TRAINING BOOK -1

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Computer?
2. What is a Computer?
3. History of Computer?
4. What is Hardware?
 Example of Hardware
5. What is Software?
 Types of Software
 Example of the types of Software
6. What is Computer Memory?
 Example of Computer Memory
7. What is Storage?
 Examples of Storage
8. What are the classifications of Computer?
9. What is internet?
10. What is Networking?

 How to use Windows Operating System

 How to check System Configuration on Windows
 Creating files and naming them
 Creating folders and naming them
 Copy, Cut and Paste files and folders
 Introduction of Computer
In this introduction to computer system, we will discuss in detail what is a computer system, history of a
computer, computer hardware, computer software, and other important topics related to the computer
system.

A computer system as three main components: hardware, software and people. The equipment associated
with a computer system is called hardware. Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to
do. People, however, are the most important component of a computer system – people use the power of
the computer for some purpose. In fact, this course will show you that computer can be a tool for just
about anyone from a business person, to an artist, to a housekeeper, to a student – an incredibly powerful
and flexible tool.

A computer system is a digital electronic machine that can program to perform some operations as per the
computer program instructions.

The introduction to computer system includes computer system organization and architecture and its
technical features.

In this computer introduction you will also learn hardware components such as mother board , hard disk
drive ( Disk Memory ), power unit, Central Processing Unit ( CPU ) also referred to as micro-processor,
Random Access Memory ( RAM ), computer buses, cooling fans and other hardware components.

What is a Computer?
Definition of a computer
A Computer system is defined as a digital electronics device that can be programmed to accept some
inputs in terms of data , then process this data as per the program instructions and provide the
Output in the desired format that can be used for some meaningful work.

The computer user interacts with the application software and provides the input data. This data is
processed by the computer system with the help of application software.

The application software in turn interacts with the operating system and the processed data or we can call
program output is then sent to the output device.

The output device could be a monitor, speaker, printer, storage device or any other output device.

Early computers were meant to be used only for calculations. Simple manual instruments like
the Abacus have aided people in doing calculations since ancient times. Early in the Industrial
Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns
for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th
century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The
first semiconductor transistors in the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS
transistor) and monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to
the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the 1970s. The speed, power and versatility of
computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then, with transistor counts increasing at a rapid
pace (as predicted by Moore's law), leading to the Digital Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st
centuries.

History of Computer
Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a
programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented
the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. ... The machine was about a century ahead of
its time.

In 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of
programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time
to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a
curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later.
The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and
loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be
described in modern terms as Turing-complete.

All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand – this was a major problem for a device with
thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to
cease funding. Babbage’s failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to political
and financial difficulties as well as his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to
move ahead faster than anyone else could follow. Nevertheless, his son, Henry Babbage, completed a
simplified version of the analytical engine’s computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful
demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906.
 What is Hardware?
The computer system mainly consists of hardware components and the software components. All the
physical components inside the computer cabinet and the input / output gadgets attached to the computer
are referred as hardware components.

The hardware components inside the computer cabinet are referred as internal components such as
motherboard. The external hardware components attached to the computer system are also referred as
peripheral devices such as keyboard, mouse, and monitor.
Computer Hardware Components.

 Computer cabinet (Casing)

 Power Supply Unit
 Motherboard
 Connection Cables (Buses)
 Hard Disk (Disk Memory)
 Ram Modules
 Sound Card
 Microprocessor (CPU)
 CPU Heat sink
 CPU Cooling fan
 CPU Rom Drive
 Graphics Card
 Computer Monitor (Display)
 Keyboard and Mouse

Example of Hardware
Examples of hardware in a computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and the processing unit
However, most of a computer’s hardware cannot be seen; it’s inside the computer case.

MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) that is mounted inside a computer cabinet. The
motherboard is a junction for connecting some important internal components. The motherboard is the
main printed circuit board (PCB) that is mounted inside a computer cabinet. The motherboard is a
junction for connecting some important internal components.
 MICROPROCESSOR (CPU)
The central processing unit ( CPU ) is also alternately referred to as microprocessor or processor. The
processor provides the processing power to the computer system.

The operating system loads the program instructions and associated data into the main system memory
RAM . The CPU fetches the data and program instructions (machine instructions) from the main memory
RAM .The CPU performs number of vital functions. One of the the main function of the CPU is to
execute the computer program.

The control unit of the CPU is responsible to decode the machine instructions. The control unit decodes
the program instructions as specified in the instruction format.
The CPU executes the computer program by repetitively performing a machine cycle which is a basic
operation of the processor . The machine cycle consist of four steps .

These machine cycle steps are : FETCH, DECODE, EXECUTE, STORE.

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

The computer system makes use of different types of memories. These different types of memories are
organized into the system in order to optimize the CPU performance. The main system memory RAM
(Random Access Memory) modules are mounted inside special RAM slots on the motherboard. Each
motherboard has fixed number of RAM slots.

The maximum permissible RAM size (4 GB, 8GB, 16 GB) supported by the system depends upon the
system configuration and the type operating system (32 Bit OR 64 Bit OS).
  Power Supply Unit
The computer system has a centralized power supply unit that provides electrical power supply to various
internal components. The desktop computer system power system is referred as SMPS which stands
for Switched Mode Power Supply. The SMPS provides different voltage of power supply to different
components through set of electric wires.
 Hard Disk Drive
The Hard Drive (Disk Memory) is the permanent memory (secondary memory) and it is managed by the
operating system. The hard disk is fixed into a specific slot bay present in the system cabinet which holds
the hard drive with the help of screws.

The hard disk is connected to the system using SATA cable for data transfer and the power connection
from SMPS. However, the external hard disk can be connected through any USB port. The hard disk runs
on mechanical parts which consist of number of rotating discs and mechanical head to read and write the
data. This makes it prone for failure after prolonged usage.
 What is Software?
The computer software is a set program instructions designed to perform a specific tasks. A computer
program is written in computer programming language such as C, C++, Java, python and so many other
languages.

The System software is used by the system itself manages and controls the system hardware components.
The operating system communicates with the hardware components through system software.

The system software includes Operating System (OS), device drivers and other system utility programs.
The application software is used by the computer user to perform various tasks on the system. The
commonly used application software includes MS Word, Excel.
 Types of software
 System Software
 Application Software

System Software
The System Software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control and extend the processing
capabilities of the computer system and the other hardware devices connected to the computer system.

The system software is also designed and developed by the computer manufacturer to communicate with
specific hardware components connected to the computer system. For example when we connect a new
device to the system, we need to first install the device driver to operate the device such as camera,
printer, scanner and other such devices. The system software programs are generally written in a low
level programming language such as assembly languag.
 Application Software
The application software provides an interface to the computer user to perform a specific job on the
computer system. For example, writing document, making presentation or managing accounts.

An application can be self-contained, or it can be a group of programs that run the application for the
user. Examples of modern applications include office suites, graphics software, databases and database
management programs, web browsers, word processors, software development tools, image editors and
communication platforms. For example MS Office, accounting software (Tally), engineering drawing
software (AutoCAD) are some of commonly used application software.

Applications on a computer cannot run on their own; they require a computer’s OS, along with other
supporting system software programs, to work.

Example of software
They are two types of software which are System software and Application software and they are few
common examples of both which are:

 Operating System (System software)

Being a prominent example for system software, it is essentially a collection of software which handles
resources as well as offers general services for various other applications which actually run over them.
There are different types of operating systems like embedded, real-time, distributed, single-user, multi-
user, mobile, internet and much more. Full stack web development services develop apps to operate on a
mobile operating system like Android and iOS.

 Multimedia Software (Application software)

This is software which is able to play, create as well as record images, audio or even video files. This
software is utilized for animation, video editing, graphics as well as image editing. Due to the high
demand for such software, every software product development company has vast avenues in developing
them.
 What is Computer Memory?
Memory is a device or system that is used to store information for immediate use in a computer or related
computer hardware and digital electronic devices. The term memory is often synonymous with the term
Primary storage or Main memory. An archaic synonym for memory is store. If needed, contents of the
computer memory can be transferred to storage; a common way of doing this is through a memory
management technique called virtual memory.

Modern memory is implemented as semiconductor memory, where data is stored within memory cells
built from MOS transistors and other components on an integrated circuit. There are two main kinds of
semiconductor memory, volatile and non-volatile. Examples of non-volatile memory are flash
memory and ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM memory. Examples of volatile memory are dynamic
random-access memory (DRAM) used for primary storage, and static random-access memory (SRAM)
used for CPU cache. Most semiconductor memory is organized into memory cells each storing one bit (0
or 1). Flash memory organization includes both one bit per memory cell and multi-level cell capable of
storing multiple bits per cell. The memory cells are grouped into words of fixed word length, for example,
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits. Each word can be accessed by a binary address of N bits, making it
possible to store 2N words in the memory. While semiconductor memory offered improved performance
over magnetic-core memory, it remains larger and more expensive and did not displace magnetic-core
memory until the late 1950s.

Virtual memory
Virtual memory or virtual storage is a memory management technique that provides an "idealized
abstraction of the storage resources that are actually available on a given machine which "creates the
illusion to users of a very large (main) memory".

Example of Computer Memory

 Primary Memory
 Secondary Memory
 Primary Memory
Primary Memory is the main memory of the computer system. Accessing data from primary memory
is faster because it is an internal memory of the computer. The primary memory is most volatile,
meaning data in primary memory does not exist if it is not saved when a power failure occurs.

They are two types of primary memory:

 RAM
 ROM.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Random access memory which is also known as RAM is generally known as a main memory of the
computer system. It is called temporary memory or cache memory. The information stored in this type of
memory is lost when the power supply to the PC or laptop is switched off.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

It stands for Read Only Memory. ROM is a permanent type of memory. Its content is not lost when the
power supply is switched off. The computer manufacturer decides the information of ROM, and it is
permanently stored at the time of manufacturing which can not be overwritten by the user.

Secondary Memory
All secondary storage devices which are capable of storing high volume data is referred to secondary
memory. It’s slower than primary memory. However, it can save a substantial amount of data, in the
range of gigabytes to terabytes. This memory is also called backup storage or mass storage media.

They are five types of secondary memory:

 Hard Drive
 Flash
 Optical Drive
 Magnetic Tapes
 USD Drive
Optical drives
This secondary storage device is from which data is read and written with the help of lasers. Optical disks
can hold data up to 185TB.

Example:

 CD
 DVD
 BLUE RAY

Magnetic tape

It is a serial access storage device which allows us to store a very high volume of data. Usually used for
backups.

Mass storage devices

The magnetic disk provides cheap storage and is used for both small and large computer systems.

Types of magnetic disks

 Floppy disks
 Hard disks
 What is Storage?
Storage is a process through which digital data is saved within a data storage device by means of
computing technology. Storage is a mechanism that enables a computer to retain data, either temporarily
or permanently. Storage devices such as flash drives and hard disks are a fundamental component of most
digital devices since they allow users to preserve all kinds of information such as videos, documents,
pictures and raw data. Storage may also be referred to as computer data storage or electronic data storage.

Example of Storage

 Hard disks
 Flash drives
 Tape drives
 CD-ROM disks
 Cloud drives
 Memory cards

Data size is measured in bits (the smallest unit of measure of computer memory), with larger storage
devices being able to store more data. Storage capabilities have increased significantly in the last few
decades, jumping up from the old 5.25-inch disks of the 1980s which held 360 kilobytes, to the modern
hard drives which can hold several terabytes.
 What is the classification of
Computer?
Computers are classified based on the size, type and capacity of their work, which is called classification
of computers.

Supercomputer
It is a computer that is at the front-line of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. It
is usually used to do tasks involving intense numerical calculations such as weather forecasting, fluid
dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical astrophysics, and complex scientific computations.
Mainframe Computer
It is a computer that is capable of handling and processing very large amounts of data quickly. Its
calculation speed can reach millions to tens of millions instructions per second (MIPS) and it can respond
to hundreds of millions of users at a time.

This computer type is mainly used in large institutions such as government, banks and large corporations.

Minicomputer (Mid-Range Computer)

Minicomputers are a class of multi-user computers that lie in the middle range of the computing
spectrum, in between the smallest mainframe computers and the largest single-user systems
(microcomputers or personal computers). Minicomputers are usually small in scale, simple in structure,
easy to maintain, and low in cost. Therefore, they are often used in universities, scientific research
institutions and industrial control fields.

Microcomputer (Personal Computer)

The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single chip
microprocessors. In the early days, the microcomputers would still have been too expensive to be owned
by a single individual. But in the late 20th century, microcomputers became the most common type of
Computer. Personal computer has developed rapidly because of its small size, convenient use, low
production cost, and low price. PC computing speed can reach hundreds of thousands to millions
instructions per second, which can meet the requirements of data processing and scientific computing in
production, scientific research, and life.

Workstation Computer
A workstation computer is a high-end personal computer between microcomputers and minicomputers. It
is usually equipped with large-capacity memory, external storage, and large-screen displays. Therefore, it
has strong data processing capabilities and graphics processing capabilities. Workstation computers are
designed and developed mainly for professional application fields like engineering design, animation
production, scientific research, software development, financial management, information services,
analog simulation, etc.

Server Computer
A server refers to a high-performance computer that provides shared information resources and various
services for many users on the network at the same time in a network environment.

A server is expected to be capable of high-speed computing, long-term reliable operation (it features
error-correction of RAM; redundant cooling; self-monitoring, RAID), and powerful external data
throughput. The structure of the server is similar to that of an ordinary computer. Many smaller servers
are actually personal computers that have been dedicated to provide services for other computers. But
they are very different in terms of processing power, stability, reliability, security, scalability, and
manageability.

According to the services provided, server computers can be subdivided into database server, file server,
Web server, FTP server, etc.

What is a Laptop?
A laptop is a portable computer with a clamshell; on one side, the alphabetic keyboard faces the lower
side opposite the screen. It has an LCD or LED screen, and the clamshell opened up to use a PC. It is
easily folded for traveling, and thus it is suitable for mobile use.

It includes all the desktop computer capabilities, counting display screen, speakers, keyboard, and data
storage, disc drive with an operating system, and memory into a single unit. Today modern computers
also have webcams and microphones.

What is a Tab?
A tablet computer is a mobile device with a mobile operating device and a touch screen display with a
rechargeable battery. It lacks some input and output abilities which other computer have. The modern
tablet has features of a smartphone which may not support cellular data network.

A tablet is a much lesser weight than a laptop, and while some tablets also provide fold-out keyboards,
others like Motorola Xoom and Apple iPad only offer touch screen input. In modern times tablets are
designed in a way so that it supports human fingers for work, unlike the earlier time that the user has to
use light pens.

What is Internet?
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the Internet, people
can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection. The Internet
provides a capability so powerful and general that it can be used for almost any purpose that depends on
information, and it is accessible by every individual who connects to one of its constituent networks. It
supports human communication via social media, electronic mail (e-mail), “chat rooms,” newsgroups,
and audio and video transmission and allows people to work collaboratively at many different locations.
It supports access to digital information by many applications, including the World Wide Web. The
Internet has proved to be a spawning ground for a large and growing number of “e-businesses” (including
subsidiaries of traditional “brick-and-mortar” companies) that carry out most of their sales and services
over the Internet.

What is networking?
A computer networking is a process of connecting two more than two computers with the purpose to
share data, provide technical support, and to communicate (especially for the business purpose.
Internet is the technology that is used to connect different computer systems (located in different
geographic location). Networking technology has revolutionized the world and created a new arena for
the overall development of every nation.

Types of Network
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network (LAN)

Local Area Network or simply LAN is the technique of interconnecting a few computers located in a
given premise. It is normally used for a single business office or a residential apartment. The major
purpose of such interconnectivity is to establish a communication system in order to make the work
easier.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Metropolitan Area Network or simply MAN is a system of network that normally covers a large
metropolitan area (city part). It provides high speed Internet services throughout the area covered within
the network.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Network or simply WAN is a system of network that covers a large geographical area across
the world. The services of WAN are provided by public (government) agencies as well as private
agencies.

The network also provides the facility to access databases located remotely.

How to use windows operating system

Windows operating system is the most powerful operating system that Microsoft has ever made, but it's
also the most complex. While the user interface is extremely intuitive, you'll have to dig a little deeper to
customize your experience, get maximum performance and make the most of features such as the Cortana
voice assistant, Edge browser and multiple desktops. Windows makes it possible to complete all types
of everyday tasks on your computer. For example, you can use Windows to browse the Internet, check
your email, edit digital photos, listen to music, play games, and do much more.
Windows is also used in many offices because it gives you access to productivity tools such as calendars,
word processors, and spreadsheets.
How to check system configuration on
windows
For window 10
To check your PC hardware specs, click on the Windows Start button, and then click on Settings (the gear
icon). In the Settings menu, click on System. Scroll down and click on about. On this screen, you should
see specs for your processor, Memory (RAM), and other system info, including Windows version.
 Creating files and naming them

Open File Explorer 

Click the File Explorer app icon, which resembles a yellow-and-blue folder, in the taskbar at the bottom
of the screen.

 You can also press ⊞  Win + E  to open the File Explorer.
Go to the folder in which you want to create the file. On the left side of the File Explorer window,
click the folder in which you want to make your computer file.
Click the Home tab. It’s in the top-left side of the File Explorer window. A toolbar will drop down from
the top of the File Explorer window.

You can also just right-click a blank space in the window to prompt a drop-down menu.
Click new item. This is in the “New” section of the toolbar. A drop-down menu will appear.

If you’re using the right-click menu, select New in the drop-down menu to prompt a pop-out menu.
Select a file type. In the drop-down menu, click the type of file you want to create. Doing so will prompt
the file to appear in your selected folder with its name highlighted.
Right click then stroll down to rename.

Enter a name for the file. While the file’s name is highlighted, type in whatever you want to name the file.
Press ↵  Enter . Doing so saves your file's name and creates the file in your selected location.

 You can double-click the file to open it.

Creating folders and naming them

To create a folder, right-click, then select New>Folder
In Windows 7, there is a new folder button near the top of the window. In Windows 10, you can also click
the Home tab, then the New Folder button.
Right Click
 Copy, cut and paste file and folders
Cutting, copying, and pasting are basic file-management commands. You can cut, copy, and paste files
and folders (and other things) in Windows.

 Select the item to cut or copy: a few words, a file, a Web address, or any other item.
 Right-click your selection and choose Cut or Copy from the menu that appears, depending on
your needs.

Use Cut when you want to move something. Use Copy when you want to duplicate something,
leaving the original intact. Keyboard shortcut: Hold down Ctrl and press X to cut or C to copy.

 Right-click the item’s destination and choose Paste.

You can right-click inside a document, folder, or nearly any other place. Keyboard shortcut: Hold
down Ctrl and press V to paste.