MTH 324 (Complex Analysis)

(Complex powers and Trigonometric Functions)

In this lecture, we shall discuss elementary properties of complex powers and

complex trigonometric functions.

Complex Powers:-

If  is a complex number and z  0, then the complex power z is defined to be

z = e ln z (15.1)

Remark:-

(i) In general (15.1) gives an infinite set of values because ln z is

multiple-valued.

(ii) If  = n is an integer, then (15.1) implies

n loge z +i arg( z )
z n = en ln z = e =e  en arg( z )i
n loge z
(15.2)

which is single valued.

(iii) If 0 is principal argument of n, then (15.2) implies

n loge z +i (0 + 2 k )
z n = en ln z = e =e  en0i
n loge z

Example:-

If a and b are real numbers, then show that

 ia − 1 
ib
−2 b cot −1 ( a )
  =e .
 ia + 1 

Solution:- By definition of complex powers

 ia −1 
 ia − 1 
ib
ib ln  
  = e  ia +1 
(15.3)
 ia + 1 

 ia − 1 
ib
  z1  
Consider, ln   = ln ( ia − 1) − ln ( ia + 1)  ln   = ln z1 − ln z2 
 ia + 1    z2  
  ia − 1   −1  a     −1  a  
ib

 = log e 1 + a + i  tan   + 2k  − log e 1 + a + i  tan   + 2k  

2 2
ln 
 ia + 1    −1     1 

= i tan −1 ( −a ) − i tan −1 ( a )

= i − 2i tan −1 ( a )

 
= 2i  − tan −1 ( a )  = 2i cot −1 ( a )
2 

 (15.3) 

 ia − 1 
ib
ib ln ( 2 i cot −1 ( a ) )
= e−2b cot ( a )
−1

  =e
 ia + 1 

Principal value of a complex number:-

If  is a complex number and z  0, then the function defined by

z = e ln Z

is called the principal value of the complex power z .

Example:-
i
Find the principal value of ( −3)  .

Solution:-
i
i Ln ( −3)
By definition ( −3) = e 
i
log e −3 + iArg ( −3) 
i
 ( −3) = e

i
loge 3+i 
= e
loge 3
−1+ i
=e 
   log 3   log 3  
i −1cos e  + i sin  e  
 ( −3)  =e       

Remark:-

In general, the principal value of z is not continuous because LnZ is not

continuous.

But if we restricted −  arg ( z )   , then z is continuous.

Let us denote f1 ( z ) = e log r +i  ,e

−     (15.4)

(15.4) is a branch of multiple-valued function z = e ln z , which is single-valued and

continuous.

Example:-

If f1 ( z ) = z = e LnZ , −   arg ( z )   , then f1 ( z ) =  z −1.

Solution:- Consider,
d LnZ
dz
e ( d
)
= e LnZ ( LnZ )
dz

d LnZ
dz
e ( )
= e LnZ   
1
z

z
=
z
=  z −1 ( z = e LnZ )
Example:-

Find the principal value of

d 2i
dz
( )
z at z = 1 − i.

Solution:- Consider,
d 2i
dz
( )
z = 2iz 2i −1

d 2i
dz
z ( ) = 2i (1 − i )
2i −1

z =1−i

Now, (1 − i ) = e( 2i −1) Ln(1−i )

2 i −1
   −1  
( 2i −1) loge 1+1 + i tan −1   
(1 − i )
2i −1
=e   1 


( 2i −1) loge 2 −i 
(1 − i )
2i −1
=e  4

1 
( 2i −1)  loge 2−i 

d 2i
dz
z = 2ie ( ) 2 4

Example:-

z1
Verify that 2
= z1 − 2 , for z  0.
z

Solution:- Left as an exercise.

Complex Trigonometric Functions:-

Recall that for a real variable x, we have

eix = cos x + i sin x  e − ix = cos x − i sin x

By adding these identities, we have

eix + e−ix
cos x = (15.5)
2

Similarly, subtracting above identities, we have

eix − e − ix
sin x = (15.6)
2i

Complex Sine and Cosine functions:-

The complex Sine and Cosine functions are defined by

eiz + e −iz eiz − e −iz

cos z = and sin z =
2 2i

Similarly, the other trigonometric functions are defined as

 sin z cos z 1 1
tan z = , cot z = , sec z = and cos ecz = .
cos z sin z cos z sin z

Example:-

Simplify tan ( − 2i ) .

ei ( − 2 i ) − e − i ( − 2 i )
Solution:- tan ( − 2i ) = i( − 2i ) 2i i( − 2i )
e +e
2

e 2 − e −2
tan ( − 2i ) = i.
e 2 + e −2

Example:-

Show that sin z is periodic of period 2 .

eiz − e − iz
Solution:- Let f ( z ) = sin z = .
2i

e i ( z + 2 ) − e i ( z + 2 )
 f ( z + 2 ) =
2i

eiz .ei 2 − e − iz .ei( −2 )

=
2i

eiz − e −iz
= = f (z)
2i

Similarly, we can prove that period of cos z is 2 .

Trigonometric Identities:-

(i) sin ( − z ) = − sin z and cos ( − z ) = cos z

(ii) cos 2 z + sin 2 z = 1

(iii) sin ( z1  z2 ) = sin z z cos z2  cos z1 sin z2

(iv) cos ( z1  z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 sin z1 sin z2

 (v) sin 2 z = 2sin z cos z

(vi) cos 2 z = cos 2 z − sin 2 z

Proof:-

We proof (ii)
2 2
 eiz + e−iz   eiz − e−iz 
L.H.S = cos z + sin z = 
2 2
 + 
 2   2i 

 ei 2 z + e − i 2 z + 2   ei 2 z − e − i 2 z − 2 
= + 
 4   −4 

ei 2 z + e − i 2 z + 2 − ei 2 z − e − i 2 z + 2 4
= = = 1 = R.H.S
4 4

The remaining parts can be proved in a similar way.

Example:-

Find all solutions of sin z = 5.

Solution:- Given, sin z = 5

eiz − e−iz
 =5
2

1
 eiz − = 10i  ei 2 z − 10ieiz − 1 = 0
eiz

Using quadratic formula, we have

(
eiz = 5  2 6 i )
Case 1: If (
eiz = 5 + 2 6 i )

 (
iz = ln  5 + 2 6 i 
 )

( 
 iz = log e 5 + 2 6 + i  + 2n 
2 
)
 
( ) 
 z = −i log e 5 + 2 6 + i  + 2n 
2 
(15.7)

Case 2: If (
eiz = 5 − 2 6 i )

( ) 
 z = −i log e 5 − 2 6 + i  + 2n 
2 
(15.8)

Therefore, all possible values of z are given in (15.7) and (15.8) with n = 0, 1, 2,...

Analyticity:-

d
(i) ( sin z ) = cos z
dz

d
(ii) ( coz ) − sin z
dz

d
(iii) ( tan z ) = sec2 z
dz

d
(iv) ( cot z ) = − cos ec 2 z
dz

d
(v) ( sec z ) = sec z tan z
dz

d
(vi) ( cos ecz ) = − cos ecz cot z
dz

Example:-

Find the zeros of sin z.

Solution:-

eiz − e − iz
Let sin z = 0  =0
2i

1
 eiz − =0  ei 2 z = 0
eiz
 2 zi = 2k i, for k = 0, 1, 2,...

 z = k , for k = 0, 1, 2,...