UNIT 6

TRIGONOMETRY
We find , in any right-angled triangle, 3 basic trigonometric ratio’s: sine (sin); cosine (cos); tangent (tan).
Their reciprocals also exist: secant (sec); cosecant (cosec); cotangent (cot).

Illustrate the sine ratio:

Draw an acute angle = 300 A
D

300
B E C
Measure AB, AC, BD, DE.
AC
sin 300   ?  0,5
AB
DE
sin 300   ?  0,5
BD The ratio stays the same due to similar triangles.

6.1 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

sin   O
H cos ec  H
O

cos  A
H sec   H
A

tan   OA cot   OA
key: H=hypotenuse O=opposite from key:

A=adjacent

Reciprocals:
1 1
 cos ec   sin 
sin  cos ec 
1 1
 sec  cos 
cos  sec 
1 1
 cot   tan 
tan  cot 

Complementary angles: (illustrate from key)

sin   cos (90 0   )
cos   sin (90 0   )
tan   cot (900   )
sec  cos ec (90 0   )
cos ec   sec (90 0   )
cot   tan (90 0   )

24
Trigonometrical ratios in the four quadrants:

2 + 1

sin  pos 1800-  sin  pos

cos  neg cos  pos
tan  neg + + + + tan  pos
 
- +
 
- + + -

sin  neg 1800+  3600- sin  neg

cos  neg cos  pos
tan  pos tan  neg
-
3 4

All Stations To Cape town!!!!!!!!!!

6.2 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS (ARC FUNCTIONS):

Arc functions are used to calculate the angle when the ratio is given eg. find the angle with sine
of 0,5?

On the calculator: arc sin A also sin-1 A etc.

Eg. sin 300 = 0,5 cos 300 = 0,866

arc sin 0,5 =300 arc cos 0,866 = 300
sin-1 0,5 =300 cos-1 0,866 = 300

EXAMPLES
Find the values using your calculator:
1 1
cos ec 400   1,556 arc sec 1,8  arc cos  56,30
1. sin 400 1,8
5.
1
cot 700   0, 364 1
2. tan 700 arc cot 1, 732  arc tan  300
6. 1, 732
3. arc sin 0, 2  11,50
4.

25
 arc cos ec 1, 2  
cos ec   1, 2
1
 1, 2
sin 
1
sin  
1, 2
1
arc sin 
1, 2
  56, 40
Solve for  in the interval   [0 ;360 ] :
0 0

NOTE: notation for interval:   [0 ;360 ] 00    3600

0 0
or

7. cos  = 0,866
 = arc cos 0,866
 = 300 ; 3600 -300
 = 300 ; 3300

8. tan  = -1 Use a reference angle  which is an acute angle

 = arc tan 1
 = 450
 = 1800 - 450 ; 3600 - 450
 = 1350 ; 3150

9. cosec  = 2,366
 = arc cosec 2,366
1
= arc sin 2,366
 = 250 ; 1800 - 250
 = 250 ; 1550

EXERCISE 6.2
Use your calculator to find the following values:
1. arc cosec 1,8 2. arc sec 1,2
0
3. cosec 133 4. arc cot 3,4
5. sec 2170 6. arc tan 1,5
7. arc sin 0,667 8. sec 450
Solve for  in the interval 0    360 :
0 0

9. cos  = 0,707
10. cot  = -0,364
11. sec  = 2,924
12. cosec  = -1,015
Find the values of the following angles in the interval x  [0 ;360 ] :
0 0

13. 3 tan x = -2
14. tan x = cos 1730

26
15. tan 3 x = -2
sin ( x  10 ) = sin ( 2 x  10 )
0 0
16.
17. 3 cosec 2x = 4

UPM p16 Ex E q 4 – 10

Y=mx+c p129 Ex 4B.1

Y=mx+c p159 Ex 4E.1 q 1 - 6

UPM p 114 Ex 4C q. 3,4,5,6,10,12,13

6.3 THE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 00 , 300 , 450 , 600 AND 900

(Use your imagination to see the angles of 00 and 900)

angle 00
sin 00 = 0 cosec 00 =  1 unit
cos 00 = 1 sec 00 = 1 00 0
tan 00 = 0 cot 00 =  1 unit

angle 900
sin 900 = 1 cosec 900 = 1 1 unit 1 unit

cos 900 = 0 sec 900 =  900

tan 900 =  cot 900 = 0

angle 450
1
sin 450 = 2 2 1
1
cos 450 = 2

tan 450 = 1 450

1

1
angle 300 use sin 300 = 0,5 = 2
1
sin 300 = 2 600
3
cos 300 = 2 2 1
1
tan 300 = 3

angle 600 300

3
sin 600 = 2 3
1
cos 600 = 2

tan 600 = 3

27
EXAMPLES
Calculate the exact value of: 2. cos 600 sin2 600
1. sin 450 cos 300 2
1  3
1 3    
  2  2 
2 2
1 3
3 2  
  rationalise the denominator 2 4
2 2 2
3
6 
 8
4

EXERCISE 6.3
Calculate the exact value of the following by using the values of the trigonometric ratios of the given angles.
(A calculator should not be used.):
cos 450 sin 600 cos 300
1. sin 450 2. cos ec 300

sec 2 450 sin 600 cos 300  sin 300 cos 600
3. cot 2 300 4. cos ec 300  sec 600
5. tan 2 600 tan 2 300  cos 60 0 sin 300 6. tan 600 cot 600  sec 300 sin 600

7. sin 2 6  cos 2 6 8. (sin 300  cos 300 ) 2

9. (cos ec 450 sin 600  cot 300 ) 2 10. cos 2 300  cos 2 450
cos ec 900 cot 300 tan 600  cot 300
11. sec 450 sin 600 12. 2 cos ec 600
sin 600 (sin 450 cos 450  sin 30 0 )
13. 2sin 900 cos ec 2 450 cos 2 30 0 14. tan 600  cos 300
0
3cos150 sec180 0 tan(1800   )
15. tan 3150  cos 2400 16. cos(900   ) sec 
17. sin 240 .tan120  2sin 315 .cos 45  sec 135
0 0 0 0 2 0

UPM p16 Ex E q. 3

6.4 THE SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS IN TWO DIMENSIONS

DEGREES, MINUTES AND SECONDS

Degrees, minutes and seconds are written as follows:
0 ' ''
10 degrees, 8 minutes and 40 seconds = 10 8 40 . There are 60 minutes in a degree and 60 seconds
in a minute. Because pocket calculators work with decimals, the minutes and seconds are converted to decimal
fractions of a degree.
0 ' ''
Examples: 47,60 = 47 36 0 ; 500 22' 33'' = 50,40

28
6.4.1 APPLICATIONS IN RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES

Angles of elevation and depression:

Angle of elevation is always measured upwards from the horizontal line.
Angle of depression is always measured downwards from the horizontal line.

Angle of elevation
Horizontal

Angle of depression

EXAMPLES
1. From the top of a tower, the angle of depression to a point on ground level is 410. The
height of the tower is 53 m. What is the distance from the point to the base of the tower?

Let D be distance from point to tower

53
410 Tan 410 = D
53m Distance from point to tower = 60,969 m

2. The height of a wall is 4,7 m. A ladder placed against the wall, touches the wall 1,4 m from
the top when the angle between the ladder and the ground is 640. What must the length of
the ladder be to touch the top of the wall from the same position on the ground as before?

Let D be the distance ladder to wall

and L be the length of the ladder
3, 3
1,4m tan 640 = D
L D = 1,610 m
L = 4, 7  1, 610
2 2
4,7m
= 4,968 m
The length of the ladder must be 4,968 m.
640
D

EXERCISE 6.4.1
1. A telegraph pole is anchored by a steel cable with length 6,8m. The cable is fixed to a point on the
ground 5,3m from the pole. The cable is also fixed to the pole at a point 1,75m from the top of the
pole. Calculate the length of the pole.

2. A man has to determine the height of a tower. From the foot of the tower, and on the same horizontal
level, at a point 96m from the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation to the top of the tower is
29
 33016’. What is the height of the tower?

3. A car drives along a slope of ⅛ for a distance of 100m. Calculate the angle of the slope and the
perpendicular height that the car rose.

4. Two trees, A and B are on the same horizontal level and separated by 36m. From the base of tree A,
the angle of elevation to the top of the tree B is 6020’. From the base of tree B to the top of tree A, the
angle of elevation is 5016’. Find the heights of the trees.

5. A metal tower is built on a church. The wall of the church have a height of 43,42m. The angles of
elevation from a point in level ground to the top of the tower is 400 15’ and to the foot of the tower
360 10’. Determine the height of the tower.

6. A wall is 15,5m away from a building. The angle of elevation from the base of the wall to the top of
the building is 47,380. From the top of the wall to the top of the building the angle of elevation is
41,570. Calculate the height of the wall and of the building.

7. Two poles with equal lengths are separated by 15m and are on the same horizontal plane. Both poles
are anchored to the same point between the poles on the ground. From this point the angles of
elevation to the top of the poles are 50015’ and 61048’. Calculate the lengths of the poles.

8. The lengths of the legs of a pair of compasses are 450mm. Calculate the angle between the legs , if
a circle with radius 200mm can be drawn.

6.4.2 APPLICATIONS IN TRIANGLES THAT ARE NOT RIGHT ANGLED

So far we solved only right angled triangles. By using the cosine and sine rules, any triangle
can be solved and the area of any triangle can be calculated.

The Cosine Rule

A A

c b c b

B D a C B a C D

The square of any side of a triangle equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides
minus twice the product of those sides and the cosine of the angle between them.

to calculate the sides:

 a2 = b2 + c2 –2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 –2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 –2ab cos C

to calculate the angles:

 b2 + c2 –2bc cos A = a2 also cos B = a2 + c2 - b2
–2bc cos A = a2 - b2 - c2 2ac
2bc cos A = b2 + c2 - a2
cos A = b2 + c2 - a2 cos C = a2 + b2 - c2
2bc 2ab

EXAMPLE:
Use the cosine rule to solve the triangle if A = 250, c = 80mm, b = 46mm.
30
 a2 = b2 + c2 –2bc cos A
a2 = 462 + 802 –2(46)(80)(cos 250)
a2 = 1845,574687
a = 42,960 mm

cos B = a2 + c2 - b2
2ac
= 42,9602 + 802 - 462
2(42,960)(80)
= 0,892
B = 26,90

C = 1800 - 26,90 - 250

C = 128,10

The Sine Rule

A A

c b c b

B D a C B a C D

AD AD
Sin B = c and Sin C = b
c sin B = AD and b sin C = AD
c sin B = b sin C
sin B sin C

 b c

sin A sin B sin C

 
 a b c

EXAMPLE
Use the sine rule to solve the triangle PQR if Q = 570, q = 56mm , r = 66mm.

sin Q sin R p q
 
q r sin P sin Q
66sin 57 0 56sin 41, 7 0
sin R  p
56 sin 57 0
= 0,988 p = 44,419 mm
 R = 81,30

 P = 1800 - 81,30 - 570 = 41,70

The Area of a Triangle

A A

31
 c b c b

B D a C B a D C

AD
1
Sin B = c also: area of ABC = 2 ab sin C
1
 AD = c sin B area of ABC = 2 bc sin A
1
area of ABC = 2 a  AD
1
area of ABC = 2 ac sin B

Area rule: Area of a triangle = Half x one side of the triangle x another side of triangle x sine
of the angle between them.

EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the area of triangle PQR if P = 570, q = 56mm, r = 66mm.

1 1
area of PQR = 2 qr sin P = 2 x 56 x 66 sin 570 = 1549,863 mm2

2. Use the cosine rule or the sine rule to collect enough data to calculate the area of ABC,
if a = 60 mm; b = 45 mm and c = 35 mm.

1
cos B = a2 + c2 - b2 area of ABC = 2 ac sin B
1
2ac = 2 x 60 x 35 sin 48,20
= 602 + 352 - 452
2(60)(35) = 782,750 mm2
= 0,667
B = 48,20

EXERCISE 6.4.2
Use the cosine rule to solve the triangles in questions 1 – 3:

1. A 2. A

86mm
33mm

1170 100
B 30mm C B 86mm C

3. In PQR, R = 630 ; p = 85 mm ; q = 30 mm.

Use the sine rule to solve the triangles in questions 4 – 6:

4. A 5. A

270
52mm 65mm
32
 550 600
B 30mm C B C

6. In PQR, R = 430 ; r = 75 mm ; q = 75 mm.

Calculate the area of each of the following triangles in q 7 and 8:

7. In ABC, C = 67016’ ; b = 41 mm; a = 47 mm.
8. In PQR, Q = 60025’ ; p = 18,5 mm ; r = 22 mm.
9. In ABC, use the cosine rule to calculate c and A if C = 500 ; a = 93 mm ; b = 45 mm.
10. In ABC, use the sine rule to calculate b and c if A = 1080 ; B =350 ; a = 45 mm.
11. In PQR, PQ = 50 cm ; QR = 80 cm and PR = 60 cm. Calculate the angles of PQR.
12. Use the sine rule to gather enough data to calculate side BC if in ABC, AB = 36 mm;
AC = 60 mm and B = 500.
In numbers 13 to 16, use the cosine rule or the sine rule to collect enough data to calculate the areas of the
following triangles:
13. In ABC, A = 500; B = 430; c = 45 mm.
14. In PQR, PQ = 83 mm ; QR = 80 mm and PR = 130 mm.
15. In ABC, A = 500; a = 63; b = 60 mm.
16. In PQR, Q = 360 ; R = 280 ; q = 50 mm.
17. In ABC, a = 69 mm ; b = 40,5 mm and c = 31 mm.
17.1 Use the cosine rule to show through calculation that A = 149,330.
17.2 Calculate the area of ABC.

18. From the window of her office, an engineer observed that in looking directly across the street at
a tower, the angle of elevation to the top of the tower is 33,50 and the angle of depression to the
base of the tower is 42,30. Calculate the height of the tower, if the distance between the tower
and the building is 55m.
C

19. In the accompanying diagram ABD is a horizontal

plane and BC is a pole perpendicular to this horizontal
plane. AD = BD. The angle of elevation from A to the
top of the pole is equal to 380 and ADB = 760. If the A B
height of the pole is 15m, calculate the length of AD.

UPM p. 20 Ex F q. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11 D

6.5 THE SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS IN THREE DIMENSIONS

The angle between a line and a plane is the angle between the line and its projection on the plane.

EXAMPLES

1. The diagram represents a room which has the shape of a cuboid.

AB = 6m, AD = 4m and AE = 2m. Calculate the angle between
the diagonal BH and the floor ABCD.

33
 2
HBD  tan 1
62  42
HBD  15, 50
the angle between diagonal BH and floorABCD is 15,50

2. In the diagram , A, B and C are on flat ground

while X is a vertical building standing at B.
AB=80m, BC=110m and angle XAB is 240.
2.1 Find the height of the building.
2.2 Find the distance from A to C
2.3 Find the angle of depression of C from the top
0
of the building, X.

EXERCISE 6.5

1. A lighthouse is built on a cliff. From the top of the lighthouse the angle of depression of a boat at
sea is 250 and from the foot of the lighthouse the angle of depression to the boat is 190. The boat
is 100,5m away from the foot of the cliff.
1.1 Calculate the height of the cliff.
1.2 Calculate the height of the lighthouse.

2. In the diagram, ABCD is a rectangular field.

0
A tall tree AE stands at A. AB = 15m,
BC = 28m and angle EDA = 230.
2.1 Find the height of the tree.
2.2 Find the angle of elevation of E from B.
2.3 Find the angle of elevation of E from C.
2.4 Calculate the area of ∆AEC. .

3. A pyramid VPQRS has a square base PQRS with sides of length 8cm. Each sloping edge is 9cm
long.
3.1 Calculate the perpendicular height of the pyramid.
3.2 Calculate the angle which the sloping edge VP makes with the base.

4. Refer to the diagram. CP  AB, HC  AC, HC  CB.

 HAC = 26,50,  HBC = 21,80,  ACB = 104,50,
HC = 100m. Calculate:
4.1 AB
4.2 CP
0 0 H

34
C
A

P B
5. B is a balloon held in position by three wire stays PB, BR B
and BQ. BP = BQ,  QPR = 680,  PQR= 420,  BPQ = 350
PR= q. PQR forms a horizontal plane.
q sin 350
0
5.1 Show that PB = sin 42 .
5.2 Calculate q if PB = 54,5 meters. P Q

A
6. B, C and D are three vertices of the floor of a rectangular
hall. A is a light in the ceiling such that B, A and D are D
in the same vertical plane. The angle of elevation of A
from B is 15,60; BC= 9m; CD = 40m and BA = 20m. T
6.1 Calculate the height AT of the light above the floor.
6.2 Calculate the length of AD in meters. B C
P

7. Q is the base of a vertical tower PQ, while R and S are

two points in the same horizontal plane as Q. The angle
of elevation of P, as measured from R, is x.  RQS = y,
QS = a meters and the area of ∆RQS = A m2. Q
2A
.
7.1 Prove that PQ = a sin y.cot x
7.2 Calculate the value of y if PQ=77m; a = 89m; A = 1480m2
and x = 46,50. S R

UPM p26 Ex G (omit line of greatest slope and angle between skew lines)

q 2(a)(b)(c), 3, 5, 8, 9, 10

35
6.6 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Equation: satisfied by specific values

Identity: satisfied by any value.

Revisit the following identities

Reciprocals:
1 1
sin   cos ec  
cos ec  sin 
1 1
cos   sec  
sec  cos 
1 1
tan   cot  
cot  tan 

Complementary angles:
sin   cos(900   ) cos   sin(900   )
cos ec   sec(900   ) sec  cos ec (900   )
tan   cot(900   ) cot   tan(900   )

more identities:
1. from key:

36
 sin   O
H

cos   A
H
H O
sin  O H
 
cos  H A
 OA
 tan  A

sin 
 tan  
cos 

cos
cot  
2. sin 

3.
sin 2   cos 2   O2
 HO 2
2

H2

 O 2  A2
H2

 H2
H2

1
 sin 2   cos 2   1
also:
sin 2   1  cos 2 
cos 2   1  sin 2 

4.
sec 2   1  tan 2 

5. cos ec 2   1  cot 2 

6.6.1 USING STANDARD IDENTITIES TO SIMPLIFY EXPRESSIONS

EXAMPLES
Simplify:
1. cot   tan  2. (1  sin  )(1  sin  )
 1  sin 2 
cot   tan 
 cos 2 
cos  sin 
 
sin  cos 
cos 2   sin 2 

sin  cos 
1

sin  cos 

EXERCISE 6.6.1
Simplify the following:
37
 1 1 1  cot 2 x

1. 1  cot x 1  tan 2 x
2
11. cos ec 2 x
2. (1  cos x)(1  cos x) 12. sin 2   sin 2  cos 2 
3. (1  cos  )(1  cos  )  (1  sin  )(1  sin  ) 13. sin A sec A cot A
4. tan  cot  14. (tan x  cot x) sin x
2  2sin A
5. cos 2 A 15. tan 2 x cos 2 x  cot 2 x sin 2 x
2  2 cos B
6. sin 2 B 16. cot 2  (sec 2   1)
sin 2 
1
7. cos 2  17. sec x  sec x sin 2 x
sec x 2sin x cos x(1  tan 2 x)
8. cot x  tan x 18. tan x
sin x  cos x
4 4

9. sin 2 x  cos 2 x 19. tan x cot x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x

10. sin 2 x cot 2 x  cos 2 x tan 2 x 20. (cos ec x  cot x)(sec x  1)

Y=mx+c p.137 Ex 4C.1 q. 2 – 9;

answers to Exercise 6.6.1

1. 1 11. 1
2. sin 2 x 12. sin 4 
3. 1 13. 1
4. 1 14. sec x
2
5. 1  sin A 15. 1
2
6. 1  cos B 16. 1
7. sec 2
17. cos x
8. sin x 18. 2
9. 1 19. 2
10. 1 20. tan x

6.6.2 PROVING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES Y=mx+c p.141 – 144

EXAMPLES
Prove the following identities:
tan x cos x  sin x 2. sin 2 x  cos 2 x  tan 2 x  sec 2 x
1.

LHS  tan x cos x LHS  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  tan 2 x

sin x cos x  1  tan 2 x
 .
cos x 1  sec 2 x
 sin x  RHS
 RHS

38
EXERCISE 6.6.2
Prove the following by using trigonometric identities:

tan x sin A cos A

 sin x cos x   tan A
1. 1  tan 2 x 11. 1  sin A 1  sin A
sin x 1  cos x 1  sin 
  2 cos ec x (sec   tan  ) 2 
2. 1  cos x sin x 12. 1  sin 
1
cos ec x cot x  cos ec 2 x 
3. 1  cos x 13. tan  cos ec   sec

4. (1  cot 2  )  (1  cot 2  )  2 cos ec 2  14. (1  sin 2 A)(1  tan 2 A)  1

5. cos  (1  tan 2  )  sec  15. tan x  cot x  cos ec x sec x

cos x
 tan x  sec x
6. 1  sin x 16. cot x  cos 2 x cot x  sin x cos x
cos B sin B cot B

7. sin B  cos B 1  cot 2 B
2 2
17. sin x cos ec x  cot x sin x  1  cos x
1  tan 2  1  tan x
 2 cos 2   1  tan x
8. 1  tan 2  18. 1  cot x
sin x  cos x 1

9. tan x  1 sec x 19 sec 4 x  tan 2 x(sec 2 x  1)  1
cos 4 x  sin 4 x tan x  1 1  cot x
 (sec x  tan x)(sec x  tan x) 
10. cos 2 x  sin 2 x 20. tan x  1 1  cot x

Y=mx+c p.142 Ex 4C.2 q. 1 – 4

6.7 SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

EXERCISE 6.7

Solve the following equations:

1. 2 tan 2   sec   4  0 for 0 0    2700

2. 5cos   3sec  for 00    1800

3. 5sec 2   7  3 tan  for   [00 ;1800 ]

4. 2 cot x  3tan x for 00  x  1800

sin y
sin 2 y  for 00  y  3600
5. 3
6. 3 tan 2 A  2,834 for 00  A  3600

7. 2sec3  3 for 900    180 0

Solve the following equations without using a calculator for x  [0 ;360 ]

0 0

8. tan x  1
2

9. 4sin 2 x  3  0

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  2 cos x  1  2sin x  
2 0
10.
11. sin x  sin x  0
2

12. tan x  3 tan x

2

13. Repeat no 8 for interval 0  x  2

14. Repeat no 10 for interval 0  x  2

Y=mx+c Omit negative angles p.161

page 160 Ex 4E.1 q. 3 – 6; page 163 Ex 4E.2 ; page 166 Ex 4E.3; page 169 Ex 4E.4 ;
(Select some questions – remainder for self study/ revision)

UPM page 117 Ex 4D q. 1,2,3,7,8

6.8 TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS

Y=mx+c p.144 - 156

EXECISE 6.8

1. Draw the graphs of y  2 cos x and y  3sin x on the same axes. Use 300 intervals for x
between 00 and 3600. Scale: x – axis : 2 cm = 300; y – axis : 1 cm = 1 unit.
Use the graphs to solve the following equations:
1.1 2 cos x – 3 sin x = 0
1.2 2 cos x – 1 = 0
1.3 12 sin x + 3 = -1,5

Draw the graphs of y  2sin x  1 and y  3cos x  1 on the same axes if 0  x  360 .
0 0
2.
Use 300 intervals and scale: x – axis : 2 cm = 300; y – axis : 1 cm = 1 unit.
Use the graphs to solve the following equations:
2.1 2 sin x = 2
2.2 3 cos x + 3 = 5

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 2.3 2 sin x + 1 = 3 cos x – 1

Draw the graphs of y  3sin 2 x and y  3cos 2 on the same axes. Use 300 intervals for
1 x
3.
x between 00 and 1800. Scale: x – axis : 1 cm = 100; y – axis : 1 cm = 1 unit.
Use the graphs to solve:
3.1 3sin 2 x = 2
1

3cos 2x  2 =  2
3.2
3sin 12 x  3cos 2x  0
3.3

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