36 INTEGRATION FULL PART 2 of 5 PDF

Definite Integrals
Indefinite & Definite Itegration 26 of 89

PART A :
A Let f(x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b],
b
f ( x ) dx = F(x) + c. Then f (x) dx = F(b) F(a) is called definite integral. This formula is known as Newton-
a
Leibnitz formula.
Note :
b
1. The indefinite integral f (x) dx is a function of x, where as definite integral f ( x) dx is a number..
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

a
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b b
2. Given f ( x ) dx we can find

f ( x ) dx , but given f (x) dx we cannot find f ( x) dx
a a
2
dx
Illustration. 1 Evaluate
1
( x + 1)( x + 2)
1 1 1
Sol. = (by partial fractions)
TEKO CLASSES, H.O.D. MATHS : SUHAG R. KARIYA (S. R. K. Sir) PH: 0 903 903 7779,
( x + 1)( x + 2) x +1 x+2
2
dx

1
( x + 1)( x + 2) = [log e ( x + 1) loge ( x + 2)]1
2
9

= loge3 loge4 loge2 + loge3 = loge 8
Self Practice Problems

Evaluate the following
2
5x 2 5 3
1.
1
2
x + 4x + 3
dx Ans. 5
5
2
9 log e 4 log e 2

2
4
(2 sec )
2
2. x + x 3 + 2 dx Ans. + +2
1024 2
0

3
x 2 2

3.
0
1 + sec x
dx Ans.
18

3 3
+ 2 loge 3

PART B :
Properties of definite integral
b b
P1
a
f ( x ) dx = f (t) dt
a
i.e. definite integral is independent of variable of integration.

b a
P2 f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
b
a
b c b
P3
a
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx + f ( x) dx, where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b].
a c
5
x+3 : x < 3
Illustration 2 If f(x) = 2
3 x + 1 : x 3
, then find f ( x) dx
2
5 3 5
Sol.
2
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
2 3
3 5
(3 x
2
= ( x + 3) dx + + 1) dx
2 3
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

94 211
= + 3 (3 2) + 53 33 + 5 3 =
2 2
Illustration 3 Evaluate | x 5 | dx 2
8 5 8
Sol. | x 5 | dx = 2
( x + 5) dx + ( x + 5) dx
5
=9
2
2 5 2
Illustration 4 Show that (2 x + 1) dx =

0
(2x + 1) + (2x + 1)
5
0
2 2
Sol. L.H.S. = x + x ] 0 = 4 + 2 = 6
R.H.S. = 25 + 5 0 + (4 + 2) (25 + 5) = 6
L.H.S. R.H.S

2
| x
2
1. + 2x 3 | dx Ans. 4
0
2. [ x] dx , where [x] is integral part of x.

0
Ans. 3
3. [ t ] dt
0
Ans. 13
PART C :
a a
P4 f ( x ) dx = (f (x) + f (x))
0
dx
a
=2 f ( x ) dx
0
if f(x) = f(x) i.e. f(x) is even
=0 if f(x) = f (x) i.e. f(x) is odd

1
e x + e x
Illustration 5 Evaluate
1
1+ ex
dx
1
1
e x + e x e x + e x e x + e x
Sol. 1+ ex
dx =
0
1+ e x
+
1 + e x
dx
1
1
e x + e x e x ( e x + e x ) 1
(e 1 1) e2 1
=
0
1+ e x
+
ex + 1 dx =
(e x + e x ) dx = e 1 +
1
=
e
0

2
Illustration 6 Evaluate cos x dx
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

2

2 2
Sol. cos x dx = 2 cos x

dx = 2 ( cos x is even function)
0
2
1
2x
Illustration 7 Evaluate log
1
e dx
2+x
2x
Sol. Let f(x) = loge
2+ x
2+x 2x
f(x) = loge = log = f(x)
2x e
2+x
i.e. f(x) is odd function
1
2x
log
1
e dx = 0
2+ x

1
1. | x | dx
1
Ans. 1
sin
7
2. x dx Ans. 0

2

2
cos x
3.
1+ ex
dx Ans. 1

2
PART D :
b b
P5 f ( x ) dx = f (a + b x )
a
dx
a
a a
Further
0
f ( x ) dx = f (a x) dx
0

2 2
g (sin x ) g (cos x )
Illustration 8 Prove that
0
g (sin x ) + g (cos x )
dx =
0
dx =
4

2
g (sin x )
Sol. Let =
0
dx

2 g sin x 2
2 g (cos x )
=
= g (cos x ) + g (sin x )
dx
0 g sin x + g cos x 0
2 2
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

on adding, we obtain

2 2
g (sin x ) g (cos x )
2 = g (sin x) + g (cos x) + g (cos x) + g (sin x) dx
0
=
0
dx =
4
Note : 1. The above illustration can be remembered as a formula
2. Other similar formulae are

2 2
g (tan x ) g (cot x )

0
g (tan x ) + g (cot x )
dx = 0
g (tan x ) + g (cot x )
dx =
4

2 2
g (cos ecx ) g (sec x )

0
g (cos ecx ) + g (sec x )
dx =
0
g (cos ecx ) + g (sec x )
dx =
4
a
g ( x)

0
a
g ( x ) + g (a x ) dx = 2


x
1. 1 + sin x
0
dx Ans.

2
x
2. sin x + cos x dx Ans.
2 2
(
loge 1+ 2 )
0

2
x sin x cos x 2
3. sin
0
4
x + cos 4 x
dx Ans.
16

3
dx
4. 1+
tan x Ans.

12
6
PART E :
2a a
P6
0
f ( x ) dx = (f (x) + f (2a x)) dx
0
=2 f ( x) dx
0
if f (2a x) = f(x)
=0 if f (2a x) = f(x)

sin
3
Illustration 9 Evaluate x cos 3 x dx
0
Sol. Let f(x) = sin x cos3x3

f( x) = f(x)

sin
3
x cos 3 x dx = 0
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

0

dx
Illustration 10 Evaluate 1 + 2 sin
0
2
x
dx
1
Sol. Let f(x) =
1 + 2 sin2 x
f( x) = f(x)

2 2
dx sec 2 x dx
1 + 2 sin
dx

0
2
x
=2 1 + 2 sin
0
2
x
=2
0
1 + tan 2 x + 2 tan 2 x

2
sec 2 x dx 2
=2 1 + 3 tan
0
2
x
=
3 [tan ( 3 tan x) ]
1 2
0

tan is undefined, we take limit
2
=
2
Lt tan
1
3 tan x tan(1
3 tan 0 ) ( )
3 x
2
2
= =
3 2 3
Note : We can evaluate the integral without using this property

dx cos ec 2 x cos ec 2 x dx
Alternatively : 1 + 2 sin
0
2
x
=
0
cos ec x + 2 2 dx =
0
cot 2 x + 3
Observe that we are not converting in terms of tan x as it is not continuous in (0, )

1 1 cot x 1 1 cot x cot x
= tan =
Lt tan Lt tan 1

3 3 0 3 x 3 x 0
+
3
1
= =
3 2 2 3
Note : If we convert in terms of tan x, then we have to break integral using property P 3.

2 2 2

Illustration 11 Prove that log
0
e sin x dx = log
0
e cos x dx = log (sin 2x) dx =
0
e
2
loge2 .

2
Sol. Let = log
0
e sin x dx ..........(i)

2

= log sin 2 x dx
0
e (by property P 5)

2
= log (cos x) dx ..........(ii)
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

e
0
Adding (i) and (ii)

2 2
sin 2x
2= log (sin x . cos x) dx = log
0
e
0
e
2
dx

2 2
log (sin 2x) dx log

2
2= e e dx
0 0

2 = 1 log2e ..........(iii)
2

2
where 1 = log (sin 2x)
0
e dx
1
put 2x = t dx = dt
2
L.L:x=0 t=0

U.L:x= t=
2

1
1 = log (sin t)
0
e
2
dt

2
1
=
2
2 log (sin t) dt
0
e (by using property P 6)

1 = (iii) gives = log2e
2
1
loge x +
x
1. 1+ x2 dx : Ans : loge2
0

1
sin 1 x
2.
0
x dx : Ans :

2
loge2

2
3.
0
x log e sin x dx Ans :
2
loge2
PART F :
P7 If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

nT T
(i) f ( x ) dx = n f ( x) dx, n z
0
0
a +nT T
(ii) a
f ( x ) dx = n f ( x) dx, n z, a R
0
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

nT T
(iii) f ( x ) dx = (n m) f ( x) dx, m, n z
mT 0
a +nT a
(iv)
nT
f ( x ) dx = f ( x) dx, n z, a R
0
b + nT a
(v)
a + nT
f ( x ) dx = f ( x) dx, n z, a, b R
a
2
e
{x}
Illustration 12 Evaluate dx
1
2 1+ 3 1 1
e { x } dx =
e { x } dx = 3 e { x } dx = 3 e
{x}
Sol. dx = 3(e 1)
1 1 0 0
n + v

Illustration 13 Evaluate | cos x | dx ,
0
2
< v < and n z
n + v v n + v
Sol.
0
| cos x | dx =
0
| cos x | dx + | cos x | dx
v

2 v
= cos x cos x dx + n | cos x | dx

0
0

2
= (1 0) (sin v 1) + 2n cos x dx
0
= 2 sin v + 2n (1 0) = 2n + 2 sin v
Self Practice Problem

2
e
{3 x }
1. dx Ans. 3 (e 1)
1
2000
dx
2.
0
1 + e sin x
dx Ans. 1000
5
4
sin 2x
3.

sin 4 x + cos 4 x
dx Ans.
4
PART G :
P8 If (x) f(x) (x) for a x b, then

b b b
( x ) dx
a
f ( x ) dx
( x) dx
a a
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

b
P9 If m f(x) M for a x b, then m (b a) f ( x) dx M (b a)
a
b
Further if f(x) is monotonically decreasing in (a, b) then f(b) (b a) < f ( x) dx < f(a) (b a) and if f(x)
a
b
is monotonically increasing in (a, b) then f(a) (b a) < f ( x) dx < f(b) (b a)
a
b b
P 10 f ( x) dx
a
f ( x ) dx
a
P 11 If f(x) 0 on [a, b] then f (x) dx 0

a
1 1 1
Illustration 14 For x (0, 1) arrange f 1(x) = , f 2(x) = and f 3(x) = in ascending
4x 2
4 2x 2
4 x2 x3
1
dx
order and hence prove that
6
<
0 4x x 2 3 <
4 2
Sol. 0<x <x 3
2
x < x + x < 2x 2 2 3 2
2x2 < x2 x3 < x2
4 2x2 < 4 x2 x3 < 4 x2
4 2x 2 < 4 x 2 x 3 < 4 x 2
f 1(x) < f 3(x) < f 2(x) for x (0, 1)
1 1 1
f ( x) dx < f ( x) dx < f ( x)
0
1
0
3
0
2 dx
1 1 1
x dx 1 x
sin 1
2 0
<
0 4 x2 x3
<
2
sin 1
2 0
1
dx
6
< 0 4x x 2 3 <
4 2

2
sin x
Illustration 15 Estimate the value of
0
x
dx
sin x
Sol. Let f(x) =
x
x cos x sin x (cos x )( x tan x )
f(x) = 2 = <0
x x2
f(x) is monotonically decreasing function.
f(0) is not defined, so we evaluate
Lt Lt + sin x = 1. Take f(0) = Lt + f(x) = 1

f(x) = x 0
x 0 + x x 0
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

f =

2

2
2 sin x
. 0 <
2
0
x
dx < 1 . 0
2

2
sin x
1<
0
x
dx <
2
Note : Here by making the use of graph we can make more appropriate approximation as in next illustration.
1
e
x2
Illustration 16 Estimate the value of dx using (i) rectangle, (ii) triangle
0
Sol. (i) By using rectangle

1
e
x2
Area OAED < dx < Area OABC
0
e
x2
1< dx < 1 . e
0
e
x2
1< dx < e
0
(ii) By using triangle

1
e
x2
Area OAED < dx < Area OAED + Area of triangle DEB
0
1 1
e dx < e + 1
2
x2
1< e x dx < 1 + 1 . 1. (e 1) 1<
0 2 0 2
1 1
e dx
2
Illustration 17 Estimate the value of e x dx by using x
0 0
2
Sol. For x (0, 1), e x < ex
1 1
e dx
2
11< e x dx < x
0 0
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

e
x2
1< dx < e 1
Exercise : Prove the following :

1 1
e
x2
1. e x cos 2 x dx < cos 2 x dx
0 0

2 2
sin sin
n +1 2
2. 0< x dx < x dx
0 0
1 1

e
4 x2 x
3. e < dx < 1
0
1
x 3 cos x
4.
1
2

0
2 + x2
dx <
1
2

2

5. 1<
0
sin x dx <
2
2
x dx
16 + x
1
6. 0< 3 <
0
6
PART - H
h( x )
Leibnitz Theorem : If F(x) =
f (t) dt , then
g( x )
dF( x )
= h(x) f(h(x)) g(x) f(g(x))
dx
Proof : Let P(t) = f (t) dt
h( x )
F(x) = f (t) dt = P(h(x)) P(g(x))

g( x )
dF( x )
= P(h(x)) h(x) P(g(x)) g(x)
dx
= f(h(x)) h(x) f (g(x)) g(x)
x2
Illustration 18 If F(x) =
x
sin t dt , then find F(x)
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Sol. F(x) = 2x . sin x 2 1 . sin x
e3 x
t
Illustration 19 If F(x) = 2x log et
dt , then find first and second derivative of F(x) with respect to log xe
e
at x = log2e
dF( x ) dx e3x 2x
dF( x ) 2x e
3 . e 3 x . 2 . e x = e6x e4x.
Sol.
( )
d logex
=
dx d (log x ) =
log ee
3 x
log ee
2x

d2F( x ) d d 1
= (e6x e4x) = (e6x e4x) = (6 e6x 4 e4x) x
d ( )
log ex
2
d ( )
logex dx d log ex
dx
First derivative of F(x) at x = log2e (i.e. ex = 2) is 26 24 = 48
Second derivative of F(x) at x = log2e (i.e. ex = 2) is (6 . 26 4 . 24) . loge2 = 5 . 26 . log2e.
2
x 2
e t dt

0

Illustration 20 Evaluate xLt
x
e
2t 2
dt
0
2
x 2
e t dt

Sol. Lt 0 form
x x
e
2t 2
dt
0
Applying L Hospital rule

x

2 2
2 . e t dt . e x
= Lt 0
x 2
1 . e2x

2
2 . e t dt 2
2 . ex
= Lt 0 = Lt 2 =0
x
ex
2 x 2x . e x
Modified Leibnitz Theorem :

h( x )
If F(x) = f ( x, t) dt, then
g( x )
h( x )
f ( x, t )
F (x) =
g( x )
x
dt + f(x, h(x))h(x) f(x, g(x)) . g(x)
x
dt
Illustration 21 If f(x) = x + t , then find f(x)
logex
x x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Sol. f(x) = (x + t )2
dt + 1 .
2x

x (x + log ) x
= (x + t) x +
loge 2x

x x(+ log ex )
logex e
1 1 1 1 1 x +1 log ex 1
=
2x
x +
x + log e 2x

x x + log ex ( ) =
x

(
x x + log ex
=
) (
x x + log ex )
x
x
dt
Alternatively : f(x) = = log e ( x + t ) (treating t as constant)
x+t
logex log x
e
f(x) = loge2x loge (x + log xe)

x
1 1 1 log e 1
1 + =
f(x) =
x

x + log ex ( ) x (
x x + log ex )
Definite Integrals dependent on parameters :
1
xb 1
Illustration 23 Evaluate 0
log ex
, b being parameter
1
xb 1
Sol. Let (b) =
0
log ex
dx
1
d (b) x b logex
db
=
0
log ex
dx + 0 0
(using modified Leibnitz Theorem)

1
1
x b +1 1

b
= x dx = =
b + 1 b +1
0 0
(b) = loge (b + 1) + c
b=0 (0) = 0
c=0 (b) = loge (b+1)
1
tan 1(ax )
Illustration 24 Evaluate
0 x 1 x2
dx , a being parameter
1
tan 1(ax )
Sol. Let (a) =
0 x 1 x2
dx
1 1
d ( a ) x 1 dx
da
=
0
(1 + a 2 x 2 ) x 1 x 2
dx =
0 (1 + a x ) 1 x 2
2 2
Put x = sin t dx = cos t dt

L.L. : x = 0 t=0

U.L. : x = 1 t=
2

2 2
d (a) 1 1 dt
da
= 2 2
1 + a sin t cos t
cos t dt = 1+ a 2
sin 2 t
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

0 0

2
sec 2 t dt 1 1 + a 2 tan t 2
= 1 + (1 + a
0
2
) tan 2 t
=
1+ a2
tan 1

0
1
= .
1+ a 2 2
2
(a) = loge a + 1 + a + c

2
But (0) = 0 c=0
2
(a) = loge a + 1 + a
2
Self Practice Problems :

x3
1. If f(x) =
0
cos t dt, find f (x). Ans. 3x2 cos x 3
x
t
2. If f(x) = e g(x)
and g(x) = 1+ t
2
4 dt then find the value of f (2). Ans.
2
17
y
dt d2 y
3. If x =
0 1 + 4t 2
and
dx 2
= Ry then find R Ans. 4
x2
x
2
4. If f(x) = sin t dt then find f (x). Ans. x2 (2x sin x2 sin x) + (cos x cos x2) x
x
x
5. If (x) = cos x ( x t ) (t ) dt, then find the value of (x) + (x). Ans.
0
cos x
x
2
((log )
t 2
6. Find the value of the function f(x) = 1 + x + e) + 2 log et dt where f (x) vanishes. Ans. 1 +
e
1
x2
cos t
2
dt
Evaluate xLt
0
7. 0
. Ans. 1
x sin x
1+ 1 b2

8. Evaluate
0
log e (1 + b cos x ) dx, b being parameter.. Ans. loge

2

PART -
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Definite Integral as a Limit of Sum.
Let f(x) be a continuous real valued function defined on the closed interval [a, b] which is divided into n parts
as shown in figure.
y = f(x)
a a+h a+2h ................ a+(n-1)h a+nh=b
x
ba
The point of division on x-axis are a, a + h, a + 2h ..........a + (n 1)h, a + nh, where = h.
n
Let Sn denotes the area of these n rectangles.
Then, Sn = hf(a) + hf(a + h) + hf(a + 2h) + ........+hf(a + (n 1)h)
Clearly, Sn is area very close to the area of the region bounded by curve y = f(x), xaxis and the ordinates
x = a, x = b.
b
Hence
f ( x) dx =
a
Lt
n
Sn
n 1
b n 1 ba (b a) r
f ( x) dx = n
Lt h f (a + rh) = Lt
n r =0
a +
n f n

a r =0
Note :
1. We can also write
n
b
ba ba
Sn = hf(a + h) + hf (a + 2h) + .........+ hf(a + nh) and f ( x ) dx = Lt
n r =1
a +
n f
r
n
a
n 1
1 1 r
2. If a = 0, b = 1, f ( x ) dx = n Lt

n f n
r =0
0
Steps to express the limit of sum as definte integral

r 1
Step 1. Replace by x, by dx and n Lt

by
n n
r
Step 2. Evaluate n Lt
n by putting least and greatest values of r as lower and upper limits respectively..
pn p
1 r r r
For example n Lt

n f n = f ( x) dx
r =1
( n Lt
n
r =1
= 0, n Lt
n
r = np
= p)
0
Illustration 25 : Evaluate
Lt 1 1 1 1
1 + n + 2 + n + 3 + n + ......... + 2n
n

Lt 1 1 1 1
Sol. 1 + n + 2 + n + 3 + n + ......... + 2n
n

n
1
= n Lt

r +n
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

r =1
n 1
1 1

dx
= n Lt

r =1
n r
+1
=
0
x + 1 = [loge ( x + 1)]0 = loge2.
1
n +1 n+2 n+3 3
Illustration 26 : Evaluate n Lt
n 2 + 12
+ 2 + 2 + ......... +
n +2 2
n +3 2 5n
2n 2n 1+
n+r 1
Sol. n
Lt n
r =1
2
Lt
+ r2 = n

r =1
n
n
r
2
1+
n
Lt r
= 0, when r = 1, lower limit = 0
n n
Lt r Lt 2n
and = = 2, when r = 2n, upper limit = 2
n
n n
n
2 2 2
1+ x 1 1 2x
1+ x
0
2 dx = 1+ x
0
2 dx +
2 1+ x
0
2 dx
2
1
= tan1x]20 + log e (1 + x 2 )
2 0
1
= tan1 2 + loge5
2
Illustration 27 : Evaluate
1
Lt n! n
n n
n
1
n! n
Sol. Let y = n Lt
n
n
1 n!
loge y = n Lt loge n

n n
1 1 . 2 . 3 ........n
= n Lt loge

n nn
Lt 1 log 1 + log 2 + log 3 + ..... + log n

= e e e e
n
n n n n n
n
r
= n
Lt 1
n
log
r =1
e
n
1
1
= log e x dx = x loge x x

0 0
= (0 1) Lt x logex + 0
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

+
x 0
= 1 0 = 1
1
y=
e
Self Practice Problems :
Evaluate the following limits

1 1 1 1
1. n
Lt
n 2
+
n2 + n
+
n 2 + 2n
+ .... +
n2 + n2

Ans. 2 ( 2 1)
Lt 1 1 1 1
2. 1 + n + 2 + n + 3 + n + ....... + 5n Ans. loge5
n

1 3 2 3 n 2
Lt sin + 2 sin 3 + 3 sin 3 + ........ + n sin 3
3. 2 4n
Ans. (52 15)
n
n 4n 4n 4n 9 2
n 1
1
4. n
Lt
r=0
2
n r 2 Ans.

2
3 n n n n
5. Lt 1 + + + + ...... + Ans. 2
n
n n+3 n+6 n+9 n + 3(n 1)
PART J
Reduction Formulae in Definite Integrals

2
n 1
sin x dx , then show that n =
n
1. If n =
n n2
0
sin
n
Proof : n = x dx
0

2
[
n = sinn1 x cos x ] + (n 1) sin
2
0
n 2
x . cos 2 x dx
0
sin
n 2
= (n 1) x . (1 sin 2 x ) dx
0

2 2
sin sin
n 2 n
= (n 1) x dx (n 1) x dx
0 0
n + (n 1) n = (n 1) n2
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

n 1
n =
n n2

2 2
sin cos
n n
Note : 1. x dx = x dx
0 0
n 1 n 3 n 5
2. n = ..... or
n n2 n 4 0 1
according as n is even or odd. 0 = , =1
2 1
n 1 n 3 n 5 1
........ . if n is even
n n 2 n 4 2 2
Hence n =
n 1 n 3 n 5 2
........ . 1 if n is odd
n n 2 n 4 3

4
1
tan
n
2. If n = x dx , then show that n + n2 =
n 1
0
(tan x)
n2
Sol. n = . tan2x dx
0
(tan x)
n2
= (sec2x 1) dx
0

4 4
(tan x) (tan x)
n2 n 2
= sec2x dx dx
0 0

(tan x )n 1 4
= n2
n 1 0
1
n = n2
n 1
1
n + n2 =
n 1

2
m 1
sin
m
3. If m,n = x . cosn x dx , then show that m,n = ,n
m + n m2
0
sin
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

m 1
Sol. m,n = x (sin x cos n x ) dx

sinm 1 x . cos n+1 x 2 2
cos n +1 x
=
n +1
+
0
0
n +1
(m 1) sinm2 x cos x dx

2
m 1
=
sin
m2
x . cos n x . cos 2 x dx
n +1
0

2
m 1
=
(sin )
m2
x . cos n x sinm x . cos n x dx
n +1
0
m 1 m 1
=
n +1 m2,n
n + 1 m,n
m 1 m 1
1 + =
n + 1 m,n n + 1 m2,n
m 1
m,n =
m + n m2,n
m 1 m 3 m 5
Note : 1. m,n = ........ or according as m is even or odd.
m+n m+n2 m+n 4 0,n 1,n

2 2
1
cos sin x . cos
n n
0,n = x dx and 1,n = x dx =
n +1
0 0
2. Wallis Formula
(n 1) (n 3) (m 5) .........(n 1) (n 3) (n 5).......
when both m, n are even
(m + n) (m + n 2) (m + n 4)........ 2

m,n =
(m 1) (m 3) (m 5) .........(n 1) (n 3) (n 5).......
otherwise
(m + n) (m + n 2) (m + n 4)........
sin
2
Illustration 28 : Evaluate x cos 2 x(sin x + cos x ) dx

2

2 2
sin sin
2
Sol. Given integral =
3
x cos 2 x dx + x cos 3 x dx
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

2 2
sin
2
=0+2 x cos 3 x dx ( sin3x cos2x is odd and sin2x cos3x is even)
0
1. 2 4
= 2. 5 . 3 . 1 =
15

x sin
5
Illustration 29 : Evaluate x cos 6 x dx
0
x sin
5
Sol. Let = x cos 6 x dx
0
( x) sin ( x) cos
5 6
= ( x ) dx
0
sin 5 . cos 6 x dx x sin

5
= x . cos 6 x dx
0 0
sin
5
2 = . 2 x . cos 6 x dx
0
4 . 2. 5 . 3 .1
= 11 . 9 . 7 . 5 . 3 . 1
8
=
693
x
3
Illustration 30 : Evaluate (1 x )5 dx
0
Sol. Put x = sin2 dx = 2 sin cos d

L.L :x=0 =0

U.L. :x=1 =
2

1 2
x sin
3
(1 x )5 dx = 6
(cos 2 )5 2 . sin . cos d
0 0
sin
7
=2. cos11 d
0
6 . 4 . 2 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 1
= 2 . 18 . 16 . 14 . 12 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 =
504
Self Practice Problems:
098930 58881 , BHOPAL


2
18
sin
5
1. x dx Ans.
15
0

2
8
sin
5
2. x cos 4 x dx Ans.
315
0
1
x
6
sin 1 x dx 16
3. Ans.
0 14 245
a 7
a9
4.
(
0
x a2 x 2 )
2 dx Ans.
9
x
3/2
5. 2 x dx Ans.
0 2

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Definite Integrals

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 26 of 89

1. The indefinite integral f (x) dx is a function of x, where as definite integral f ( x) dx is a number..

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

2. Given f ( x ) dx we can find

Self Practice Problems

i.e. definite integral is independent of variable of integration.

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Illustration 4 Show that (2 x + 1) dx =

Self Practice Problems

2. [ x] dx , where [x] is integral part of x.

=0 if f(x) = f (x) i.e. f(x) is odd

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Self Practice Problems

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Note : 1. The above illustration can be remembered as a formula

2. Other similar formulae are

Self Practice Problems

Sol. Let f(x) = sin x cos3x3

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Note : We can evaluate the integral without using this property

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Adding (i) and (ii)

log (sin 2x) dx log

P7 If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

= cos x cos x dx + n | cos x | dx

Self Practice Problem

P8 If (x) f(x) (x) for a x b, then

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

P 11 If f(x) 0 on [a, b] then f (x) dx 0

Lt Lt + sin x = 1. Take f(0) = Lt + f(x) = 1

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Sol. (i) By using rectangle

(ii) By using triangle

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Exercise : Prove the following :

F(x) = f (t) dt = P(h(x)) P(g(x))

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Applying L Hospital rule

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 37 of 89

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

f(x) = loge2x loge (x + log xe)

(using modified Leibnitz Theorem)

Put x = sin t dx = cos t dt

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Self Practice Problems :

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Steps to express the limit of sum as definte integral

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Lt 1 log 1 + log 2 + log 3 + ..... + log n

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Evaluate the following limits

Reduction Formulae in Definite Integrals

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

sin 5 . cos 6 x dx x sin

Sol. Put x = sin2 dx = 2 sin cos d

Self Practice Problems:

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

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