MTH 324 (Complex Analysis)

(Review of real Integration)

In this lecture, we shall discuss real integrals and examine their properties.

Definite Integral:-

The definite integral of f on a, b is defined by

b n

 f ( x)dx = lim  f ( x

k )xk (17.1)
P →0
a k =1

The following steps are involved in the construction of integral given in (17.1).

(i) Let f be a real function defined at all points in a, b

(ii) Let P = a = t0 , t1 , t2 ,...tn = b be a partition of  a, b.

Let x k = t k − t k −1

(iii) Chose a point xk in each subinterval t k −1 , t k  .

n
(iv) Form a product and sum as  f ( x )x
k =1

k k .

n b
(v) lim
P →0
 f (x
k =1

k )x k is defined as  f ( x)dx .
a

Note:-

(1) If limit in (17.1) exists, then f is said to be integrable in a, b .

(2) If f is continuous in a, b then f is integrable .

Types of Curves

Suppose x = x ( t ) , y = y ( t ) , a  t  b are parametric equations of a curve C in plane,

where x(t ) , y(t ) are continuous real functions. Let the initial and terminal points of
C are A(x(a) , y (a) ) and B(x(b) , y (b) ) .
Smooth Curve:-

A curve in the complex plane is smooth if x(t ) , y (t ) are continuous on a, b
and not simultaneously zero in the interval (a, b ) .

Piecewise smooth curve:-

A curve C is said to be piecewise smooth if it consists of finite number of

smooth curves C1 , C2 ,...Cn joined end to end.

Simple Curve:-

A curve is said to be simple if it do not cross itself except possibly at ends

Line integrals in the plane:

Let G( x, y) be a function of two variables and C be a simple curve then line integral
of G( x, y) along C is defined as:

(i) The line integral of G( x, y) along C is w.r.t. x is

n

 G( x, y)dx = lim
P →0
 G( x , y
k =1

k

k )xk .
C

(ii) The line integral of G( x, y) along C is w.r.t. y is

n

 G( x, y)dy = lim
P →0
 G( x , y
k =1

k

k )y k
C

(iii) The line integral of G( x, y) along C is w.r.t. arc s is

n

 G( x, y)ds = lim  G( x , y
 
k k )s k .
P →0
C k =1
Methods of evaluating integrals in the plane

(i) The line integral of G( x, y) along C is w.r.t. x is

b

 G( x, y)dx =  G( x(t ), y(t )) x(t )dt .

C a

(ii) The line integral of G( x, y) along C is w.r.t. y is

b

 G( x, y)dy =  G( x(t ), y(t )) y(t )dt

C a

(iii) The line integral of G( x, y) along C is w.r.t. arc s is

b

 G( x, y)ds =  G( x(t ), y(t )) (x(t )) + ( y(t )) dt .

2 2

C a

Example:-

Evaluate (a)  xy 2 dx , (b)  xy 2 dy and (c)  xy 2 ds , where C is the quarter circle

C C C


defined by x = 4 cos t , y = 4 sin t , 0t  .
2

Solution:- Here G ( x, y ) = xy 2 .

(i) As
b

 G( x, y)dx =  G( x(t ), y(t )) x(t )dt

C a

2
  xy 2 dx =  (4 cos t )(4 sin t ) (− 4 sin t )dt
2

C 0

  xy dx = −64
2

(ii) This part can be solved as above.

 (iii) As
b

 G( x, y)dx =  G( x(t ), y(t )) (x(t )) + ( y(t )) dt

2 2

C a

2
  xy ds =  (4 cos t )(4 sin t ) 4dt
2 2

C 0

256
=
3

Methods of evaluating when curve is defined by a function :

(i) The line integral of G( x, y) along C is w.r.t. x is

b

 G( x, y)dx =  G( x, f ( x))dx .
C a

(ii) The line integral of G( x, y) along C is w.r.t. y is

b

 G( x, y)dy =  G( x, f ( x)) f ( x)dx

C a

(iii) The line integral of G( x, y) along C is w.r.t. arc s is

b

 G( x, y)ds =  G( x, y) 1 + ( f ( x) ) dx .
2

C a

Example:-

Evaluate  xydx + x 2 dy , where C is given by y = x 3 , − 1  x  2 .

C

Solution is left as an exercise.