ASSIGNMENT- 04

1.DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory .

2.BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System.
3.PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect.
4.SMD stands for Surface Mount Device.
5.VIRUS stands for Vital Information Resources Under Seize
6.CMOS stands for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
7.TFT stands for Thin Flim Transistor.
8.Printer is Output device.
9.Soldering iron bit is made of Copper.
10.SMPS provide A.C and D.C input to computer system.
11. Scanner is an input device. True
12. Laptop can work without power supply. True
13.Define simplex ,duplex and semi duplex.
Ans.
Simplex Mode
In simplex mode, Sender can send the data but the sender can’t receive the data. It is a type of
unidirectional communication in which communication happens in only one direction.
Example of this kind of mode is Keyboard, Traditional Monitors, etc.

Half-Duplex Mode
In half-duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also receive the data one at a time. It is a
type of two-way directional communication but restricted to only one at a time. An example
of this kind of transmission is the Walkie-Talkie, where the message is sent one at a time but
in both directions.

Full Duplex Mode

In Full-duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also can receive the data
simultaneously. It is two-way directional communication simultaneously that is
both way of communication happens at a same time. Example of this kind of
transmission is Telephone Network, where communication happens
simultaneously.
14.What is Virus ? How antivirus is used?
Ans. A computer virus is a kind of malicious computer program, which when
executed, replicates itself and inserts its own code. When the replication is
done, this code infects the other files and program present on your system.

These computer viruses are present in various types and each of them can infect
a device in a different manner.

Antivirus software usually works on one of two principles: Either it scans programs
and files as they enter your device and compares them to known viruses, or it scans
programs already on your device, looking for any suspicious behavior. Strong
antivirus software, such as the ones we list below, do both. In addition, most
antiviruses feature tools to either remove or quarantine offending malware.

15.List different types of mobile operating system?

Ans.

• Android OS: An open source software developed by Google that runs

on smartphones and tablets. It is based on Linux and supports various
applications and features.
• iOS: A closed source software developed by Apple that runs on
iPhones and iPads. It is known for its user-friendly interface and
security.
• Windows OS: A closed source software developed by Microsoft that
runs on smartphones and tablets. It is compatible with Windows PC
and offers various services and apps.
• Blackberry OS: A closed source software developed by Research in
Motion that runs on Blackberry devices. It is designed for business and
communication purposes and offers security and encryption.
• Symbian OS: A closed source software developed by Nokia that runs
on some Nokia and other devices. It is one of the oldest mobile
operating systems and supports various features and applications.

16.Write the steps of formatting.

Ans. Way 1. Format PC of Windows 11 with Windows Settings

To reset a Windows 11 laptop or desktop to its factory default settings
without losing your files, use these steps:
 1. \Press Windows + I together to open Settings.

2. Click on System on the left panel and select Recovery page on the right side.

3. Under the Recovery options section, click the Reset PC button to format PC of Windows 11.
4. On the Choose an option window, click the Keep my files option.

5. Select the option to reset Windows 11:

• Cloud download: Download a fresh copy of the installation from the cloud and reinstall Windows 11.
However, this option will not restore the tools, apps, and configuration that came with the original image
provided by the manufacturer.
 • Local reinstall: Uses the files already available to reset the computer. If this is a branded device (such as
Dell, ASUS, Lenovo, etc.), this process will restore the factory drivers, settings, and tools.

6. Review the apps to reinstall after the reset to factory settings. Click the Next button.

7. Then click the Reset button.

8.Once you complete the steps, you can complete the Windows 11 factory reset from boot.

✨ Note: After the reset is complete, it's a good idea to check for updates to
ensure that Windows 11 is not missing any security patches or drivers. Also,
you may need to reinstall any of your previous applications as necessary.

17.Discuss about the advantages of SMD?

Ans.
Surface Mount Devices (SMDs) offer several advantages:

1. Smaller Size and Weight: SMD components are 60-80% smaller in size than
their through-hole counterparts, making the PCB smaller and slimmer1.
2. PCB Flexibility: SMD components are mounted or soldered directly on the
surface of the board, offering great flexibility in terms of PCB material and
design1.
3. Reduced Cost: The size of SMT PCBs is smaller and there is no need for any
plated through-holes. Also, the cost of many SMD components is lesser
 than through-hole electronic components. This helps to reduce SMT PCB
manufacturing cost1.
4. Automated Production: With automatic SMT pick and place machines,
SMD components can be automatically placed on the board, reducing
processing and production cost1.
5. High Signal Transmission and High Frequency: SMT PCB assembly can
support high density mainly on double-sided PCB and multiplayer PCB.
Because of short delay, these boards are capable of high-speed signal
transmission1.
6. High Component Density: SMD allows for much higher component density
(components per unit area) and many more connections per component4.

These advantages make SMD a popular choice for many electronic devices and
systems.

18.Discuss about application software.

Ans. Application software, also known as an application or an app, is a computer program

designed to carry out a specific task other than one relating to the operation of the computer
itself1. It’s typically used by end-users1. Examples include word processors, media players,
and accounting software1.

Application software can be categorized into two basic types2:

1. General-Purpose Software: This type of software performs a large range of specific

basic tasks. They fulfill all the general tasks that a person needs to perform on the
system2. Examples include word processing software like MS Word, spreadsheet
software like Excel, database management systems, desktop publishing software, web
browsers, presentation software, video editing software, and games2.
2. Customized Software: This type of software is designed to meet specific user
requirements. For example, a business might have custom software created to handle
its unique business processes2.

19.What are the main functions of BIOS?

Ans.
Functions of BIOS in Computer Systems

• CMOS and BIOS first check the settings between each other; later the
computer is turned on, and all settings in CMOS are read and executed.
• The BIOS then loads a computer driver to interact between the
operating system and connected devices.
 • BIOS then cleans up all the CPU registers and makes them ready for
use.
• Afterward, the BIOS checks all the hardware devices, including the
keyboard and mouse, and tests them, the process known as POST or
Power-on Self-Test.
• During the POST process, you need to press a special key with the help
of the keyboard later settings appear on display, which is known as
the BIOS setting.
• This is the first setting that the BIOS load.
• Later finds a BOOTABLE medium, loads essential files into the RAM,
and later computer startup and we are able to view the desktop.

Learn 4 Functions of BIOS in Computer Using Image

Functions of BIOS

20.Write the construction and working principle of hard disk.

Ans.
Working Principle of a Hard Disk-
A hard disk typically works on the principle of simple magnetism to store
the data and information. A hard drive typically consists of a large plate
that is usually made up of a magnetic material and is known as a platter.
The platter is usually constructed in a circular shape. The surface of the
magnetic plate is divided into billions of tiny compartments. The
magnetization of the tiny areas can be performed independently.
Magnetized tiny area of the plate denotes a binary high and is equivalent to
binary value one; whereas, the demagnetized tiny area denotes a binary low
and is equivalent to binary value zero. This indicates that the letters,
numbers, and other forms of data stored by the hard disk drive are a
combination of binary values, i.e., zeroes or ones.

Construction –

1. Actuator
The actuator is a simple device that helps in the conversion of electrical
energy into mechanical energy. Here, the main purpose of the actuator is to
drive the read-write arm.

2. Read-Write Arm
The read-write arm acts as a driving mechanism that moves the read-write
head over the surface of the platter in a back and forth direction.

3. Central Spindle
The spindle attached to the centre of the platter holds the device in place
and helps in the uniform rotation of the disk at a considerably high speed
along its axis.

4. Magnetic Platter
A magnetic platter is a circular disk that is typically made up of aluminium
or glass and has a magnetic coating applied on its surface. It is one of the
most important parts of a hard disk drive. The magnetic platter of a hard
disk is mainly responsible for the storage of data with the help of the
magnetisation process. A hard disk drive consists of a number of magnetic
platter disks that are stacked on top of one another and are mounted on a
common spindle. The rotation per minute of the platter is directly
proportional to the speed of operation of the device.

5. Plug
The plug of the hard disk helps to connect the hard disk drive to a computer
system.
6. Read-Write Head
The read-write head is a small piece of a magnet attached to the top of a
read-write arm that performs the main task of reading data from the hard
disk and writing the data on the surface of the platter. A hard disk drive
typically consists of two read-write heads for each platter disk. One of the
heads is attached to the top of the platter, whereas, the other is placed in
close contact with its base. This enables the device to access data available
on both sides of the platter. To protect the device from excessive wear and
tear, the read-write head is made to hover over the surface and a layer of
fluid or air is inserted between the read-write head and the platter.

7. Circuit Board
The circuit board of a hard disk drive is usually made up of aluminium,
glass, or ceramic material. It is embedded in the internal circuitry of the
hard disk drive and is used to circulate the data contained by the disk by
controlling the flow of data to and from the magnetised platter.

8. Flexible Connector
The flexible connector attached to the internal mechanism of the hard disk
drive near the platter is mainly used to carry data from the circuit board to
the read-write head of the device and vice versa.

9. Small Spindle
A small spindle is attached to the side of the machinery that helps the read-
write arm of the device to swing sideways over the magnetised platter.

21.Draw and explain the North/South bridge architecture of chipsets.

Ans.
South Bridge is usually located near lower edge of motherboard. It is lower
speed component in chipset and has always been a single individual chip.
Different North Bridge chips can be used with same South Bridge component.
This modular design of chipset allows for lower cost and greater flexibility for
motherboard manufacturers. Main function of the South Bridge is as Peripheral
controller.
Functions of south bridge :
The primary functions of the peripheral controller ( South Bridge) includes :
I/O Bus Control –
Most modern computers use two buses: industry standard architecture (ISA) bus
for slower peripherals, and for compatibility with older components, and PCI a
high-speed ‘local bus ‘ for hard disks, video cards and other high-speed devices.
South Bridge controls these buses, and transfers information to and from them
and processor and memory. Capabilities of South Bridge determine what kinds
of buses system can support, what speed they can run at, and what additional
feature they can have.

Bus Bridges –
A “bridge’ is a networking term that refers to a piece of hardware that connects
two dissimilar networks and passes information from computers on one network
to those on other, and Vice-versa. In an analogous way, chipset must employ bus
bridges to connect together different system bus types it controls. Most common
of these is PCI-ISA bridge which connects together devices on two different
buses. South Bridge chip maintains bridge between ISA bus by itself or through
a PCI-to-ISA bridge chip.
Interrupt controller –
Interrupt controller provides means by which I/O devices request attention from
processor to deal with data transfers. South Bridge chip replaces PIC chip by
incorporating all functions of an Interrupt controller.
DMA controller support –
South bridge provides Direct memory access (DMA) controller support, which
provides a way for devices to transfer information directly to and from memory,
without processor’s intervention.
ATA/IDE Interface –
South Bridge chips usually provide dual IDE ports for connecting up to and
disks, two in each channel.
USB ports –
South Bridge chip also controls USB support on a motherboard.
Power manager –
South Bridge keeps a watch over overall electrical power consumption by
different parts of PC to save power.
Plug and Play support –
Plug and Play (PnP) is a specification that allows BIOS and OS to automatically
detect installation of new devices in system and assign appropriate resources to
them automatically. Plug and Play requires support from chipset as well.

North Bridge :
North bridge is also called as Host Bridge. The north bridge is directly
connected to the Central Processing Unit(CPU) for processing tasks that need
the highest performance. These chip sets act as a medium for communication
between the CPU and parts of motherboard thereby, Memory Controller Hub,
being the other name for North Bridge.
History :
The name North bridge was derived while designing the architecture of the chip
sets. It was designed in such way that the CPU would have a easy access for
connecting parts of motherboard.
Features :
A north bridge communicates with processor via Front Side Bus or FSB for
short.
It controls the interaction with motherboard parts such as Accelerated Graphics
Port (AGP), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), and other crucial parts.
Advantages :
Easy communication is being established between parts of motherboard via
North Bridge.
Faster data transfer due to easy communication access.
22.What are different types of keyboards?What are different components
of laptops?
Ans.

QWERTY Keyboards

Ergonomic Keyboards

Magic Keyboards

Gaming Keyboards

Membrane Keyboards

Mechanical Keyboard

Touchscreen Keyboards

Working Principles of wireless keyboard.

A wireless keyboard works by transmitting signals from the keyboard to a receiver
on the computer. Here’s a step-by-step explanation:
Key Press: When you press a key on the wireless keyboard, it generates a signal1.
Signal Transmission: This signal is transmitted wirelessly, using either radio frequency (RF)
or infrared (IR) technology.
Signal Reception: The signal is received by a USB dongle (for RF keyboards) or a sensor (for
IR keyboards) connected to the computer.
Data Conversion: The computer then converts this signal into the corresponding input,
allowing you to see the character you typed on the screen1.
The transmitter is located inside the keyboard, and the receiver usually plugs into a USB port
on the computer2. The range of the keyboard depends on the technology used: RF keyboards
typically have a longer range and don’t require a direct line of sight, while IR keyboards need
to be pointed directly at the receiver1.
It’s also worth noting that some wireless keyboards use Bluetooth technology, which can
offer a wider range and the ability to connect to multiple devices.
23.What are different types of Laptops? What are different components of
Laptop?
Ans.

There are several types of laptops, each designed for different use cases. Here are
some of them:

General-Purpose Laptops: These are often the first type of laptop many people turn to
thanks to their balance of performance, convenience, and cost1.
Ultrabooks: These are thin and lightweight laptops that are designed for portability while
still offering high performance1.
Gaming Laptops: These are designed specifically for playing video games. They usually
have high-end graphics cards and powerful processors1.
2-in-1 Laptops: These laptops can be used as a tablet by folding or detaching the keyboard1.
Notebooks: These are portable laptops with a screen size of around 15.6 inches2.
Subnotebooks or Ultraportables: These are smaller and lighter than standard laptops, with
a screen size between 13.3 and 14 inches2.
Netbooks: These are small, lightweight, and inexpensive laptops that are designed for basic
tasks like web browsing and email3.
Chromebooks: These run on Google’s Chrome OS and are designed to be used primarily
while connected to the Internet3.
MacBooks: These are laptops made by Apple and run on the macOS operating system3.
Each type of laptop has its own strengths and is suited to different types of tasks1.

Different components of laptops are-

Sure, here are some of the main components of a laptop:

Display Screen: This is the monitor of the laptop where all the output data is
displayed1.
Top Panel: This is the part of the laptop in which the display screen is fitted1.
Base Panel: This is where all the components of a laptop computer are installed.
Keyboard: Used for inputting data.
Touchpad: Acts as a mouse for the laptop.
Motherboard: The main circuit board of the laptop1.
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the laptop where most calculations
take place1.
Cooling Fan: Helps to cool the laptop’s components1.
RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage used by the CPU to store
data that is being processed1.
ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage used to store firmware1.
HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Used for long-term storage of data1.
SSD (Solid State Drive): A faster type of storage device compared to HDD1.
Wireless Card: Allows the laptop to connect to wireless networks1.
Video Card: Handles the graphics that are displayed on the laptop’s screen1.
Optical Drive: Used to read and write data from optical disks1.
Battery: Provides power to the laptop1.
Charger: Used to charge the laptop’s battery1.
Speaker: Outputs audio1.
Hinges: Connects the top panel to the base panel and allows the laptop to open
and close1.
External Ports: Used to connect external devices to the laptop1.
Camera: Used for video calls and taking pictures1.
Palm Rest Assembly: The area where you rest your palms while typing1.
Each of these components plays a crucial role in the functioning of a laptop

24.Write short note on the following :

a)Firmware-Firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides the low-
level control for a device’s specific hardware1. It is a small software that is written to
hardware devices in non-volatile memory2. Firmware software programs cannot be
changed and they won’t be erased when there is no power supply.

Firmware is commonly stored in an EEPROM, which makes use of an I/O protocol such
as SPI1. Firmware, such as the BIOS of a personal computer, may contain basic functions
of a device, and may provide hardware abstraction services to higher-level software such
as operating systems1. For less complex devices, firmware may act as the device’s
complete operating system, performing all control, monitoring, and data manipulation
functions.

Non-volatile memory devices such as ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory store
firmware2. These non-volatile memory devices contain instructions that allow computers
and other systems to boot up, to run the software.

There are two types of firmware that can be serviced:

• System firmware: By controlling the flow of instructions and data between the
hardware and software components, system firmware is responsible for providing
critical boot and runtime services to the system as a whole.
• Device firmware: Device firmware is associated with a particular device
integrated into a system.

Firmware updates can be used to improve the device’s performance, reliability, and
security.

b)Core i3,i5,i7-

Sure, here’s a brief overview of Intel’s Core i3, i5, and i7 processors:

1. Intel Core i3: The Core i3 is a dual-core computer processor, available for
use in both desktop and laptop computers. It is designed with affordable
price points, while still retaining the power of the Intel Core line. Core i3
processors offer a great mix of price and performance. They are often found
in laptops and low-end desktop computers.

2. Intel Core i5: The Core i5 is a computer processor, available as dual-core or

quad-core. It can be used in both desktop and laptop computers. Core i5
processors offer a noticeable step up from Core i3 processors, providing a
balance between cost and performance. They are suitable for moderate
multi-tasking and more challenging tasks such as video editing.

3. Intel Core i7: The Core i7 is a high-end processor in the Intel Core family.
Introduced in 2008, the Core i7 line of microprocessors are intended to be
used by high-end users. It offers extra performance to make those tough
tasks quicker3. You often pay a premium for this, and if you have no
specific need for speed then you may well not need or want to pay the extra.
25.Explain Working principle of LCD.

Ans.

LCDs work on the principle of blocking light1. They do not emit light themselves and use an
external light source1. When the light source passes through the polarizer, an external supply
is given to the liquid crystal (LC)1. The polarized light aligns itself, and an image is created
on the screen1.

Here’s how it works in more detail:

1. Polarized Light: When voltage is applied to an LCD panel, it shines a backlight

through a layer of liquid crystals2. This light is polarized, meaning it vibrates in a
single plane3.
2. Liquid Crystals: The liquid crystals in an LCD are in a state between solid and
liquid3. They can change their orientation when an electric field is applied4. When the
polarized light passes through these liquid crystals, the light’s plane of vibration is
rotated to match the orientation of the crystals3.
3. Color Filters: The light then passes through a layer of color filters, which create the
colored pixels you see on the screen3. Each pixel is made up of sub-pixels that are red,
green, and blue3. By controlling the intensity of light passing through each sub-pixel,
an LCD can create a full spectrum of colors3.
4. Second Polarizer: Finally, the light passes through a second polarizer, which is
oriented at 90 degrees to the first3. If the liquid crystals are in their default orientation,
they twist the light’s plane of vibration by 90 degrees to match the second polarizer,
and light is able to pass through3. If an electric field is applied to the liquid crystals,
they untwist to varying degrees, which changes the angle of the light’s plane of
vibration and causes less light to pass through the second polarizer.

26.What are different features of USB and processor BUS?

Ans.

USB (Universal Serial Bus):

• Plug & Play: USB devices can be connected and disconnected without restarting
the computer.
• Power Supply: USB devices can draw power from a computer or through their
own supply. The power used by a USB device is up to 5V & delivers up to
500mA.
• Speed: The maximum speed of USB 2.0 is up to 480 Mbps.
• Length: An individual USB length can reach up to 40 meters including a hub and
up to five meters without a hub.
• Connectivity: By using a single USB host controller, more than 100 peripherals
can be connected.
• Polarization: The USB connector can only be nominally inserted in one way.
• Contacts: All USB connectors have at least four contacts (some USB models may
have five, USB 3.0 connectors or more), which are used for power, ground and
two data lines (D+ and D-).
 • Shielding: The USB connector is shielded, which is very important to keep the
signal intact in the environment with a lot of electrical “noise”.
• Powerful Power Connection: It is very important for the power pin to establish a
connection before the data line to avoid trying to power the device through the
data line.

Processor Bus:

• Data Bus: The data bus is bi-directional, since the processor reads and writes data.
• Address Bus: The address bus carries addressing signals from the processor to
memory, I/O (or peripherals), and other addressable devices around the processor.
• Control Bus: Control signals move out of the processor, but not into it.
• System Bus: The system bus is an internal bus, intended to connect the processor
with internal hardware devices.
• Front Side Bus: The main (often called front-side) processor bus is the interface
between the processor and the motherboard or chipset.