Module II Fundamental Integration Formulas II

Unit 3: LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Engage

Review your differentiation formulas for

Logarithmic and Exponential functions, as
the integration formulas have been derived
from here. Pay attention specifically to the
algebraic signs of the derivatives, so that
you will not be confused with the signs later
on.

Explore

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration

formulas in evaluating integrals.

This module contains the next set of

integration formulas that you may use to
integrate a given function. You need to
further study the properties of a given
integrand so that you can decide which
among the formulas you now know, is Source: aitsl@aitsl (2016)
appropriate to use. Hence you will find the term,

Student learning time: 5 hours

I. Logarithmic Functions
The natural logarithmic function is the function defined by
𝑑𝑡
𝑙𝑛𝑥 ; 𝑥 0
𝑡

This is so because from differential calculus, 𝑑 𝑙𝑛𝑡

The domain of the natural logarithmic function is the set of all positive numbers. We read ln
.

Hence if u is a differentiable function of x, then

𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑛|𝑢| 𝐶
𝑢

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 38
 Note that the logarithmic formula for integration is applicable when the denominator is a
function raised to the power of 1 (u) and the numerator is the differential of that function
(du).

Also, the absolute value sign is used for u, since the logarithm function does not exist for
negative values.

Therefore if we combine this principle with the general power formula,

𝑢
𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 1
𝑛 1
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑛|𝑢| 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 1
{

In essence, you use the power formula to integrate functions where the denominator has a
power that is not equal to 1 (or -1 if we bring it up to the numerator). You use the logarithmic
formula to integrate functions with the form du/u, or u-1du.

Solved exercises. Evaluate the integrals:

𝑥 2
1. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
Again, for fractions, check first if we have a proper fraction before doing any integration
(see Module 2, page 1). In this case, the degree of the numerator > the degree of the
denominator (2 vs. 1). This is an improper fraction, so we need to divide numerator by
denominator first using long division (from Algebra), and obtain

𝑥 2 3
𝑥 1
𝑥 1 𝑥 1
Therefore,
𝑥 2 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1

The 3rd term, 3 ∫ is in the form du/u,

Where: u = x +1 (denominator)

du = dx (should be the numerator) correct in the integrand

Note that the denominator has a power of 1, hence we can use logarithmic integration for
this term.

The numerator is complete and does not need any correcting factor.

We integrate the expression one at a time, in which we get:

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 39
 𝑥 2 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1

| |

3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. → 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
5𝑥 1
Since the binomial in the denominator has a power of 1, we check if the expression will yield
the form du/u, the form of logarithmic integration.

If u = 5x3 1 (denominator),

du = 15x2dx (should be the numerator) lacks 15

Since the variable of the differential du, which is x2dx, is present in the numerator, we can
use the logarithmic integration, and just put a correcting factor for the coefficient of 15.

3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 15𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3
5𝑥 1 5𝑥 1 15 5𝑥 1

Again, note that u =5x3 1, and that ∫ 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| 𝐶

𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡
3.
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 1
Since the power of the denominator is 1, let us try testing the logarithmic formula. Again, the
integrand must be of the form du/u.

If u = cos3t 1 (denominator)

Then du = -3sin3tdt (should be the numerator) -> lacks -3

The numerator already contains the expression sin3tdt, then we only need to write -3 in the
differential and -1/3 before the integral sign as correcting factor.
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡 1 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 1 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 1 𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡 1 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡
| |
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 1 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 1

Other trigonometric functions: these are also of the form du/u, therefore the logarithmic
integration can be used.

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 40
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢
1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 | | 𝑜𝑟 | |
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
1 1 1
𝑒𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 3𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥| 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥| 𝐶
3 3 3
Where u = 3x, and du = 3dx

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 | |
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
1
𝐶𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑢 𝑑𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠? 3 cot 𝑑
2

3. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 | |

1
𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 5𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑑 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 2 𝑑 | |
2
Where u = 2z and du = 2dz

4. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 | |

𝐶𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑢 𝑑𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠? 2 csc 4 𝑑

Concept Check: Evaluate the following expressions.

3𝑥
1. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4
2𝑥
2. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
3.
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
Hint: you can divide numerator by denominator first.

4. sec 2 𝑐𝑠𝑐2 𝑑

II. Exponential Functions

The natural exponential function:

The natural exponential function is the inverse of the natural logarithmic function; it is
therefore defined by:

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 41
 𝑒 𝑖𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑙𝑛

The real number exponent:

If a is any positive number (constant) and x is any real number (variable),

𝑎 𝑒

The number e is the value of the exponential function at 1:

𝑒 𝑒

Properties of the exponential function (also from algebra and differential calculus):

1. 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 𝑥

2. 𝑎 𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 0

3. 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒

4. 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒

Integral of exponential functions:

1. 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 𝑒 𝐶

𝑎
2. 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑎
Solved exercises. Evaluate the indefinite integral and simplify your answers.

1. 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Check if we can use formula 1 above. Both u and du must be present in the integrand.

Here, u= 2 5x ; du = -5dx

Only dx is present in the integrand so we need to put a -5 before dx and -1/5 before the
integral sign as correcting factor.
1
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 5𝑑𝑥
5
Hence, eudu is complete and we can use formula 1of the exponential integration:

𝑒 𝑑𝑢 𝑒 𝐶

1
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 5𝑑𝑥
5

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 42
 1 𝑒
2. 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
Notice here that this is an improper fraction. Hence we need to divide numerator by
denominator first (from algebra). When dividing a polynomial by a monomial, divide each
term of the polynomial in the numerator by the monomial in the denominator.

1 𝑒 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑒
For e-x ; u = - x du = -dx (correcting factor: -1)

For ex ; u=x du = dx (no correcting factor)

Therefore,

1 𝑒 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑒

3. 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Although this is a product of an algebraic term (x2) and an exponential term 𝑒 , we have
to notice that the algebraic term x is part of the differential of the exponent of e. We can
2

check by writing down:

For the form eudu,

u = 2x3 and du = 6x2dx

Then we can see that indeed, the x2 is part of the differential of u. we only need a correcting
factor of 6 for the differential and 1/6 before the integral sign.

1
𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6
eu du

then we can use the integration formula:

1
𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6

4. 𝑒 sec 𝑑

Although this is a product of an exponential term and trigo term, we notice that sec 2y is the
derivative of tany, which happens to be the exponent of e. hence we can use the
exponential integration for this.

If u = tany du = sec2ydy

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 43
 𝑒 sec 𝑑

5. 𝑥 10 𝑑𝑥

Again, we notice here that the x2 is part of the differential of u = x3 and we write:

If a = 10 u = x3 and du = 3x2dx

Then we can use the 2nd formula of the exponential integration (for a constant raised to a
variable power)
𝑎
𝑎 𝑑𝑢 𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑎

1
𝑥 10 𝑑𝑥 10 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
Observation: if you see a product of an exponential term and algebraic or trigo term, check
if you can integrate it using the exponential formula of integration.

What else do you observe? ____________________________________________

Concept Check: Evaluate the following integrals:

1. 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 𝑑𝑥
2.
1 2𝑒

3. 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥

4. 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 3? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?
For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following
topics:
1. A , tudy
The following topics: Integrals yielding the natural logarithmic function, 453-457; The natural
exponential function, pages 463-464, 467,471.
2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Logarithmic and Exponential Formulas on pages 237-241

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 44
 Elaborate

Do the Concept check and assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluation

You will have a quiz at the end of Module II. Unit 3 will cover Part 1 of the quiz. Please click
on the link that will be provided in Google classroom.

Unit 4: TRANSFORMATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS

Engage

Review your differentiation formulas for trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, as
the integration formulas have been derived from here. Review also the common
trigonometric identities as they are used in simplifying functions. Pay attention specifically of
the algebraic signs of the derivatives, so that you will not be confused with the signs later on.

Explore

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas in evaluating integrals.

This module contains the introduction, and bridging of differential calculus to integral
calculus. It should be understood that all the differentiation formulas you learned in
differential calculus are also the same formulas that you will need to integrate functions
correctly.

Also, the first set of basic integration formulas are included in this module, and how you can
use them to integrate common functions. There is a proper procedure for solving each type
and they are clearly demonstrated here.

Student learning time: 5 hours

Trigonometric integrals involve algebraic operations on trigonometric functions. You have

already learned how to evaluate some trigonometric integrals in Lesson 3. We now apply
these formulas and trigonometric identities to evaluate integrals involving products of
powers of trigonometric functions. which cannot be readily integrated using power formula
or the trigonometric formulas in Lessons 3 and 4.

There are trigonometric functions which cannot be readily integrated using power formula
or the trigonometric formulas in Lessons 3 and 4. Hence there is a need for us to apply some
transformation formulas to make them integrable.

We begin with products of sine and cosine and distinguish 3 cases dependent on whether
the exponents are odd or even positive integers.

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 45
 Case I:

sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

1. Factor

sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. Use the transformation

sin 𝑥 1 cos 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 sin 𝑥 𝑜𝑟

cos 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 cos 𝑥

3. Integrate the resulting function

Illustration 1:

cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 -> factor

∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1 sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 -> transform cos2x

∫ 1 sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝐬𝐢𝐧

-> integrate cosxdx by trigonometric formula,

-> integrate sin2x cosxdx by power formula:

Where u = sinx ; du = cosx dx ; n=2

𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝐶 sin 𝑥 /3 𝐶
𝑛 1
Illustration 2:

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

-> factor then use the transformation sin2x = 1 cos2x

1 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 2 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

- > expand

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 46
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬

Note that for the 2nd and 3rd term, we use power formula where
u = cosx and du = -sinxdx
these 2 terms need a correcting factor of -1

Case II:

sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

The solution of this case is similar to the method used in Case I.

Factor the function with the odd exponent then use the transformation

sin 𝑥 1 cos 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 sin 𝑥 𝑜𝑟

cos 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 cos 𝑥

Note: you transform the function with the odd exponent.

Illustration 3

∫ sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 -> factor sin3x

∫ 1 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 -> transform sin2x

-> integrate using power formula

cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝐶
5 7
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬

Case III:

sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Where both m and n are positive even integers.

1. Factor
/
sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 47
 Then use the transformation:
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
sin 𝑥
2
2. Factor
/
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Then use the transformation:

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
2
3. Factor
/ /
sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
/ /
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 2
Illustration 4:
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1 1
sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
1 1 1
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
2 2 2

Illustration 5:

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
1 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
Again, cos22x needs to be transformed since it cannot be integrated by itself.
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝑥
cos 2𝑥
2
1 1 cos4x
1 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2
1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥
4 2 8 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 4𝑑𝑥
4 2 2 8 8 4

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 48
 Case IV:

tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

1. Factor

tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Then transform the term tan2x:

tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 1

2. Factor

𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Then transform the term cot2x:

cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 1

Illustration 6:

tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 sec 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

1st term: power formula: u = tanx du = sec2xdx n = 1

2nd term: trigonometric formula

𝐭𝐚𝐧
| |

Illustration 7:

cot 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 cot 3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

Transform only one cot23x term:

cot 3𝑥 csc 3𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 cot 3𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 cot 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

Note: 1st term can be integrated using power formula

𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 3 csc 3𝑥 ; 𝑛 2

2nd term needs to be transformed again, since we do not have a formula for
∫ cot 3𝑥𝑑𝑥; ( ).

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 49
 1
cot 3𝑥 3 csc 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 csc 3𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
3
1
cot 3𝑥 3 csc 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 csc 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
1 cot 3𝑥 1
csc 3𝑥 3𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝐶
3 3 3

𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐭

Case V:

sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 csc 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

1. Factor

sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥

2. use the transformation

sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 1 for the term sec 𝑥

csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 1 for the term csc 𝑥

Illustration 8:

csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥 cot 𝑥 1 csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥

cot 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 1 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cot xcsc 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 cot 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑑𝑥

cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝐶
5 3
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐭

Concept check: Evaluate the following integrals and use the appropriate transformations
when needed.

1. cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

2. sin cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

3. sin 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 50
 1
4. cot 𝑡𝑑𝑡
2

5. tan 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 4? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following
topics:
1. A ,
The following topics: Transformations by Trigonometric Formulas, pages 584-593; and Inverse
Trigonometric Functions pages 507-511.
2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Transformations by Trigonometric Formulas on pages 243-246; Inverse Trigonometric functions
on pages 246-248.

Elaborate

Do the concept check and assignment at the end of the unit.

Evaluation

You will have a quiz at the end of Module 2. Unit 4 will cover Part 2 of the quiz. Please click
on the link that will be provided in Google classroom.

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 51