310 MATHEMATICS

x x2
= log + + 1 + C1
a a2

2 2
= log x + x + a − log |a | + C1

2 2
= log x + x + a + C , where C = C1 – log |a|

Applying these standard formulae, we now obtain some more formulae which
are useful from applications point of view and can be applied directly to evaluate
other integrals.
dx
(7) To find the integral ∫ ax2 + bx + c , we write
 2 b c  b   c b2
2

ax + bx + c = a  x + x +  = a  x +
2
 + – 
 a a  2 a   a 4a 2  

b c b2 2
Now, put x + = t so that dx = dt and writing – 2 = ± k . We find the
2a a 4a

1 dt  c b2 
integral reduced to the form ∫
a t ± k2
2 depending upon the sign of  – 2
 a 4a 
and hence can be evaluated.
dx
(8) To find the integral of the type ∫ 2
ax + bx + c
, proceeding as in (7), we

obtain the integral using the standard formulae.

px + q
(9) To find the integral of the type ∫ ax2 + bx + c dx , where p, q, a, b, c are

constants, we are to find real numbers A, B such that

d
px + q = A (ax2 + bx + c) + B = A (2ax + b) + B
dx
To determine A and B, we equate from both sides the coefficients of x and the
constant terms. A and B are thus obtained and hence the integral is reduced to
one of the known forms.
 INTEGRALS 311

( px + q) dx
(10) For the evaluation of the integral of the type
ax2 + bx + c
∫ , we proceed

as in (9) and transform the integral into known standard forms.

Let us illustrate the above methods by some examples.
Example 8 Find the following integrals:
dx dx
(i) ∫ x2 − 16 (ii) ∫ 2 x − x2
Solution
dx dx 1 x–4
(i) We have ∫ x2 − 16 = ∫ x2 – 4 2 =
8
log
x+ 4
+ C [by 7.4 (1)]

dx dx
(ii) ∫ 2 x − x2
=∫
2
1 – ( x – 1)
Put x – 1 = t. Then dx = dt.

dx dt
Therefore, ∫ 2x − x 2
= ∫ 1– t 2
–1
= sin (t ) + C [by 7.4 (5)]

–1
= sin (x – 1) + C
Example 9 Find the following integrals :
dx dx dx
(i) ∫ x2 − 6 x + 13 (ii) ∫ 3 x2 + 13 x − 10 (iii) ∫ 5x 2 − 2x
Solution
(i) We have x2 – 6x + 13 = x2 – 6x + 32 – 32 + 13 = (x – 3)2 + 4

dx 1
So, ∫ x2 − 6 x + 13 = ∫ ( x – 3)2 + 22 dx
Let x – 3 = t. Then dx = dt
dx dt 1 t
∫ x2 − 6 x + 13 = ∫ t 2 + 2 2 = 2 tan
–1
Therefore, +C [by 7.4 (3)]
2
1 x–3
= tan– 1 +C
2 2