1.1 Definition.

d
Let  (x ) be the primitive or anti-derivative of a function f(x) defined on [a, b] i.e., [ (x)]  f (x) . Then the
dx
b b
definite integral of f(x) over [a, b] is denoted by  f (x)dx
a
and is defined as [ (b)   (a)] i.e.,  f (x)dx   (b)   (a) .
a
This is also called Newton Leibnitz formula.
The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration, ‘a’ is called the lower limit and ‘b’ the upper limit. The
interval [a, b] is called the interval of integration. The interval [a, b] is also known as range of integration.

Important Tips
 In the above definition it does not matter which anti-derivative is used to evaluate the definite integral, because if
 f x dx   x   c,
b
 f x dx   x   c  a   (b)  c    (a)  c    (b)   (a).
then b
a
In other words, to evaluate the definite integral there is no need to keep the constant of integration.
 Every definite integral has a unique value.

 1 x
3
x2  1
Example: 1
  tan

1 
2
x 1
 tan 1
x 
 dx =

(a)  (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these

3
 1 x x 
Solution: (b) I

1 
 tan 2
x 1
 cot 1 2
x  1 
dx

3
  
 I

1 2
dx  I  [ x]31  [3  1]  2 .
2 2


 sin
2
Example: 2 x dx is equal to
0

(a)  (b) /2 (c) 0 (d) None of these

 
1 1
Solution: (b) I
2 0 
2 sin 2 x dx 
2 0 
[1  cos 2 x]dx


1 sin 2 x  1 
 I x  I  [ ]  .
2  2  0 2 2

1.2 Definite Integral as the Limit of a Sum.

Let f(x) be a single valued continuous function defined in the interval a  x  b, where a and b are both finite.
Let this interval be divided into n equal sub-intervals, each of width h by inserting (n – 1) points
a  h, a  2h, a  3h...... a  (n  1)h between a and b. Then nh  b  a .
Now, we form the sum hf (a)  hf (a  h)  hf (a  2h)  ........  hf (a  rh)  ......  hf [a  (n  1)h]
n1
= h[ f (a)  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)  .....  f (a  rh)  ....  f {a  (n  1)h}] = h  f (a  rh)
r 0
 Definite Integral

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where, a  nh  b  nh  b  a
n 1
The lim h
h 0
 f (a  rh), if it exists is called the definite integral of f(x) with respect to x between the limits a and
r 0
b
b and we denote it by the symbol  f (x)dx .
a

b b n1
Thus, 
a
f ( x)dx  lim h[ f (a)  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)  ......  f {a  (n  1)h}] 
h 0  a
f ( x)dx  lim h
h 0
 f (a  rh)
r 0

where, nh  b  a, a and b being the limits of integration.

The process of evaluating a definite integral by using the above definition is called integration from the first
principle or integration as the limit of a sum.

Important Tips
 In finding the above sum, we have taken the left end points of the subintervals. We can take the right end points of the sub-intervals
throughout.

b b n
Then we have, a f (x)dx  lim h[ f (a  h)  f (a  2h)  .....  f (a  nh)] ,   f ( x)dx  h  f (a  rh)
h0 a
r 1
where, nh = b – a.



dx 


 x     x 
      

x     x  dx 
8
   2

b
x a  b
1 nb

 a bx
dx  b  a 
2

a
f x  dx 
n 
na
f x  dx

b c b bc b
  a c
f x  c  dx 

a
f x  dx or

ac
f x  c  dx 

a
f x  dx

Some useful results for evaluation of definite integrals as limit for sums
n(n  1) n(n  1)(2n  1)
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + …….+ n = (ii) 1 2  2 2  3 2  ........  n 2 
2 6
2
 n(n  1)  a(r n  1)
3 3
(iii) 1  2  3  .......  n   3

3
(iv) a  ar  ar 2  ........  ar n1  ,r  1 , r  1
 2  r 1
a (1  r n )
(v) a  ar  ar 2  .......... .....  ar n1  , r  1, r  1
1r
  n  1    nh 
sin a    h sin  
n1
  2   2
(vi) sin a  sin(a  h)  ........  sin[a  (n  1)h] 
r 0
[sin(a  nh)] 
 h

sin 
 2
  n  1    nh 
cos a    h sin   n1
  2   2
(vii) cos a  cos(a  h)  cos(a  2h)  .....  cos[a  (n  1)h] 
r 0
[cos(a  nh)] 
 h

sin 
 2
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
(viii) 1       .......... ..........   (ix) 1      .......... ......  
22 32 4 2 5 2 6 2 12 22 32 4 2 5 2 6 2 6
 Definite Integral

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1 1 2 1 1 1 2
(x) 1    .......... ..........   (xi)    .......... ..........  
32 5 2 8 22 4 2 6 2 24
e i  e  i e i  e  i e   e  e   e 
(xii) cos   and sin   (xiii) cosh  and sinh 
2 2 2 2

1.3 Evaluation of Definite Integral by Substitution.

When the variable in a definite integral is changed, the substitutions in terms of new variable should be effected
at three places.
(i) In the integrand (ii) In the differential say, dx (iii) In the limits
b b  (b )
For example, if we put  (x)  t in the integral  f { (x)} ' (x)dx , then 
a a
f { ( x)} ' ( x)dx  
 (a )
f (t ) dt .

Important Tips


0

dx
1  sin x
2 
0
 /2
dx
sin x  cos x
 2 log  
2 1

 /2 a
dx a

0
log tan x  dx  0 
0
 , where f a  x    f x 
1  e f x  2
a
dx  a
dx  a
a 2
 0 a2  x 2

2

0

x  a 2 2a
2

 0
a 2  x 2 dx 
4

 [ f (g[h(x)])]
1
Example: 3 If h(a)  h(b), then f ' (g[h(x)]) g ' [h(x)] h' (x) dx is equal to
a

(a) 0 (b) f (a)  f (b) (c) f [ g(a)]  f [ g(b)] (d) None of these
Solution: (a) Put f (g[h( x )])  t  f ' (g[h(x)]) g ' [h(x)] h' (x)dx  dt
f ( g [h(b)])

 t 1dt  log(t)ff (( gg[[hh((ba)])

)])
 0 [ h(a)  h(b)]
f ( g [h(a )])

e2 log e x
Example: 4 The value of the integral
e 1 x
dx is

t
Solution: (b) Put log e x  t  e  x
 dx  e t dt
and limits are adjusted as –1 to 2
0 2
2
t t 2 0 2   t2   t2 
 I
1 e t
1 
e dt  | t | dt  I 
 1 0 
 tdt  tdt  I        I  5/2
 2  1  2  0
 /2 dx
Example: 5
 0 1  sin x
equals

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2

 / 2
dx
Solution: (b) I
 0 sin 2 x/2  cos 2 x/2  2 sin x/2 cos x/2
 /2
dx  /2 sec 2 x/2
I
 0 (sin x/2  cos x/2) 2

 0 (1  tan x/2) 2
dx

1
Put (1  tan x/2)  t  sec 2 x/2 dx  dt
2
2 2
dt 1   1 1
 I2
 1 t 2
 2   2    1
t
 1  2 1
 Definite Integral

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1.4 Properties of Definite Integral.

b b
(1) a
f (x)dx   f (t) dt
a
i.e., The value of a definite integral remains unchanged if its variable is replaced by any
other symbol.
6
1
Example: 6
3 x 1
dx is equal to

(a) log( x  1) 63 (b) [log(t  1] 63 (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
6 6
1 1
Solution: (c) I
3 x 1
dx  [log(x  1)]63 , I
 3 t 1
dt  [log(t  1)]63

b a
(2)  a 
f(x)dx   f(x)dx i.e., by the interchange in the limits of definite integral, the sign of the integral is
b
changed.
1 0
Example: 7 Suppose f is such that f(–x) = –f(x) for every real x and

0
f ( x) dx  5 , then
 f (t) dt 
1
1
Solution: (d) Given,
 f (x)dx  5
0

Put x   t  dx  dt
1 0
 I 
 0 
f (t)dt   f (t)dt  I  5
1

b c b
(3) a
f (x)dx   f (x)dx   f (x)dx , (where a < c < b)
a c
b c1 c2 b
or  f (x)dx  
a a
f ( x)dx   c1
f ( x)dx  .....   cn
f ( x)dx; (where a  c 1  c 2  ........ c n  b )

Generally this property is used when the integrand has two or more rules in the integration interval.

Important Tips
b
 a
( x  a  x  b ) dx  (b  a)2

Note :  Property (3) is useful when f (x ) is not continuous in [a, b] because we can break up the integral into
several integrals at the points of discontinuity so that the function is continuous in the sub-intervals.
 The expression for f (x ) changes at the end points of each of the sub-interval. You might at times be
puzzled about the end points as limits of integration. You may not be sure for x = 0 as the limit of the
first integral or the next one. In fact, it is immaterial, as the area of the line is always zero. Therefore,
0
even if you write  1
(1  2 x) dx, whereas 0 is not included in its domain it is deemed to be
understood that you are approaching x = 0 from the left in the first integral and from right in the
second integral. Similarly for x = 1.
2
Example: 8
 |1  x 2 | dx is equal to
2

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8

2 1 1 2

 |1  x   
2
Solution: (b) I | dx  | 1  x 2 | dx  | 1  x 2 | dx  | 1  x 2 | dx
2 2 1 1
 Definite Integral

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1 1 2
4 4 4
 I   (1  x 2 )dx 
 2 1 
(1  x 2 )dx  (1  x 2 )dx  I 
1
  4.
3 3 3
1.5

 [x ]dx , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, equals

2
Example: 9 [DCE 2000, 2001; IIT 1988; AMU 1998]
0

(a) 2 2 (b) 2 2 (c) 1 2 (d) 2 1

1.5 1 2 1.5 2 1.5
Solution: (b) I
 0 
[ x 2 ]dx  [ x 2 ]dx 
0  1
[ x 2 ]dx 
 2
[ x 2 ]dx  I  0 

1
1dx 
 2
2dx  2  1  3  2 2  I  2  2

e cos x . sin x, | x | 2 3

Example: 10 If f ( x)  
 2, otherwise
, then
 2
f (x)dx 

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

cos x
Solution: (c) | x | 2  2  x  2 and f ( x)  e sin x is an odd function.
3 2 3 3 a
 I
 2
f (x)dx 
 2
f (x)dx 
 2
f (x)dx  I  0 
2
2dx  [2 x] 32  2 [
 f (x)  0 if f(x) is odd and in (2, 3) f(x) is 2]
a

a a
(4)  0
f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx
0
: This property can be used only when lower limit is zero. It is generally used for
those complicated integrals whose denominators are unchanged when x is replaced by (a – x).
Following integrals can be obtained with the help of above property.
 /2 sin n x  /2 cos n x 
(i) 0 n
sin x  cos x n
dx  0 n
cos x  sin x n
dx 
4
 /2 tan x n  /2 cot n x   /2 1  2 1 
(ii)  0 1  tan x n
dx   0 1  cot x n
dx 
4
(iii)  0 1  tann x
dx  0 n
1  cot x
dx 
4
 2 sec n x  /2 cosec n x 
(iv) 0 sec n x  cosec n x
dx  0 n n
cosec x  sec x
dx 
4
 2  /2  /2  /2
(v)  0
f (sin 2 x) sin xdx   0
f (sin 2 x) cos xdx (vi)  0
f (sin x)dx   0
f (cos x)dx
 /2  /2 1 1
(vii)  0
f (tan x)dx  
0
f (cot x)dx (viii)  0
f (log x)dx  0
f [log(1  x)]dx
 /2  /2  /4 
(ix)  0
log tan xdx   0
log cot xdx (x) 0
log(1  tan x)dx 
8
log 2

 /2  /2   1
(xi) 0
log sin xdx   0
log cos xdx 
2
log 2  log
2 2
 /2 a sin x  b cos x  /2 a sec x  b cosec x  / 2 a tan x  b cot x 
(xii)  0 sin x  cos x
dx   0 sec x  cosec x
dx  
0 tan x  cot x
dx  (a  b)
4



2
Example: 11 e sin x
cos 3 xdx =
0

OR



2
For any integer n, e sin x
cos 3 (2n  1)xdx =
0

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) None of these

Solution: (b) Let, f1 ( x)  cos 3 x   f (  x)
and f 2 ( x )  cos 3 (2n  1)x   f (  x )
 I = 0.
 Definite Integral

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2a
f ( x)
Example: 12
0 f ( x)  f (2a  x)
dx is equal to

(a) a (b) a/2 (c) 2a (d) 0

2a f ( x) 2a f (2a  x)
Solution: (a) I

0 f ( x)  f (2a  x)
dx 

0 f (2a  x)  f ( x)
dx

2a 2a
f ( x)  f (2a  x)
  dx  [x]
2a
2I  dx  0  2a
0 f ( x)  f (2a  x) 0

I a.
 /2  /2
tan x sin x
Example: 13
0 1  tan x

 0 sin x  cos x
dx is equal to

(a) /4 (b)  (c) –1 (d) 1

 /2 n
tan xdx 
Solution: (a) We know,
 0

1  tann x 4
for any value of n

 I  /4 .

a a
(5) a
f (x) dx   0
f (x)  f ( x) dx .

2 a f (x) dx, if f (x) is even function or f ( x)  f (x)

In special case :
a
f (x) dx   0 
a

 0 , if f (x) is odd is odd function or f ( x)   f (x)
This property is generally used when integrand is either even or odd function of x.
1/ 2   1  x 
Example: 14 The integral

1 / 2 
 [ x]  ln   dx equal to
 1  x 
1 1
(a) (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 ln 
2  2
1  x 
Solution: (a) log   is an odd function of x as f ( x )   f ( x )
1 x 
1/ 2 0 1/ 2 0
1
I
 1 / 2
[ x]dx  0  I 

1 / 2
[ x]dx 
0
[ x]dx  I 

1 / 2
 1dx  0   [ x]01 / 2 
2
.

1
Example: 15 The value of the integral
 1
log  x  x 2  1 dx is
 

Solution: (a) f ( x)  log[ x  x 2  1] is a odd function i.e. f ( x )   f ( x )  f ( x)  f ( x)  0  I = 0.



 (1  x
2
Example: 16 The value of ) sin x cos 2 xdx is


(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

2 2
Solution: (a) Let, f1 ( x )  (1  x ) , f2 (x)  sin x and f3 ( x )  cos x
Now, f1(x)  f1( x) , f2 (x)   f2 ( x) and f3 (x)  f3 ( x)
  
 I
 
f (x)dx  [ f1 (x). f2 (x). f3 (x)]dx =  [ f1 ( x). f 2 ( x). f3 ( x)] dx
 


 I 0
2a a a
(6) 0
f (x)dx   0
f (x)dx  
0
f (2a  x) dx

2a 0 , if f (2a  x)   f ( x)
In particular,  0
f ( x) dx   a

2 0 f ( x) dx , if f (2a  x)  f ( x)
 Definite Integral

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It is generally used to make half the upper limit.



2
Example: 17 If n is any integer, then e cos x
cos 3 (2n  1)x dx is equal to
0
(a) x (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these



2
(  x )
Solution: (c) I e cos . cos 3 (2n  1)(  x) dx
0



2
 I  e cos x
. cos 3 (2n  1)x dx  I   I
0

 2I  0  I  0.
3 

 f (cos 2 x) dx and I 2 
 f (cos
2
Example: 18 If I 1  x) dx then
0 0

(a) I1  I 2 (b) I 1  2I 2 (c) I 1  3I 2 (d) I 1  4I 2

2 2
Solution: (c) f (cos x)  f (cos (3  x))



 I 1  3 f (cos 2 x) dx  I 1  3I 2
0

b b
(7)  f (x) dx   f (a  b  x)dx
a a
b f ( x) dx 1
Note :  a  (b  a)
f ( x)  f (a  b  x) 2
3 / 4
dx
Example: 19
 /4 1  cos x
is equal to

(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 1/2 (d) –1/2

3 / 4
1    3  
Solution: (a) I
  /4 1  cos x
dx [  cos 
  4 4
 x    cos x 
 
3 / 4
2
 2I 
  /4 1  cos 2 x
dx

3 / 4
 2I  2
  /4
cosec 2 xdx  2 I  2[cot x ]3/4/4  4  I = 2.

3
x
Example: 20 The value of
 2 5x  x
dx is

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 1/2

3
x
Solution: (d) I
2 5x  x
dx

Put x  2  3  t  dx  dt
2
5t 3
5x 3
x  5x 3
 I
 3 5t  t
(dt) 
 2 5x  x
dx and 2I 
2 5x  x
dx  1 dx

2

 2I  [ x]22  1  I  1/ 2
b
Example: 21 If f (a  b  x )  f ( x ) then
 x f (x)dx is equal to
a

ab b
ab b
ba b
(a)
2  a
f (b  x)dx (b)
2 
a
f (x)dx (c)
2 a
f (x)dx (d) None of these

b b
Solution: (b) I
 x f (x)dx and I  
a a
(a  b  x) f (a  b  x)dx

b b b  b  ab b


 I  (a  b  x) f (x)dx  I 
a  (a  b) f (x)dx   x f (x)dx  2I   f (x)dx (a  b)  I 
a a a 2  f (x)dx
a
 Definite Integral

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a 1 a
(8)  0
x f (x)dx 
2
a  0
f (x)dx if f (a  x )  f ( x )

 
Example: 22 If

0
x f (sin x)dx  k
0
f (sin x)dx , then the value of k will be

(a)  (b) /2 (c) /4 (d) 1

 
Solution: (b) Given,

0
x f (sin x)dx  k
0
f (sin x)dx

    

 (  x) f (sin(  x))dx  k 
0 0
f (sin(  x))dx  
 f (sin x)dx  
0 0
x f (sin x)dx  k
0
f (sin x)dx

  
 
 0
f (sin x)dx  2k
 0
f (sin x)dx  0  (  2k)
 f (sin x)dx  0
0

   2k  0  k   /2 .

nT T
(9) If f (x ) is a periodic function with period T, then  0
f (x)dx  n 0
f (x)dx ,
a  nT a
Deduction : If f (x ) is a periodic function with period T and a  R  , then  nT
f (x)dx   0
f (x)dx
(10) (i) If f (x ) is a periodic function with period T, then
a  nT T
 a
f (x) dx  n  0
f (x) dx where n  I
(a) In particular, if a = 0
nT T
 0
f (x) dx  n 
0
f (x) dx, where n  I
aT T
(b) If n = 1, 0
f (x) dx   0
f (x) dx,
nT T
(i) 
mT
f (x) dx  (n  m) 0
f (x) dx, where n, m  I
b  nT b
(ii)  a  nT
f (x) dx  a
f (x) dx, where n I

aT
(11) If f (x ) is a periodic function with period T, then  a
f (x) is independent of a.
b 1
(12)  a
f (x) dx  (b  a)  f (b  a) x  a dx
0
x
(13) If f (t) is an odd function, then  (x)  a
f (t) dt is an even function
x
(14) If f (x ) is an even function, then  (x)   0
f (t) dt is on odd function.
x
Note :  If f(t) is an even function, then for a non zero ‘a’, 
0
f (t) dt is not necessarily an odd function. It will be
a
odd function if  f (t) dt  0
0

2
x sin 2n x
Example: 23 For n  0,

0 sin 2n
x  cos 2n x
dx is equal to

(a)  2 (b) 2 2 (c) 3 2 (d) 4 2

2
x sin 2n xdx 2
(2  x) sin 2n (2  x)dx  a a 
Solution: (a) I
0 sin 2n x  cos 2n x
and I 
0 sin 2n (2  x)  cos 2n (2  x)

 
0
f ( x) 
 f (a  x)
0
 Definite Integral

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2
sin 2n  2
sin 2n x
 2 I  2
 0 sin x  cos 2n x
2n
dx  I  
 0 sin x  cos 2n x
2n
dx

nT T
using

0
f ( x)  n
 0
f ( x)dx

 /2
sin 2n x
 I  4

0 sin 2n x  cos 2n x
dx  I  4 ( /4 )   2 .

aT
Example: 24 If f (x ) is a continuous periodic function with period T, then the integral I 
 f (x)dx is
a

(a) Equal to 2a (b) Equal to 3a (c) Independent of a (d) None of these

a T 0 T aT
Solution: (c) Consider the function g(a) 
 f (x) dx =  f (x)dx   f (x)dx   f (x)dx
a a 0 T
aT a a
Putting x  T  y in last integral, we get
T
f (x)dx 
0
f (y  T ) dy 
 f (y) dy
0
0 T a T
 g(a) 
 f (x)dx   f (x) dx   f (x)dx =  f (x)dx
a 0 0 0

Hence g(a) is independent of a.

Important Tips
 Every continuous function defined on [a, b] is integrable over [a, b].
 Every monotonic function defined on [a, b] is integrable over [a, b].
b
 If f(x) is a continuous function defined on [a, b], then there exists c  (a, b) such that
a
f (x)dx  f (c).(b  a) .

b
1
The number f (c) 
(b  a) a
f ( x)dx is called the mean value of the function f (x) on the interval [a, b].

x
 If f is continuous on [a, b], then the integral function g defined by g(x) =
 f (t)dt for x [a, b] is derivable on [a, b] and g (x)  f (x)
a

for all x  [a, b] .

b
 If m and M are the smallest and greatest values of a function f(x) on an interval [a, b], then m(b  a) 
 f (x)dx  M(b  a)
a

 If the function  (x) and  (x ), are defined on [a, b] and differentiable at a point x (a, b) and f(t) is continuous for  (a)  t   (b) ,
  (x) 

then  f (t)dt   f ( (x)) ' (x)  f ((x))' (x)
 ( x ) 
b b

 a 
f ( x)dx  | f ( x) | dx
a

1/ 2 1/ 2
b  b   b 2 
 If f 2 ( x) and g 2 ( x) are integrable on [a, b], then
 a
f ( x) g( x) dx  
 a
f 2 ( x) dx 
 
 g ( x) dx 
 a 
 Change of variables : If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and the function x  (t) is continuously differentiable on the
b t2
interval [t1 , t 2 ] and a  (t1 ), b  (t 2 ), then

a
f ( x)dx 
 f ((t))' (t)dt .
t1

b
 Let a function f (x, ) be continuous for a  x  b and c    d . Then for any   [c, d] , if I ( ) 
 f (x, )dx,
a
then

b
I ' ( ) 
 f '(x, )dx,
a

Where I ' ( ) is the derivative of I ( ) w.r.t.  and f ' (x, ) is the derivative of f (x, ) w.r.t. , keeping x constant.
 Definite Integral

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 For a given function f (x ) continuous on [a, b] if you are able to find two continuous function f1 ( x) and f 2 ( x) on [a, b] such that
b b b
f1 (x)  f (x)  f2 (x)  x  [a, b], then
a
f1 (x) dx 
 a
f (x) dx 
a
f2 (x) dx

1.5 Summation of Series by Integration.

b n
We know that 
a
f ( x)dx  lim h
n 
 f (a  rh) ,
r 1
where nh  b  a

1 1 1 r
Now, put a = 0, b = 1,  nh  1 or h 
n
. Hence  f (x)dx  lim n  f  n 
0 n 

1 r r 1
Note :  Express the given series in the form   . Replace by x,
f by dx and the limit of the sum is
n  h n n
1
0
f (x) dx .
1 1 1
Example: 25 If Sn    ........  then lim Sn is equal to
1 n 2  2n n  n2 n 

(a) log 2 (b) 2 log 2 (c) 3 log 2 (d) 4 log 2

 lim r   lim
1 1
Solution: (b) 
n  rn n  r r
n  
 n n 
1
1
 lim Sn 
n   0 x (1  x )
dx

= 2[log(1  x )]10  2 log 2

1/n
(n! )1 / n  n! 
Example: 26 lim or lim  n  is equal to
n  n n  n 

(a) e (b) e–1 (c) 1 (d) None of these

1/n
(n! )
Solution: (b) Let A  lim
n  n
1/n 1/n n
 1.2.3......n  1 2 3 n  r 
 log  n 
1
 log A  lim log    log A  lim log  . . ....   log A  lim
n   nn  n  n n n n n  n r 1

 log xdx  [x log x  x]

1
 log A  0  log A  1  A  e 1
0

1.6 Gamma Function.

 m  1  n  1
   
 /2  2   2 
 sin m n
If m and n are non-negative integers, then x cos xdx 
0 m  n  2
2 
 2 
where (n) is called gamma function which satisfied the following properties
(n  1)  n(n)  n! i.e.  (1)  1 and (1 / 2)  
In place of gamma function, we can also use the following formula :
/ 2 (m  1)(m  3).....( 2 or 1)(n  1)(n  3).....( 2 or 1)
0
sin m x cos n xdx = 
(m  n)(m  n  2)....( 2 or 1)
 Definite Integral

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It is important to note that we multiply by (/2); when both m and n are even.
 /2
Example: 27 The value of
0
sin 4 x cos 6 xdx =

(a) 3 /312 (b) 5 / 512 (c) 3 / 512 (d) 5 / 312

(4  1).(4  3).(6  1).(6  3).(6  5)  3.1.5.3.1  3
Solution: (c) I .  . 
(4  6)(4  6  2)(4  6  4)(4  6  6)(4  6  8) 2 10.8.6.4.2. 2 512

1.7 Reduction formulae Definite Integration.

 b  a  n!
(1)  0
e  ax sin bxdx 
a b2 2
(2) 0
e  ax cos bxdx 
a b2 2
(3) 0
e  ax x n dx  n
a 1
 

 e
 x
Example: 28 If In  e  x x n1dx, then x n1 dx is equal to
0 0

1 In
(a) I n (b) In (c) (d) n I n
 n
Solution: (c) Put, x  t, dx  dt , we get,
   In
1 1
0
e  x x n1dx 
n 
0
e  t t n1dt =
 n e
0
x
x n1 dx 
n
1.8 Walli's Formula.
n 1 n  3 n  5 2
 /2  /2  . . ...... , when n is odd
 sin n xdx   cos n xdx   n n  2 n  4 3
0 0 n 1 n  3 n  5 3 1 
 . . ....... . . , when n is even
 n n2 n4 4 2 2
 /2 (m  1)(m  3)......... .(n  1)(n  3)........ [If m, n are both odd +ve integers or one odd +ve integer]
0 sin m x cos n dx 
(m  n)(m  n  2)
(m  1) (m  3)......... ...(n  1) (n  3) 
 . [If m, n are both +ve integers]
(m  n) (m  n  2) 2
 /2
Example: 29
0
sin7 xdx has value

37 17 16 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
184 45 35 45
7  1 7  3 7  5 6.4.2 16
Solution: (c) Using Walli’s formula,  I  . .  
7 7  2 7  4 7.5.3 35
1.9 Leibnitz’s Rule.
(1) If f(x) is continuous and u(x), v(x) are differentiable functions in the interval [a, b], then,
d v( x ) d d
dx u( x )
f (t)dt  f {v(x)}
dx
{v(x)}  f {u(x)}
dx 
{u(x)}

(2) If the function  (x) and  (x) are defined on [a,b] and differentiable at a point x (a, b), and f ( x, t ) is
d  d  d  (x)   d ( x ) 
f ( x, t ) dt  
 (x)  (x)
continuous, then,
dx    (x)    (x) dx
f ( x, t ) dt  
 dx
 f ( x, ( x))  
  dx 
 f ( x,  ( x))

x
Example: 30 Let f (x) 
1
2  t 2 dt . Then the real roots of the equation x 2  f ' ( x)  0 are

1 1
(a) 1 (b)  (c)  (d) 0 and 1
2 2
 Definite Integral

Page | 12

x
Solution: (a) f ( x) 
1
2  t 2 dt  f ' ( x)  2  x 2 .1  2  1.0  2  x 2

 x 2  f ' ( x)  2  x 2  x 4  x 2  2  0  ( x 2  2)(x 2  1)  0
 x  1 (only real).
x
Example: 31 Let f : (0, )  R and f ( x) 
 f (t)dt . If f (x )  x (1  x), then f (4) equals
0
2 2

(a) 5/4 (b) 7 (c) 4 (d) 2

2
x
By definition of f(x) we have f ( x 2 ) 
 f (t)dt  x
2
Solution: (c)  x3 (given)
0

Differentiate both sides, f (x 2 ).2 x  0  2 x  3 x 2

Put, x  2  4 f (4)  16  f (4)  4

1.10 Integrals with Infinite Limits (Improper Integral).

b
A definite integral  f (x)dx
a
is called an improper integral, if

The range of integration is finite and the integrand is unbounded and/or the range of integration is infinite and
the integrand is bounded.
1 1
e.g., The integral
0 x2 
dx is an improper integral, because the integrand is unbounded on [0, 1]. Infact,

1  1
x 2
  as x  0 . The integral
0 1 x2 
dx is an improper integral, because the range of integration is not finite.

There are following two kinds of improper definite integrals:

b
(1) Improper integral of first kind : A definite integral  f (x)dx
a
is called an improper integral of first kind if
the range of integration is not finite (i.e., either a   or b   or a   and b   ) and the integrand f(x) is
bounded on [a, b].
 1  1  1  3x

1 x 2
dx,
0 1 x 2
dx, 
 1  x 2
dx, 
1 (1  2 x ) 3 
dx are improper integrals of first kind.

Important Tips
 In an improper integral of first kind, the interval of integration is one of the following types [a, ), (–, b], (–, ).
 k
 The improper integral
 f (x)dx is said to be convergent, if
a
lim
k  a  f (x)dx exists finitely and this limit is called the value of the improper

k
integral. If lim
k  a  f (x) dx is either + or –, then the integral is said to be divergent.


 The improper integral
 f (x)dx is said to be convergent, if both the limits on the right-hand side exist finitely and are independent of


each other. The improper integral
 f (x)dx is said to be divergent if the right hand side is + or –


b
(2) Improper integral of second kind : A definite integral  f (x)dx
a
is called an improper integral of second
kind if the range of integration [a, b] is finite and the integrand is unbounded at one or more points of [a, b].
 Definite Integral

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b
If  f (x)dx
a
is an improper integral of second kind, then a, b are finite real numbers and there exists at least one
point c  [a, b] such that f (x )   or f (x )   as x  c i.e., f(x) has at least one point of finite discontinuity
in [a, b].
For example :
3 1  1 
(i) The integral  1 x2
dx, is an improper integral of second kind, because lim 
x  2
  .
 x  2
1
(ii) The integral  log xdx; is an improper integral of second kind, because log x   as x  0 .
0
2 1 1
(iii) The integral 
0 1  cos x
dx, is an improper integral of second kind since integrand
1  cos x
becomes

infinite at x    [0, 2 ] .
1 sin x sin x
(iv) 0 x
dx, is a proper integral since lim
x 0 x
 1.

Important Tips
 Let f(x) be bounded function defined on (a, b] such that a is the only point of infinite discontinuity of f(x) i.e., f(x)   as x  a. Then the
b b b
improper integral of f(x) on (a, b] is denoted by

a
f (x)dx and is defined as

a
f (x)dx  lim
 0 a 
f (x)dx . Provided that the limit on right

b
hand side exists. If l denotes the limit on right hand side, then the improper integral
 a
f (x)dx is said to converge to l, when l is finite. If l

= +  or l = –, then the integral is said to be a divergent integral.

 Let f(x) be bounded function defined on [a, b) such that b is the only point of infinite discontinuity of f(x) i.e. f(x)   as x  b. Then the
b b b 
improper integral of f(x) on [a, b) is denoted by
 f (x)dx and is defined as 
a a
f ( x)dx  lim
 0 a
f ( x)dx

b
Provided that the limit on right hand side exists finitely. If l denotes the limit on right hand side, then the improper integral
a
f (x)dx is

said to converge to l, when l is finite.

If l   or l   , then the integral is said to be a divergent integral.
 Let f(x) be a bounded function defined on (a, b) such that a and b are only two points of infinite discontinuity of f(x) i.e. , f(a)  , f(b)
 .
b
Then the improper integral of f(x) on (a, b) is denoted by
a
f (x)dx and is defined as

b c b 

a 
f ( x)dx  lim
  0 a  
f ( x)dx  lim
 0 a 
f ( x)dx, a  c  b

Provided that both the limits on right hand side exist.

 Let f(x) be a bounded function defined [a, b]-{c}, c[a, b] and c is the only point of infinite discontinuity of f(x) i.e. f(c). Then the
b b cx b
improper integral of f(x) on [a, b] – {c} is denoted by
a
f (x)dx and is defined as
a
f ( x)dx  lim
x0 a
f ( x)dx  lim
 0 
c 
f ( x)dx

b
Provided that both the limits on right hand side exist finitely. The improper integral
 a
f (x)dx is said to be convergent if both the limits

on the right hand side exist finitely.

 If either of the two or both the limits on RHS are , then the integral is said to be divergent.

e
x
Example: 32 The improper integral dx is …… and the value is….
0

(a) Convergent, 1 (b) Divergent, 1 (c) Convergent, 0 (d) Divergent, 0

 Definite Integral

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 k

 e  x dx  lim
e
x
Solution: (a) I dx  I  lim [e  x ]k0  lim [e  k  e 0 ]  I  lim (1  e  k )  1  0  1 [ lim e  k  e   0]
0 k 0 k  k  k  k 

k
Thus, lim
k  0  e  x dx exists and is finite. Hence the given integral is convergent.

0
1
Example: 33 The integral
 a  x
2 
dx, a  0 is 2

 
(a) Convergent and equal to (b) Convergent and equal to
a 2a
 
(c) Divergent and equal to (d) Divergent and equal to
a 2a
0 0
dx dx
Solution: (b) I
-
 lim
a  x 2 k - 
2  k a  x2
2

0
1 x 1 1 k 1 1    
 I  lim  tan 1   lim  tan 1 0  tan 1   I  0  tan 1 ()    
k    a a  k k    a a a a a  2  2a
Hence integral is convergent.

1
Example: 34 The integral
e x  e x
dx is
 

(a) Convergent and equal to /6 (b) Convergent and equal to /4
(c) Convergent and equal to /3 (d) Convergent and equal to /2

1 
ex
Solution: (d) I

x
e  ex
dx 

 1  e
2x
dx

x x
Put e  t  e dx  dt

1
 I
0 1  t2
dt  I  [tan 1 t ]0  [tan 1   tan 1 0]  I   /2 , which is finite so convergent.

2
x 1
Example: 35
1 x 1
dx is

14 3
(a) Convergent and equal to (b) Divergent and equal to
3 14
(c) Convergent and equal to  (d) Divergent and equal to 
2
2 2
2 2 
Solution: (a) I
1
x  1dx 
 1 x 1
dx =  ( x  1)3 / 2   [4 x  1 ]12 = 14/3 which is finite so convergent.
 3 1
2
dx
Example: 36
1 x 2  5x  4
dx is

1
(a) Convergent and equal to log 2 (b) Convergent and equal to 3/log2
3
(c) Divergent (d) None of these
2
dx 1 2
 1 1  1
Solution: (c) I
1 (x  1)(x  4)
=
3   x  4  x  1  dx
1
=
3
[log 2  ]  

So the given integral is not convergent.

1.11 Some Important results of Definite Integral.

 /4 1
(1) If I n  
0
tan n xdx then I n  I n 2 
n1
 /4 1
(2) If I n  
0
cot n xdx then I n  I n 2 
1n
 Definite Integral

Page | 15

 /4 ( 2 )n 2 n  2
(3) If I n  
0
sec n xdx then I n 
n1

n1
I n 2

 /4 ( 2 )n  2 n  2
(4) If I n  
0
cosec n xdx then I n 
n 1

n 1
In 2

 /2
(5) If I n  
0
x n sin xdx then I n  n(n  1)I n  2  n( / 2)n 1
 /2
(6) If I n  
0
x n cos xdx then I n  n(n  1)I n  2  ( /2)n

 /2 dx 2 ab
(7) If a  b  0, then  0 a  b cos x

2
a b 2
tan 1
ab
 /2 dx 1 ba  ba
(8) If 0  a  b then 0 a  b cos x

2
b a 2
log
ba  ba
 /2 dx 2 ab
(9) If a  b  0 then  0 a  b sin x

2
a b 2
tan 1
ab

 /2 dx 1 ba  ba
(10) If 0  a  b , then 
0 a  b sin x

b2  a2
log
ba  ba
 /2 dx 2 abc
(11) If a  b, a 2  b 2  c 2 , then 0 a  b cos x  c sin x

a2  b2  c 2
tan 1
a2  b2  c 2
 /2 dx 1 a  b  c  b2  c2  a2
(12) If a  b, a 2  b 2  c 2 , then 0 a  b cos x  c sin x

b2  c2  a2
log
a  b  c  b2  c2  a2

 /2 dx 1 b  a  c  b2  c2  a2
(13) If a  b, a 2  b 2  c 2 then 0 a  b cos x  c sin x

b2  c2  a2
log
b  a  c  b2  c2  a2

Important Tips
x

 lim
 f (x)dx  f (0)
0
x 0 x

b 1
 a
f (x)dx  (b  a)
0
f (b  a) t  a dt

1.12 Integration of Piecewise Continuous Functions.

Any function f (x ) which is discontinuous at finite number of points in an interval [a, b] can be made
continuous in sub-intervals by breaking the intervals into these subintervals. If f (x) is discontinuous at points
x1 , x 2 , x 3 .......... xn in (a, b), then we can define subintervals (a, x1 ), ( x1 , x 2 )......... ....( x n1 , x n ), ( x n , b) such that f (x )
is continuous in each of these subintervals. Such functions are called piecewise continuous functions. For integration
of Piecewise continuous function. We integrate f (x ) in these sub-intervals and finally add all the values.
20
Example: 37
10
[cot 1 x] dx , where [.] denotes greatest integer function
 Definite Integral

Page | 16

(a) 30  cot 1  cot 3 (b) 30  cot 1  cot 2  cot 3

(c) 8 30  cot 1  cot 2 (d) None of these
20
Solution: (b) Let I 
 10
[cot 1 x] dx,

we know cot 1 x (0,  )  x  R

3, x  (, cot 3)

2, x  (cot 3, cot 2)
thus, [cot 1 x]  
1 x  (cot 2, cot 1)
0 x  (cot 1, )
cot 3 cot 2 cot 1 20
Hence, I

10
3 dx 

cot 3
2 dx 

cot 2
1 dx 

cot 1
0 dx  30  cot 1  cot 2  cot 3

 [x
2
Example: 38  x  1] dx , where [.] denotes greatest integer function
0

7 5 7 5 5 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 2 2
1 5 1 5
2 2 2
7 5
  [ x 2  x  1] dx 
 [ x 2  x  1] dx 
 
2 2
Solution: (a) Let I  [ x 2  x  1] dx  1 5
1 dx  1 5
2dx 
0 0 0 2
2 2

******