Module III Some Techniques of Integration

Engage

Review your differentiation formulas for products of functions, as the integration formulas
have been derived from here. Pay attention specifically to the algebraic signs of the
derivatives, so that you will not be confused with the signs later on.

Explore

Unit 5: INTEGRATION BY PARTS

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas in evaluating integrals.

In this unit, you will learn the different techniques that can be done to transform a complex
term to a term (or set of terms) that is simpler to integrate. These ar ,
since they are suggested approaches that can be applied in integrating functions that
involve special terms.

Student learning time: 4 hours

Prior to our discussion of various techniques of integration, we list and number for reference,
the standard indefinite integration formulas that you learned I previous modules and that
occur frequently.

1. 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝐶

2. 𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑎𝑢 𝐶

3. 𝑓 𝑢 𝑔 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑔 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

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 𝑢
4. 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝐶 ; 𝑛 1
𝑛 1
𝑑𝑢
5. 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| 𝐶
𝑢
𝑎
6. 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 𝐶 ; 𝑎 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 1
𝑙𝑛𝑎

7. 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 𝑒 𝐶

8. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝐶

9. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝐶

10. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝐶

11. csc 𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 𝐶

12. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 𝐶

13. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 𝐶

14. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢| 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢| 𝐶

15. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢| 𝐶

16. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢| 𝐶

17. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢| 𝐶

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
18. arcsin 𝐶
√𝑎 𝑢 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
19. arctan 𝐶
𝑎 𝑢 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
20. arcsec 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

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 One of the most widely used techniques of integration is integration by parts, obtained from
the formula for the derivative of the product of 2 functions.

From differential equations, we recall the differential of a product:

𝑑 𝑢𝑣 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Meaning, the differential of a product of two functions is equal to:

The 1st function multiplied by the differential of the 2nd function,

plus the 2nd function multiplied by the differential of the first function.

Integrating each side of this equation, we obtain:

𝑑 𝑢𝑣 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑑𝑢

𝑢𝑣 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Transposing, we obtain

We call this the formula for INTEGRATION BY PARTS, or IBP.

This formula is applicable to a product of two functions, which cannot be readily integrated
through any of the 20 formulas on the earlier pages.

The first step is to choose which among the two terms of the product, will be the u and dv.

The priority of choice is for the dv term, it must be a term that is integrable by itself. The term
u on the other hand, must be a term that is differentiable.

Illustration 1: We wish to evaluate

𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

We have here a product of 2 functions, x and lnx. Since we do not have a ready integration
formula for this function, we try to integrate this by parts.

To determine the substitutions for u and dv, bear in mind that the dv must be integrable, and
the u must be differentiable.

This suggests letting:

u = lnx dv = xdx

(since we do not have a formula for integrating lnx yet at this point)

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 Then we differentiate u to obtain du, and we integrate dv to obtain v:

𝑢 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑣

Then we apply the formula for integration by parts:

Follow the direction of the arrows:

𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
2 2 𝑥
𝑥 1
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥 1𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝐶
2 2 2

Illustration 2: we now wish to evaluate

𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
Initially, this seems not to be a product. However, the absence of an integration formula for
this function compels us to try integration by parts:

We let

𝑢 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate u -> 𝑑𝑢 𝑣 𝑥 <- integrate dv

Again, we substitute in the formula for IBP; follow the arrows for the products.

𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
Illustration 3: Evaluate

𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
The integrand above is a product of an algebraic and exponential term, a combination that
is commonly solved by IBP.

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 Recall that in the selection of u and dv, priority is given to the selection of dv so that it is
readily integrable. Hence we let the exponential term 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 be our dv. We will be using the
exponential formula here (no. 7), where the ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 𝑒 𝐶.
However 𝑢 𝑥 , hence we need 2𝑥𝑑𝑥, or at least the x-variable in the du to satisfy the
differential.

Therefore we let
𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate u: 𝑑𝑢 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑒 : integrate dv

Again, we substitute in the formula for IBP; follow the arrows for the products.

1 1
𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2

Illustration 4: Evaluate the integral

𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
Here, we have a product of an algebraic term x and a trigonometric term cos2x. a product
like this cannot be integrated directly through any of the formulas 1-20. The most common
technique is to integrate this by parts:

Let 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
Differentiate u: 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 : integrate dv

Then apply the formula for integration by parts(follow the arrows):

1 1 1 1 1
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 2 2

***see formulas 8 and 9

Concept check: evaluate the integrals using the appropriate method:

1. 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

3. 𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

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 4. ln 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 5? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following
topics:

1. F A ld, study
The following topics: Integration by Parts, 574-583

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville: Integration by Parts,
pages 249-253.

Elaborate

Do the concept check and assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluation

You will have a midterm exam at the end of Module 3. the coverage of the exam will be all
topics from Module 1, 2 and 3. Please click on the link that will be provided in Google
classroom.

Unit 6: INTEGRATION BY ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION

Engage

Review your differentiation methods for radical functions, as well as for trigonometric and
inverse trigonometric functions, as the integration formulas have been derived from here.
Review also the common trigonometric identities as they are used in simplifying functions.
Pay attention specifically of the algebraic signs of the derivatives, so that you will not be
confused with the signs later on.

Explore

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas in evaluating integrals.

Student learning time: 4 hours

There are some functions that involve radicals, or fractional powers of x. for these functions,
the integrand can be simplified by the substitution:

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 𝑥

Where n is the least common denominator (LCD) of the exponents.

Illustration 1: Evaluate the integral

√𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑥
1 √𝑥 1 𝑥
This kind of function is troublesome to integrate because of the radicals. We then replace
(substitute) these radicals with whole number exponents by letting:

𝑥 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥 6 𝑑

Therefore 𝑥

Note: When we are substituting for a variable, we also substitute for its differential.

-> the exponent of z is 6, since the LCD of ½ and 1/3 is 1/6. ½ and 1/3 are the fractional
exponents of the function that needs to be integrated.

We then use these substitutions for the original function:

𝑥 6 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 6 𝑑
1
1 𝑥 1
6 𝑑 𝑑
6
1 1
Since this is improper (degree of numerator > degree of denominator), we need to divide
through using long division.
1
1
1 1
𝑑 1
6 6 1 𝑑
1 1

6 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐶
7 5 3

We return the x-variable to replace z in the final answer, and multiply 6 to all the terms in the
parenthesis.

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 Illustration 2: Evaluate the integral

𝑥 𝑥 4𝑑𝑥

We substitute for the entire radical:

Let √𝑥 4

𝑥 4 -> the next step is to square both sides to eliminate

the radical

𝑥 4 -> Solve for x2:

2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑 -> take the differential of both sides and

𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 solve for dx

Then we fix the terms of the function and substitute:

𝑥 𝑥 4𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥

4 𝑑 8 16 𝑑 8 16 𝑑
8 16
𝐶
7 5 3

Return the x-variables from the substitutions:

𝑥 4 8 𝑥 4 16 𝑥 4
𝐶
7 5 3

Illustration 3: Evaluate the integral

𝑑𝑥
𝑥√4𝑥 1

We let the entire radical be equal to z:

Let √4𝑥 1
4𝑥 1 ; 𝑥 -> square both sides to remove the radical
2 𝑑 4𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 -> differentiate and solve for dx

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 Substitute in the integrand:
𝑑
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑑
𝑥√4𝑥 1 1 1
4

Note: The resulting substitutions should make the term easier to integrate.

Concept check: Evaluate the following integrals:

𝑑𝑥
1.
2 √𝑥 √𝑥

2𝑥 3𝑥
2. 𝑑𝑥
√1 2𝑥

INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION:

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas in evaluating integrals.

Student learning time: 4 hours

Some common functions involving radicals with sums or differences of 2 squares can be
solved by using trigonometric substitutions. There are 3 cases under this category of functions:

If the integrand contains an expression of the form

I √𝑎 𝑢 substitution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 ; 𝑑𝑢 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑

II √𝑎 𝑢 substitution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑑𝑢 asec 𝑑

III √𝑢 𝑎 substitution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 ; 𝑑𝑢 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑

In these 3 cases, a is considered as a constant term and u is considered as a variable

function.

Illustration 1: Evaluate the integral

√9 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
This integrand shows a difference of 2 squares, a constant minus a variable. This function
cannot be readily integrated yet using any of the earlier formulas. Hence we try using

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 trigonometric substitution. The difference of two squares here resemble 𝑎 𝑢 ; and
therefore suggests the substitution𝑢 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 .

The constant term is 𝑎 9 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 3

The variable function is 𝑢 𝑥 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢 𝑥

For the substitution 𝑢 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 , we use

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 ; 𝑑𝑥 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑

Substituting,

√9 𝑥 √9 9 sin 9 1 sin
𝑑𝑥 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑
𝑥 9 sin 9 sin

3√cos cos 𝑑
3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑 cot 𝑑
9 sin sin

Transform: ∫ cot 𝑑 ∫ csc 1 𝑑 ∫ csc 𝑑 ∫𝑑

However this is not yet the final answer, as we have yet to return the variable x in the final
answer. Hence we construct a triangle from our substitution as follows:

We used the substitution 𝑥 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 . We reflect these values in the right triangle below:

𝑠𝑖𝑛

Then arcsin 3 x

9 𝑥

We solve for the 3rd side by Pythagorean Theorem.

Therefore

Illustration 2: Evaluate the integral

𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 4

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 The integrand shows a sum of 2 squares in the denominator, but it cannot be readily
integrated as is. Hence we use the 2nd suggested substitution for a sum of 2 squares, 𝑥
𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 .

𝑢 𝑥 ; 𝑢 𝑥

𝑎 4 ; 𝑎 2

For the substitution 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 , we use

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 , 𝑑𝑥 2 sec 𝑑

Substituting,

𝑑𝑥 2 sec 𝑑 2 sec 𝑑
𝑥√𝑥 4 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 √4 tan 4 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 tan 1

2 sec 𝑑 2 sec 𝑑 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑑 1 1/𝑐𝑜𝑠

𝑑
2𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 √sec 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 /𝑐𝑜𝑠

1 1 1 1
𝑑 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑑 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑡 | 𝐶
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2
As in the first example, we construct the triangle as follows:

From 𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 ,

𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥 4
Then arctan x

1 1 √𝑥 4 2
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑑 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑡 | 𝐶 𝑙𝑛 𝐶
2 2 𝑥 𝑥

Illustration 3. Evaluate the integral

𝑑𝑥
𝑥 √𝑥 9
This integrand has a difference of 2 squares in the denominator (variable minus constant).
Using the basic formulas of integration, we cannot integrate this term yet. So we try
trigonometric substitution. For a variable minus a constant, we use the 3rd suggested
substitution:

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 Let 𝑢 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 ; 𝑑𝑢 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑

In the given function,

𝑢 𝑥 ; 𝑢 𝑥

𝑎 9 ; 𝑎 3

Then our substitution is

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 ; 𝑑𝑥 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑

Substituting,
𝑑𝑥 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑
𝑥 √𝑥 9 27 sec √9 sec 9 9 sec 9 sec 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
cos 𝑑
9 sec 3 √tan 27𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑 27 sec 27

Use the trigonometric transformation for cos2 :

1 1 1 1 1 1
cos 𝑑 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑑 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝑑
27 27 2 54 54 2

We construct our right triangle to determine the function values of in terms of x:

Since x = 3sec ,

Then 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = x/3

X √𝑥 9

We determine the function values of from the triangle, and substitute it in the answer:

We write 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 in terms of its identity, 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 , since we do not have 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 in the triangle.

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 √

Concept check: Evaluate the following integrals:

𝑑𝑥
1.
6 𝑥

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2.
√𝑥 16

𝑑𝑤
3.
𝑤 √𝑤 4

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 6? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following
topics:

1. A ,
topics: Some Techniques of Antidifferentiation, pages 331-334; and Integration of Algebraic
functions by Trigonometric Substitution, pages 594-600.

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:

Integration by Substitution on pages 256-263

Elaborate

Do the concept check and assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluation

You will have a midterm exam at the end of Module 3. the coverage of the exam will be all
topics from Module 1, 2 and 3. Please click on the link that will be provided in Google
classroom.

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means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 64