ASSIGNMENT NO : 1

 Study types of computer and laptops.

Main types of computer

1. Super Computer:

A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of

performance as compared to a general-purpose
computer. The performance of a supercomputer is
commonly measured in floating-point operations per
second. Since 2017, there are supercomputer
which can perform over 10 flops

2. Mainframe Computer

A mainframe computer, informally called a

mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily
by large organizations for critical applications, bulk
data processing.
3. Mini Computer

A small computer that is intermediate between a

microcomputer and a mainframe in size, speed, and
capacity, that can support time-sharing, and that is
often dedicated to a single application.

4. Micro Computer:

Microcomputer, an electronic device with a

microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU).
Microcomputer was formerly a commonly used term
for personal computers, particularly any of a class
of small digital computers whose CPU is contained
on a single integrated semiconductor chip.
Types of Laptops
1. Notebook:

A notebook computer is a battery-or AC-powered

personal computer generally smaller than briefcase
that can easily be transported conveniently used in
temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries,
temporary offices, and at meetings. Notebooks
usually come with displays that use thin-screen
technology.
2. Netbook

A network is a marketing term which was used in

the paste for small and inexpensive laptops;these
were generally low performance.
3. Tablet:

A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is

a mobile device, typically with a mobile operating
system and touchscreen display processing circuitry
and a rechargeable battery in a single, thin and flat
package.
4. Chromebook:

A chromebook is a laptop or tablet running the

Linux-based chrome os as its operating system.
Chromebooks are primarily used to perform a
variety of tasks using the google chrome browser,
with most applications and data residing in the
cloud.
5. Mac Book:

The Macbook is a brand of macintosh laptop

computers designed and marketed by apple Inc.
that use apple’s macOS operating system since
2006.
5. Ultrabook:

Ultrabook is a marketing term, originated and

trademarked by intel, for a category of high-end
laptop computer.
 ASSIGNMENT NO. 2

Q) Study of Mother-Board Components.

1. Mother-Board and its Components:

1. Mouse and Keyboard:

There are two types of keyboard and mouse connectors.
First type is called PS/2 and second one is called USB.
2. PCI slot:
Peripheral Component interconnect is a local computer
bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer and is
part of the PCL Local Bus standardized format that is
independent of any given processor’s native bus.
3. RAM slots:
RAM slots are vertical slots, typically numbering three
or four, which usually are located at the upper right
corner of motherboard.

4. CPU Chip:
An integrated circuit that is the primary processing
components in a computer. The CPU chip stand alone or
be one element in a chip with other circuits.
5. USB:
Universal Serial Bus is an industry standard that
establishes specifications for cables and connectors and
protocols for connection, communication and power
supply between computers, peripherals and other
computers.
6. Parallel port:
a connector for a device that sends for receives several
bits of data simultaneously by using more than one wire.
7. Floppy controller:
A floppy-disk controller (FDC) is a special-purpose chip
and associated disk controller circuitry that directs and
controls reading from and writing to a computer’s floppy
disk drive (FDD).
8. IDE controller:
Integrated Drive Electronics is a standard electronic
interface used between a computer motherboard’s data
paths or bus and the computer’s disk storage devices.

ASSIGNMENT NO: 3
Q. Study of BIOS configuration.

1. What is BIOS configuration?

The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) controls
communication between system devices such as the
disk drive, display, and keyboard….. Each BIOS
version is customized based on the computer model
line’s hardware configuration and includes a built-in
setup utility to access and change certain computer
settings.

2. What is BIOS setup?

 Your computer’s BIOS is the first thing that
loads when you start your computer. It initializes
your hardware before booting an operating system
from your hard drive or another device. Many low-
level system settings are only available in your
BIOS.

3.What does the BIOS setup program allow

you to do?
It keeps track of such things as how much memory
(RAM) is installed, the type of hard drive, whether
or not you have a CD-ROM or DVD drives, plus
other hardware options. The setup program also
keeps track of the time with the computer’s internal
clock as well as other random things.

Assignment no: 4
Q. Study of HDD Components.
 HDD and its Components

1. Disk Platters:
A hard disk drive platter is the circular disk on which
magnetic data is stored in hard disk drive. The rigid
nature of the platters in a hard drive is what gives them
their name.
2. Read heads:
Disk read/write heads are the small parts of a disk drive
which move above the disk platter and transform the
platter’s magnetic field into electrical current or, vice
versa, transform electrical current into magnetic field.

3.Logic board:
Because the logic board often controls the interactions
between the hard drive and the computer, it is often
called a controller board.
4. Spindle Motors:
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) spindle motors are what cause
the disks in HDDs to rotate. The precision of these
motors determine the capacity and speed of HDDs,
making these components critical to HDD performance.
6. Cables and Connectors:
A cable, also known as a cord, plug, or connector
transmits power or data between devices or positions,
which is covered in plastic by one or more wires.
7. Head Actuator mechanism:
The head actuator mechanism includes a suspension for
supporting the suspension and transmitting a driving
force, and an actuator body which supports the support
arm and is driven around a rotational shaft by driving
force of the VCM.
8.Configuration items:
A configuration item (CI) is a component of the
information technology infrastructure library’s (ITIL)
method for change management

ASSIGNMENT NO: 5
Q. Installation of Operating System.

1. How do I install an operating system?

The steps for installing an operating system,

like Linux or Microsoft Windows, depending on the
operating system version you are installing. Each
version has different steps and options that are
unique to that operating system. Also, each
operating system has different requirements for
your computer to be able to run correctly.
On this page, you'll find general steps and
guidelines for installing an operating system on your
computer.

2. Purchase the operating system

First, you need to purchase the operating system
that you want to install on the computer. The best
place to purchase the operating system from is a
retail store, like Best Buy, or through an online
store, like Amazon or Newegg. The operating
system may come on multiple CD or DVD discs, or
it may even come on a USB flash drive.

Downloading a copy of the operating system is

usually the most convenient way to obtain it.
However, be sure you obtain the operating system
from the publisher, like Microsoft. Downloading it
from another source may result in an unusable or
illegal copy of the software.

Install the operating system

To install the computer's operating system using a
CD or DVD, you need to configure your computer
to boot from the CD/DVD drive. You can change
the boot sequence in your BIOS setup, and setting
the CD/DVD drive to be the first boot device. Some
computers may also allow you to access the boot
sequence directly at computer start up, without
entering the BIOS, by pressing a specific key on
the keyboard. The key to press differs for each
computer, but is often the Delete key or one of
the function keys.
 ASSIGNMENT NO: 6

Q. Installation of Printers.

How to Install a Printer

Most printers are easy to set up by following the

manufacturer's instructions and using the installation disc.
The process is a little trickier if you're new to computing
and don't have the CD or instructions any more. This
beginner's guide will show you how to get your printer up
and running.

Use the Manufacturer's Instructions and Installation Disc

Always default to the instructions and use the disc that
came with the printer. If you've lost your printer's manual,
try doing a Google search for the name and model of your
printer (which you can find by looking at your printer) plus
the word "manual" (e.g., "HP Deskjet 3050 manual").
Manuals Online also has a collection of printer
manuals that may help.
 1. Install the cartridges in the printer and add paper to
the tray.
2. Insert installation CD and run the printer set up
application (usually "setup.exe"), which will install the
printer drivers.
3. Connect your printer to the PC using the USB cable
and turn it on.
4. Look in your printers folder on your computer (on
Windows XP, go to "Start" then "Printers and Faxes".
On Vista and WIndows 7, hit the Windows key and
type "printers" into the search box to quickly get to
the Printers section. For Mac, go to System
Preferences and select "Print & Fax".)
5. Print a test page. In Windows, right-click on the
printer and go to "Properties" then click the "Print
Test Page" button. On Mac, click on the "Options &
Supplies" button, then the "Utility" tab and click "Print
Test Page"

Download Printer Drivers from the Manufacturer

If you don't have the CD or DVD from the manufacturer
any more, you'll need to download it from the
manufacturer's website. As with finding the printer manual,
you can do a Google search for the name and model of
your printer plus the word "driver" (e.g., "HP Deskjet 3050
driver").

Here are some links to the driver downloads sections of

major printer manufacturers.

 HP: Select your printer category or type in the name

and model in HP's search box.
 Canon: Click on "Consumer & Home Office" then
"Printers & Multifunction" then your printer series and
 finally "Drivers & Software" beside your printer
model.
 Epson: Choose your printer category then select the
model, or type in the product name in Epson's search
box.

Make sure you download the driver specifically for your

operating system (e.g., Windows XP or Windows 7).

Then follow the instructions above, replacing the part with

the installation CD and using the downloaded driver
instead.

Installing a Printer Shared on Your Network

If you want to add a printer that's connected to another
computer on your network, first make sure the printer is
shared. In Windows, right-click on the printer name in and
select "Sharing..." to get to the option to share the printer.
On Mac, check the "Share this printer on the network"
option in the Print & Fax.

Then, use the "Add a printer" wizard to find the printer on

your network. In Windows, go to the Printers folder (see
step 4 above) and click "Add a printer". In the Add Printer
wizard, click "Add a network, wireless or Bluetooth printer"
and follow the prompts to select and install the printer.

Another way to add the shared printer is to go to the

networked computer in Windows Explorer and right-click
on the printer and select the option to add the printer for
your computer.

On Mac, add a new printer in the Print & Fax section. Click
on the "+" sign beneath the printers list, which will bring up
a window showing available network printers. Choose the
printer from the list, click "Add" and follow the rest of the
wizard to install the printer.
Setting a Printer as the Default Printer
If you have more than one printer, you can set one as the
default by right-clicking on the printer name and choosing
"Set as default printer" in Windows, or in the Print & Fax
settings section on Mac using the "Default printer" drop-
down option. Photo by Kevin Cortopassi.

ASSIGNMENT NO: 7

Q)Study of SMPS.

A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is an electronic

circuit that converts power using switching devices that
are turned on and off at high frequencies, and storage
components such as inductors or capacitors to supply
power when the switching device is in its non-conduction
state.

Switching power supplies have high efficiency and are

widely used in a variety of electronic equipment, including
computers and other sensitive equipment requiring stable
and efficient power supply.

A switched-mode power supply is also known as a switch-

mode power supply or switching-mode power supply.
Switched-mode power supplies are classified according to
the type of input and output voltages. The four major
categories are:

 AC to DC
 DC to DC
 DC to AC
 AC to AC

A basic isolated AC to DC switched-mode power supply

consists of:

 Input rectifier and filter

 Inverter consisting of switching devices such as
MOSFETs
 Transformer
 Output rectifier and filter
 Feedback and control circuit

The input DC supply from a rectifier or battery is fed to

the inverter where it is turned on and off at high
frequencies of between 20 KHz and 200 KHz by the
switching MOSFET or power transistors. The high-
frequency voltage pulses from the inverter are fed to the
transformer primary winding, and the secondary AC
output is rectified and smoothed to produce the required
DC voltages. A feedback circuit monitors the output
voltage and instructs the control circuit to adjust the duty
cycle to maintain the output at the desired level.

There are different circuit configurations known as

topologies, each having unique characteristics, advantages
and modes of operation, which determines how the input
power is transferred to the output.
Most of the commonly used topologies such as flyback,
push-pull, half bridge and full bridge, consist of a
transformer to provide isolation, voltage scaling, and
multiple output voltages. The non-isolated configurations
do not have a transformer and the power conversion is
provided by the inductive energy transfer.

Advantages of switched-mode power supplies:

 Higher efficiency of 68% to 90%

 Regulated and reliable outputs regardless of
variations in input supply voltage
 Small size and lighter
 Flexible technology
 High power density

Disadvantages:

 Generates electromagnetic interference

 Complex circuit design
 Expensive compared to linear supplies

Switched-mode power supplies are used to power a wide

variety of equipment such as computers, sensitive
electronics, battery-operated devices and other equipment
requiring high efficiency.
 Assignment No: 8

Assemble and Disassemble of PC.

Computer Assembly Steps

1. Step 1: Open Case. Remove the back screws. ...

2. Step 2: Mount Motherboard. Screw motherboard
Standoffs into case. ...
3. Step 3: Mount Processor (CPU) ...
4. Step 4: Install CPU Cooler. ...
5. Step 5: Install Power Supply (PSU) ...
6. Step 6: Mount Memory (RAM) ...
7. Step 7: Install Graphics Card. ...
8. Step 8: Mount Storage Drives.

Computer Disassemble Steps

1. Step 1: Unplugging. The first thing you do, is unplug

every cable that's plugged in to your computer. ...
2. Step 2: Outer Shell/Casing. ...
3. Step 3: Outer Shell/Casing (cont.) ...
4. Step 4: System Fan. ...
5. Step 5: CPU Fan. ...
6. Step 6: Power Supply. ...
7. Step 7: CD/DVD Drive[s] ...
8. Step 8: Card Reader.
 ASSIGNMENT NO: 9

Study troubleshooting of computer system.

 How to Troubleshoot a Computer
When your computer misbehaves, it's useful to know how
to troubleshoot problems yourself. That way you won't
have to run to the computer repair store for every issue
that arises. There are a variety of things that could be
going wrong with your computer, but you can usually
track down and fix the problem on your own.
1
Reboot your computer. It may seem like a simple
suggestion, but rebooting your computer will fix many of
the problems you may be having. Press the Power button
or use the Shut Down command to safely turn the
computer off. If the computer is not responding, press
and hold the Power button for about five seconds to force
the computer to power off.

Allow your computer to sit for about thirty seconds
after being turned off before you turn it back on
again.

If your computer isn’t restarting, you may not be
getting any power.[1]

Try to determine what caused the problem you are

having. Think back to when the computer started having
issues. Was a certain program installed, or a change made
to the hardware? Was something suspicious downloaded,
or installed with a program you got? Was there a power
outage and now things aren't working correctly?
Narrowing down the possible cause of the problem will
make it much easier to determine how to proceed.

Check all of the cables. A loose power cable could be

preventing your computer from booting up. A bad surge
protector could be the culprit. Your keyboard or mouse
may have come unplugged. Your monitor cable might
be loose. Checking all of your connections will only take
a moment

Perform a Google search for the problem you're

experiencing. There are countless issues your computer
could be experiencing. Problems can occur with your
programs, operating system, hardware, or network setup.
While it would be impossible to cover every problem in
this article, there's a very good chance that someone else
has had the same problem that you're facing. Searching
Google for possible solutions is often the fastest way to
get your computer working again.
 Be specific with your search. Include the program's
name and your operating system. Search for the
exact error message along with any error codes.
Focus on keywords that describe your problem. Try to
narrow it down to your situation as much as possible.
 Focus on tech forums when browsing through the
search results. You will often find the most in-depth
guides and most useful suggestions from these sites.

.
 ASSIGNMENT NO: 10

Q. Study preventive maintenance of pc using

Tools.

Preventive Maintenance (4.1)

Preventive maintenance can be the key to keeping
computer systems from experiencing serious problems,
such as data loss and hardware failures, and it also helps
systems have a longer life span. In this section, you study
the need for preventive maintenance of a computer
system. Following a good preventive maintenance plan
can keep computer problems from being too troublesome.

PC Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance is the regular and systematic
inspection, cleaning, and replacement of worn parts,
materials, and systems. Effective preventive maintenance
reduces part, material, and system faults and keeps
hardware and software in good working condition.
 Benefits to Preventive Maintenance

Preventive maintenance plans are developed based on at

least two factors:

 Computer location or environment: Dusty

environments, such as construction sites, require
more attention than an office environment.
 Computer use: High-traffic networks, such as a
school network, might require additional scanning
and removal of malicious software and unwanted
files.

Regular preventive maintenance reduces potential

hardware and software problems, computer downtime,
repair costs, and the number of equipment failures. It also
improves data protection, equipment life, and stability and
saves money.

What are the tools used in computer

maintenance?
PC Maintenance Tools
 Simple hand tools for basic disassembly and
reassembly procedures.
 Diagnostics software.
 A multimeter.
 Chemicals (such as contact cleaners), component
freeze sprays, and compressed air for cleaning the
system.
 Foam swabs, or lint-free cotton swabs if foam isn't
available.