. V 0
f (x) dx
a a
Prop. V
a
f (x) dx  2 0
f (x) dx, if f (x) is even function
a
 f (x) dx  0, if f (x) is odd function
a
2a a a
Prop. VI 0
f (x) dx  2  0
f (x) dx  
0
f (2a  x) dx
2a a
Prop. VII 0
f (x) dx  2 
0
f (x) dx, if f (2a – x) = f (x)
2a
0
f (x) dx  0, if f (2a – x) = – f (x)
9. Definite Integral as the limit of a sum
b
a
f (x) dx  Lim h [f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) +  + f < a + (n – 1) h)]
h 0
b
or a
f (x) dx  Lim h [f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + f (a + 3h) +  + f (a + nh)
h 0
ba
where, h=
n
d v(x) d d
dx u (x)
f (t) dt  f {v (x)}
dx
v (x)  f {u (x)}
dx
u (x) this rule is called leibnitz’s is Rule.

CONNECTING CONCEPTS
1. Integration is an operation on function
2.  [k f (x) + k f (x) +............ + k f (x)]dx
1 1 2 2 n n

= k  f (x) dx + k  f (x) dx +............ + k  f (x) dx

1 1 2 2 n n
3. All functions are not integrable and the integral of a function is not unique.
4. If a polynomial function of a degree n is integrated we get a polynomial of degree n + 1
4. Integration by using standard formulae –
1.  kdx = kx + c, k is constant
 
2. kf (x) dx = k f (x) dx + c

 1 2 
3. (f (x) ± f (x)] dx = f (x)dx ± f (x) dx + c
1 2

n 1
n
x
4.  x dx = + c (n – 1)
n 1
1
5.
 x dx = log |x| + c e

x
ax
6.  a dx = log a + c, a > 0 e
x
7.  e dx = e + c x
 5.
 sin x dx = – cos x + c

6. cos x dx = sin x + c
2
7.  sec x dx = tan x + c
2

8. cosec x dx = – cot x + c


9. sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

10.  cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + c


11. tan x dx = log |sec x| + c = – log |cos x | + c


12. cot x dx = log |sin x| + c

13.  sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x| + c

14.  cosec x dx = log |cosec x – cot x | + c

1
15.  dx = sin–1 x + c or – cos–1 x + c
2
1 x
1
16.  dx = tan–1 x + c or – cot–1 x + c
1  x2
1
17. x x2 1
dx = sec–1 x + c or – cosec–1 x + c
dx 1 x
18.  2 2
 tan 1    c
x a a a
dx 1 xa
19. x 2
a 2

2a
log
xa
 c, x  a

dx 1 ax
20. a 2
 x2

2a
log
a–x
 c, x  a

dx x
21.   sin 1    c
a2  x2 a
dx
22.
  log x  a 2  x 2  c
2 2
x a

dx
23.
  log x  x2  a2  c
x2  a2

dx 1 x
24. x  sec 1    c
x2  a2 a a
x 1 2 1 x
25.  a 2  x 2 dx  a2  x2  a sin ac
2 2  
 x 1
26.  x 2  a 2 dx = x 2  a 2  a 2 log x  x 2  a 2  c
2 2
x 1
27.  x 2  a 2 dx = x 2  a 2  a 2 log x  x 2  a 2  c
2 2
x
28.  e [f (x) + f  (x)] dx = ex f (x) + c
29. Use of Trigonometric Identities in Integration.
1  cos 2x 1  cos 2x
(i) sin2 x = , cos 2 x 
2 2
3sin x  sin 3x 3cos x  cos3x
(ii) sin3x = , cos3 x 
4 4
(iii) 2 sinA cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)
x x
(iv) sin x = 2 sin    cos  
 2 2
n (n  1)
30.(i) 1 + 2 + 3 +  + n =
2
n (n  1) (2n  1)
(ii) 12 + 22 + 32 +  + n2 =
6
2
 n (n  1) 
(iii) 13 + 23 + 32 +  + n3 =  
 2
n
(iv) a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) +  + [a + (n - 1) d] = [2a + (n – 1) d]
2
a(r n  1)
(v) a + ar + ar2 +  + ar n + 1 =
r 1
Class 12 Maths NCERT Solutions
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Chapter 1 Relations and Chapter 1 Relations and
Relations and Functions
Functions Functions
Chapter 2 Inverse Chapter 2 Inverse
Concept of Relations and Functions
Trigonometric Functions Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 3 Matrices Binary Operations Chapter 3 Matrices
Chapter 4 Determinants Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 4 Determinants
Chapter 5 Continuity and Chapter 5 Continuity and
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Differentiability Differentiability
Chapter 6 Application of Chapter 6 Application of
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Derivatives Derivatives
Transpose of a Matrix and Symmetric
Chapter 7 Integrals
Chapter 7 Integrals Ex 7.1 Matrix
Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Chapter 8 Applications of
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Chapter 9 Differential
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Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.7 Continuity and Differentiability Chapter 13 Probability
Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.8 Continuity
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Integrals Class 12 Ex 7.10 Application of Derivatives
Rate Measure Approximations and
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Integrals Class 12
Tangents and Normals
Miscellaneous Exercise
Chapter 8 Application of
Maxima and Minima
Integrals
Chapter 9 Differential
Integrals
Equations
Chapter 10 Vector Algebra Types of Integrals
Chapter 11 Three Dimensional
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Geometry
Chapter 12 Linear
Formation of Differential Equations
Programming
Chapter 13 Probability Ex Solution of Different Types of Differential
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Probability Solutions Ex 13.2 Vector Algebra
Probability Solutions Ex 13.3 Algebra of Vectors
Probability Solutions Ex 13.4 Dot and Cross Products of Two Vectors
Probability Solutions Ex 13.5 Three Dimensional Geometry
Direction Cosines and Lines
Plane
Linear Programming
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Conditional Probability and Independent
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Baye’s Theorem and Probability
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Chapter 12: Higher Order

Chapter 1: Relations
Chapter 2: Functions
Chapter 3: Binary Operations
Chapter 4: Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Chapter 5: Algebra of Matrices
Chapter 6: Determinants
Chapter 7: Adjoint and Inverse of a
Chapter 18: Maxima and Minima
Matrix
Chapter 8: Solution of
Simultaneous Linear Equations
Chapter 9: Continuity
Chapter 10: Differentiability
Chapter 11: Differentiation
Chapter 23 Algebra of Vectors
Derivatives
Chapter 13: Derivative as a Rate Chapter 24: Scalar Or Dot
Measurer Product
Chapter 14: Differentials, Errors Chapter 25: Vector or Cross
and Approximations Product
Chapter 15: Mean Value Theorems Chapter 26: Scalar Triple Product
Chapter 27: Direction Cosines
Chapter 16: Tangents and Normals
and Direction Ratios
Chapter 17: Increasing and
Chapter 28 Straight line in space
Decreasing Functions
Chapter 29: The plane
Chapter 19: Indefinite Integrals Chapter 30: Linear programming
Chapter 20: Definite Integrals Chapter 31: Probability
Chapter 21: Areas of Bounded Chapter 32: Mean and variance of
Regions a random variable
Chapter 22: Differential Equations Chapter 33: Binomial Distribution

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JEE Main Maths Chapter wise Previous Year Questions

1. Relations, Functions and Reasoning

2. Complex Numbers
3. Quadratic Equations And Expressions
4. Matrices, Determinatnts and Solutions of Linear Equations
5. Permutations and Combinations
6. Binomial Theorem and Mathematical Induction
7. Sequences and Series
8. Limits,Continuity,Differentiability and Differentiation
9. Applications of Derivatives
10. Indefinite and Definite Integrals
11. Differential Equations and Areas
12. Cartesian System and Straight Lines
13. Circles and System of Circles
14. Conic Sections
15. Three Dimensional Geometry
16. Vectors
17. Statistics and Probability
18. Trignometry
19. Miscellaneous

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