Module 1: Pre-Calculus Concepts

Unit 2 Trigonometry

Introduction

Trigonometry – derived from two Greek words trigonon (triangle) and metria (measurement)

Branch of mathematics which deals with measurement of triangles (i.e., their sides and angles), or more
specifically, with the indirect measurement of line segments and angles.

2.1 Angle

An angle is the intersection of two rays meeting at a common point. The point where the rays intersect is
called the vertex of the angle. The two rays are called the sides of the angle.

An angle is formed by one ray rotating about a fixed point on another ray that is stationary. The fixed
point is the vertex of the angle, the stationary ray is the initial side of the angle, and the revolving ray is the
terminal side.

We shall use the symbol  to denote an angle, while the Greek letters such as  (theta),  (alpha), 
(beta), and  (gamma) shall represent the name of the angle.

Angles formed by a counterclockwise rotation are considered positive angles, and angles formed by a
clockwise rotation are considered negative angles.
An angle is said to be in standard position if its initial side is along the positive x-axis and its vertex is
at the origin.
The measure of an angle is determined by the amount of rotation of the initial side.

2..1.1 Units of Angle Measurements

A. Degree
There are several ways of measuring angles. One of the oldest and most widely used methods is to divide one
revolution into 360 parts; each part is then called one degree (1). Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts
called minutes, and each minute is divided into 60 equal parts called seconds.
1 revolution = 360
1 = 60
1 = 60

B. Radian
Radian is a measure of the central angle subtended by an arc s whose length is equal to the radius r of
the circle. It is denoted by rad.
Angle in full rotation = 2 = 3600
 = 1800
Radian – Degree Conversion
1800
• To convert radians to degrees, multiply by 𝜋
𝜋
• To convert degrees to radians, multiply by 1800

Example 1 Convert -1200 to exact radian measure.

Solution:
𝜋 2𝜋
−1200 (1800 ) = − 3
 5𝜋
Example 2 Convert to exact degree measure.
8
Solution:
5𝜋 1800
( ) = 112.50 𝑜𝑟 1120 30′
8 𝜋

2.1.2 Kinds of Angles

Here are some examples of angles and their degree measurements.

Name Angle Measure Example

Acute Angle Between 0 and 90

Right Angle Exactly 90

Obtuse Angle Between 90 and 180

Straight Angle Exactly 180

Greater than 180 but less than

Reflex Angle
360

Complementary Angles
 +  = 90
, 

Supplementary Angles
 +  = 180
, 

Example 1 Find the complement of 54032’45’’.

Solution:
Complement = 900 – 54032’45’’ = 89059’60’’ – 54032’45’’ = 35027’15’’

Example 2 Determine the supplement of the complement of 520.

Solution:
Supplement = 1800 – (900 – 520) = 1800 – 380 = 1420

2.2 Triangles

A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three interior angles. The sum of the interior angles of a
triangle is 1800.

A + B + C = 1800
2.2.1 Classification of Triangles

A. According to the length of its sides

1. Scalene – no sides are equal
2. Isosceles – two sides are equal
3. Equilateral – three sides are equal

B. According to the measure of its angles

1. Right triangle – with one right angle
2. Oblique triangle – with no right angle
a. Acute triangle – with all angles acute
b. Obtuse triangle – with one obtuse angle

2.3 Trigonometry of Right Triangles

hypotenuse hypotenuse
Opposite  Adjacent
side side

Adjacent Opposite
side side

Let θ be an acute angle of a right triangle. The values of the six trigonometric functions of θ are:
length of opposite side
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
length of hypotenuse
length of opposite side
tangent of 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
length of adjacent side
length of hypotenuse
secant of 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
length of adjacent side
length of adjacent side
cosine 𝑜𝑓 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 =
length of hypotenuse
length of adjacent side
cotangent of θ = cot 𝜃 =
length of opposite side
length of hypotenuse
cosecant of 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
length of opposite side

2.3.1 Reciprocal Functions

From the above definitions, the reciprocal functions are given below:
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

2.3.2 Pythagorean Theorem

The Pythagorean Theorem states that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
the other two sides. Referring to the right triangle below, then
c2 = a2 + b2
The Pythagorean Theorem is used to find the side of a right triangle.
Example Find the length of the side of the given right triangle below and write down the six trigonometric
functions of A and B.

Solution:
From the figure b = 12 and c = 13. To solve for a, using Pythagorean theorem we have
c2 = a2 + b2
a2 = c2 – b2
𝑎 = √132 − 122 = √25 = 5
The six trigonometric functions of A and B are:
5 12
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 13 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 13
12 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 13 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 13
5 12
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 =
12 5
13 13
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝐴 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝐵 = 12
5
13 13
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 = 12 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐵 = 5
12 5
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 = 12
5

2.3.3 Relationships Among the Trigonometric Ratios

A. Cofunction Relationship
sin  = cos(90 −  )
cos = sin( 90 −  )
tan  = cot(90 −  )
cot = tan(90 −  )
sec = csc(90 −  )
csc = sec(90 −  )

Example Find an angle  that makes each of the statements true.

(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 3𝜃 − 14°)
Solution:
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 3𝜃 − 14°)
𝜃 = 900 − (3𝜃 − 140 )
(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 45° + 3𝜃)
900 − 2𝜃 = 450 + 3𝜃
(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 45° + 3𝜃)
↔ 𝜃 = 900 − 3𝜃 + 140
↔ 4𝜃 = 1040 → 𝜃 = 260
↔ 900 − 450 = 3𝜃 + 2𝜃
↔ 450 = 5𝜃 → 𝜃 = 90

B. Reciprocal Relationships
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = 1

C. Pythagorean Relationships
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝟏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃

D. Quotient Relationships
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2.3.4 Trigonometric Functions of Special Angles 300, 450, and 600

To find the functions of 450, construct an isosceles right triangle with each leg equal to 1, that is a = 1
and b = 1. By Pythagorean Theorem, the hypotenuse c = √2 .
1 √2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 50 = =
√2 2
1 √2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 50 = =
√2 2 0
1 2 45
0
𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 5 = = 1 1
1
1 0
𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 50 = = 1
1 45
√2 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 50 = = √2
1
√2
𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 50 = = √2
1

To find the functions of 300 and 600, take an equilateral of side 2 and draw the bisector of one of the
angles. This bisector divides the triangle into two congruent right triangles whose angles are 300 and 600. By
Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the altitude is √3.

0
30
2 √3
0
60

1 1
1 √3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 = sin 600 =
2 2
√3 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 300 = cos 600 =
2 2
1 √3 √3
𝑡𝑎𝑛 300 = = tan 600 = = √3
√3 3 1
√3 1 √3
𝑐𝑜𝑡 300 = = √3 cot 600 = =
1 √3 3
2 2√3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 300 = = sec 600 = 2
√3 3
2√3
𝑐𝑠𝑐 300 = 2 csc 600 =
3

Example Find the exact value of each expression.

(a) cos (π/4) tan (π/6) + 2 tan (π/3) (b) cot2450 + tan2600 – sin2450
Solution:
(a) cos (π/4) tan (π/6) + 2 tan (π/3) = (cos450)(tan300) + 2tan600
√2 √3 √6 √6+12√3
= ( 2 ) ( 3 ) + 2(√3) = + 2√3 =
6 6
2 1 2 1 7
(b) cot2450 + tan2600 – sin2450 = (1)2 + (√3) − ( ) = 1 + 3 − 2 = 2
√2

2.3.5 Applications of Right Triangle

2.3.5.1 Angle of Elevation and Depression

The angle of elevation of an object which is above the eye of an observer is the angle which the line of
sight to the object makes with the horizontal. If the object is below the eye of the observer, the angle which the
line of sight makes with the horizontal is the angle of depression of the object.
Example 1 From the top of a 150 ft lighthouse, the angle of depression of a boat at sea is 57º. Find the
horizontal distance from the boat to the base of the lighthouse (www.mathbitsnotebook.com).
Solution:
From the figure below,

570

150 ft

𝑥 = ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
0 150 150
𝑡𝑎𝑛57 = 𝑥
↔ 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛570 = 97.41 ft

Example 2 Ryan bought a new shop and wants to order a new sign for the roof of the building. From
point P, he finds the angle of elevation of the roof, from ground level, to be 31º and the angle of elevation of the
top of the sign to be 42º. If point P is 24 feet from the building, how tall is the sign?
(www.mathbitsnotebook.com)
Solution:
From the figure below,

ℎ
𝑡𝑎𝑛420 = 24 ↔ ℎ = 24𝑡𝑎𝑛420
ℎ−𝑦
Also, 𝑡𝑎𝑛310 = ↔ ℎ − 𝑦 = 24𝑡𝑎𝑛310
24
↔ 24𝑡𝑎𝑛420 − 𝑦 = 24𝑡𝑎𝑛310
↔ 𝑦 = 24(𝑡𝑎𝑛420 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛310 ) → y = 7.2 ft

2.3.5.2 Bearing and Course

In navigation and surveying problems, there are two commonly used methods for specifying direction.
The angular direction in which the craft is pointed is called the heading. Heading is expressed in terms of an
angle measured clockwise from north.
The angular direction used to locate one object in relation to another object is called the bearing.
Bearing is expressed in terms of the acute angle formed by a north-south line and the line of direction.
Course readings of 750, 1500 and 3150 are illustrated below with their corresponding bearing readings:

Example The bearing from Puerto Princesa to Naga is N 440 E. The bearing from Naga to Zamboanga is
S 460 E. A small plane traveling 65 miles per hour, takes 1 hour to go from Puerto Princesa to Naga and 2 hours
to go from Naga to Zamboanga. Find the distance from Puerto Princesa to Zamboanga.
Solution:

Zamboanga

460

130 mi

Naga

65 mi
0
44
Puerto Princesa

As can be seen from the figure, the path from Puerto Princesa to Naga and the path from Naga to
Zamboanga form a right angle at Naga. If we represent d as distance between Puerto Princesa and Zamboanga
then by Pythagorean Theorem, we have 𝑑 = √652 + 1302 = 65√5 or approximately 145.3 miles.

2.4 Trigonometric Functions of Angles

2.4.1 Coordinate Plane

The coordinate axes divide the plane into four parts called quadrants. For any given angle in standard
position, the measurement boundaries for each quadrant are summarized as follows:
2.4.2 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle

Let P(x, y) be any point, except the origin, on the terminal side of an angle θ in standard position. Let
r = d(O, P), the distance from the origin to P. The six trigonometric functions of θ are:
y

𝑦 𝑟
P(x, y) sin 𝜃 = csc θ = 𝑦 , 𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑟
𝑥 𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = , 𝑥 ≠ 0
r 𝑟 𝑥
y 𝑦 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = , x ≠ 0 cot 𝜃 = , 𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑦
 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

x
x O

The sign of a trigonometric depends on the quadrant in which the terminal side of the angle lies.

2.4.2.1 Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles

A quadrantal angle is an angle whose terminal side coincides with the x- or y-axis. The value of a
trigonometric function of a quadrantal angle can be found by choosing any point on the terminal side of the
angle and then applying the definition of that trigonometric function. See the table below for the values of
trigonometric functions of these quadrantal angles.

Table of Values of Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles

𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
00 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined
900 1 0 undefined 1 undefined 0
1800 0 -1 0 undefined -1 undefined
2700 -1 0 undefined -1 undefined 0

2.4.2.2 Reference Angle

The reference angle is the acute angle that the given angle in standard position makes with the x-axis.
In other words, the reference angle measures the closest distance of that terminal side of the given angle to the
x-axis.
Example 1 Determine the reference angle for the given angle.
(a) 2310 (b) 14060
Solution:
(a) This angle terminates at the third quadrant, hence the reference angle = 2310 – 1800 = 510
(b) This angle terminates at the fourth quadrant coinciding with the terminal sides of 3260. Hence, the
reference angle = 3600 – 3260 = 340

Example 2 Find the exact value of the six trigonometric functions of 4950.
Solution:
The given angle terminates at the same terminal side of 1350, hence its reference angle = 1800 – 1350 =
450. Taking now the trigonometric functions of 450 at the second quadrant we have,
√2 √2
sin 4950 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 50 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 50 = = √2
2 1
√2
𝑐𝑜𝑠4950 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 50 = − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐4950 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 50 = −√2
tan 4950 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 50 = −1 𝑐𝑜𝑡4950 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 50 = −1

2.4.3 Circular Functions

A circle with center at the origin and radius 1 is called a unit circle. The equation of the unit circle is x2 + y2 = 1.
Suppose the terminal side of angle , in standard position, intersects the unit circle point (x,y) as shown below.

Because the radius of the unit circle is 1, the distance from the origin to the point (x,y) is 1. By the definition for
the trigonometric functions of any angle we have
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑟 = 1 = 𝑥 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 = 1 = 𝑦
The length of the arc from (1,0) to (x,y) is exactly the same radian measure of angle . Therefore, we can write
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑦

These results give rise to a third definition for the trigonometric functions.

If (x,y) is any point on the unit circle, and t is the distance from (1,0) to (x,y) along the circumference of the unit
circle, then

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑦 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑡 = 𝑦 , 𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑦 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 cot𝑡 = 𝑦 , 𝑦 ≠ 0

Thus, from these definitions, we have P(x,y) = P(cost, sint). Figure below shows the corresponding coordinates
of points in the unit circle.
2.5 Trigonometric Identities
An equation involving a variable is called an identity if equality holds for every value of the variable for
which all terms in the equation are defined.

Tips in proving identities:

1. Start with the more complicated side of the identity and transform it into the simpler one.
2. Try using basic or other known identities.
3. Try algebraic operations such as multiplying, factoring, combining fractions, or splitting fractions.
4. If other steps fail, try expressing each function in terms of sine and cosine functions; then perform
appropriate algebraic operations.
5. At each step, keep the other side of the identity in mind. This often reveals what you should do in order
to get there.

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Example 1 Simplify the expression 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
+ = (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+1+2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
= (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃)+1+2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1+1+2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2+2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
= (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
+ = 2𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Example 2 Prove each of the following identities:

sin  + cos sin  sin 3  + cos3 
(a) = (b) = 1 − sin  cos
sec + csc sec sin  + cos
Proof:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(a) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃+𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 = 1 1
+
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∴ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃+𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃)

(b) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃
∴ = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

2.5.1 Negative Angle Identities

sin(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 csc(−𝜃) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 sec(−𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
tan(−𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 cot(−𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

2.5.2 Addition Formulas

Sin (A ± B) = sin A cosB ± cos A sin B
Cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A ± tan B
Tan(A ± B) =
1  tan A tan B
Example 1 Determine the exact value by expressing the given angle in terms of the sum or difference of two
special angles.
(a) cos 15 (b) cot 105

Solution:
(a) cos150 = cos(600 – 450) = cos600cos450 + sin600sin450
1 √2 √3 √2 √2+√6
= (2) ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) ( 2 ) = 4
1 1 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛450 𝑡𝑎𝑛602 1−√3
(b) cot1050 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛1050 = tan (450+600) = = 1+√3 = −2 + √3
𝑡𝑎𝑛450 +𝑡𝑎𝑛602

Example 2 Evaluate without using calculator.

tan 15 − tan 75
(a) sin 12 cos 33 + cos 12 sin 33 (b)
1 + tan 15 tan 75
Solution:
√2
(a) sin 12 cos 33 + cos 12 sin 33 = sin(120 + 330) = sin450 = 2
tan 15 − tan 75 √3
(b) = tan(150 – 750) = tan(-600) = -tan600 = − 2
1 + tan 15 tan 75
3 5
Example 3 Find sin (A + B) and cos(A - B) if 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 5 , A in QII and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = − 13 , B in QIII
Solution:
3 4 12 5
Since A is in QII, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 5 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = − 5. Also, since B is in QIII, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = − 13 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = − 13

3 −5 4 12 −15+48 33
sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB = (5) ( 13 ) + (− 5) (− 13) = = 65
65
4 −5 3 12 20−36 16
cos(A – B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB = (− 5) ( 13 ) + (5) (− 13) = = − 65
65

2.5.2 Double Angle and Half-Angle Formulas

A. Double Angle Formulas
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
= 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
B. Half-Angle Formulas
𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜃 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = ±√ ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = ±√ ; 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
7 𝜃
Example 1 If 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − 25 , 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝐼𝐼𝐼, find (a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 and (b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2.
Solution:
7 24
(a) Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − 25, 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝐼𝐼𝐼, then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − 25.
7 24 336
So, 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 (− ) (− ) =
25 25 625
0 0 0 𝜃 0
(b) If 180 < 𝜃 < 270 then 90 < < 135 .
2
24
𝜃 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1+(− ) √2
So, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = −√ = −√ 25
= − 10
2 2
 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Example 2 Prove that − = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Proof:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
− = −
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
 − = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

2.5.3 Product-Sum Formulas

A. Product to Sum Formulas:
1
sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 = [sin(𝑢 + 𝑣) + sin (𝑢 − 𝑣)]
2
1
cos 𝑢 sin 𝑣 = [sin(𝑢 + 𝑣) − sin (𝑢 − 𝑣)]
2
1
cos 𝑢 cos 𝑣 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑢 + 𝑣) + cos (𝑢 − 𝑣)]
2
1
sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑢 − 𝑣) − cos (𝑢 + 𝑣)]
2

B. Sum to Product Formulas:

𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
sin 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 2 cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
cos 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
cos 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2

Example 1 Express sin3xsin5x as a sum of trigonometric expressions.

Solution:
1 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 = [cos(3𝑥 − 5𝑥) − cos (3𝑥 + 5𝑥)] = [cos(−2𝑥) − cos (8𝑥)] = (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝑥)
2 2 2

𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Example 2 Prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
3𝑥+𝑥 3𝑥−𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠( )𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2 2
Proof: 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 3𝑥+𝑥 3𝑥−𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠( )𝑐𝑜𝑠( )
2 2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

2.6 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions

2.6.1 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Function

Recall that the sine and cosine functions relate real nuber values to the x- and y-coordinates of a point on the
unit circle. Hence, to graph the sine function on the coordinate plane, create a table of values and use these to
skecth the graph.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
x 0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
1 √3 √3 1 1 √3 −1 √3 1
y=sinx 0 1 0 − − − − 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Properties of the Sine Function
1. Domain: all real numbers
2. Range: [–1,1]
3. Zeroes of the function: sin x = 0 where x = k, k is an integer
𝜋
4. Extreme maximum when sinx = 1 where x = + 2𝜋𝑘, k is an integer
2
3𝜋
Extreme minimum when sinx = –1 where x = + 2𝜋𝑘, k is an integer
2
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Amplitude = = 1
2
5. Parity of the Sine Function
Parity: A function that change sign but not absolute value when the sign of the independent variable is
changed is odd function, that is,
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
Such a function is symmetric with respect to the origin.
For the sine function, f(x) = sinx
𝑓(−𝑥) = sin(−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
Hence, the sine is an odd function.
6. Periodicity of the Sine Function
A function f(x) that repeats its values for all integral multiples of a constant p added to the independent
variable, is called periodic function with period p. That is,
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑛𝑝); 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
For the sine function holds the identity
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = sin(𝑥 + 2𝜋𝑘) , 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Hence, sine is periodic with a period of 2.

The graph of y = sinx is given below:

For the cosine function, again we create a table and use these values to skecth the graph.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
x 0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
√3 1 1 √3 √3 1 1 √3
y=cosx 1 0 − − −1 − − 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Properties of the Cosine Function
1. Domain: all real numbers
2. Range: [–1,1]
𝜋
3. Zeroes of the function: cosx = 0 where x = 2 + 2𝜋𝑘, k is an integer
4. Extreme maximum when cosx = 1 where x = 2𝜋𝑘, k is an integer
Extreme minimum when cosx = –1 where x = (2𝑘 + 1)𝑘, k is an integer
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Amplitude = = 1
2
5. Parity of the Cosine Function
Parity: A function that does not change sign value when the sign of the independent variable is changed
is an even function, that is,
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Such a function is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
For the sine function, f(x) = cosx
𝑓(−𝑥) = cos (−𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Hence, the cosine is an even function.
6. Periodicity of the Cosine Function
For the cosine function holds the identity
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = cos(𝑥 + 2𝜋𝑘) , 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Hence, cosine is periodic with a period of 2.

The graph of y = cosx is given below.

2.6.2 Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions

For the graph of tangent function,

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋5𝜋 7𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
11𝜋
x 0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 63
√3 undefined −√3 − √3 √3
y=tanx 0 √3 0 √3 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 −√3 − √3 0
3 3 3 3
Properties of the Tangent Function
1. Domain: From the definition of tangent, tanx = sinx/cosx, follows that all real numbers belong to the
domain of tangent function except the zeroes of the cosine function.
2. Range: All real numbers
3. Zeroes of the function: tanx = 0 where x = 𝜋𝑘, k is an integer
4. Parity of the Tangent Function
The tangent function is an odd function since 𝑓(−𝑥) = tan(−𝑥) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
5. Periodicity of the Tangent Function
For the tangent function holds the identity
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = tan(𝑥 + 𝜋𝑘) , 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Hence, tangent is periodic with a period of .

The graph of y = tanx is given below.

For the graph of cotangent function,

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
x 0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
√3 √3 √3 √3
y=cotx undefined √3 0 − −√3 undefined √3 0 − −√3 undefined
3 3 3 3
Properties of the Cotangent Function
1. Domain: From the definition of cotangent, cotx = cosx/sinx, follows that all real numbers belong to the
domain of cotangent function except the zeroes of the sine function.
2. Range: All real numbers
𝜋
3. Zeroes of the function: cotx = 0 where x = 2 + 2𝜋𝑘, k is an integer.
4. Parity of the Cotangent Function
The cotangent function is an odd function since 𝑓(−𝑥) = cot (−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
5. Periodicity of the Tangent Function
For the cotangent function holds the identity
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = cot(𝑥 + 𝜋𝑘) , 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Hence, cotangent is periodic with a period of .

The graph of y = cotx is given below.

2.6.3 Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions

For the secant function,

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
x 0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
2√3 2√3 2√3 2√3
y=secx 1 2 undefined −2 − −1 − −2 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 2 1
3 3 3 3

Properties of the Secant Function

1. Domain: From the definition of secant, secx = 1/cosx, follows that all real numbers belong to the domain
of cotangent function except the zeroes of the cosine function.
2. Range: 𝑦 ≥ 1 or 𝑦 ≤ −1
3. Parity of the Secant Function
The secant function is an even function since 𝑓(−𝑥) = sec(−𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
4. Periodicity of the Secant Function
For the secant function holds the identity
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = sec(𝑥 + 2𝜋𝑘) , 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
 Hence, secant is periodic with a period of 2.

The graph of y = secx is given below.

For the cosecant function,

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
x 0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
2√3 2√3 2√3 2√3
y=cscx undefined 2 1 2 undefined −2 − −1 − −2 undefined
3 3 3 3

Properties of the Cosecant Function

1. Domain: From the definition of cosecant, cscx = 1/sinx, follows that all real numbers belong to the
domain of cosecant function except the zeroes of the sine function.
2. Range: 𝑦 ≥ 1 or 𝑦 ≤ −1
3. Parity of the Cosecant Function
The secant function is an odd function since 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐(−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
4. Periodicity of the Cosecant Function
For the cosecant function holds the identity
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = csc(𝑥 + 2𝜋𝑘) , 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Hence, cosecant is periodic with a period of 2.

The graph of y = cscx is given below.

2.6.4 The Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)

2.6.4.1 Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is obtained by multiplying each function value sinx by the constant a. If 0 < a < 1,
then the function value decreases, but if a > 1, the function value increases. However, if a < 0, each point of the
graph should at the same time be flipped around the x-axis. The parameter a is called the amplitude.
2.6.4.2 Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙

The parameter b indicates the number of times the function repeats itself within a period of 2. Since there are b
2𝜋
periods of the given function in 2, then the length of its period P = 𝑏 .

2.6.4.3 Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙+c)

The parameter c represents the value of translation of the sine function in the direction of the x-axis. That is,
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 → 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) = sin (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
The parameter c is called the horizontal shift.

𝜋
Figure below shows the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 6 )

2.6.4.4 Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)

2𝜋 𝑐
This function has an amplitude of a, period of P = , and horizontal shift at − 𝑏. For instance, consider
𝑏
3 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑐
the graph of 𝑦 = 2 sin (2𝑥 + 3 ). It has 3/2 as amplitude, period of = = 𝜋, and horizontal shift − 𝑏 =
𝑏 2
𝜋⁄ 𝜋
− 23 = −6
2.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

If 𝑓 is a one-to-one function with domain A and range B, then its inverse 𝑓 −1 is the function with
domain B and range A defined by
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑦 ↔ 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥
For a function to have an inverse, it must be one-to-one. Since the trigonometric functions are not one-to-one,
they do not have inverses. However, it is possible to restrict the domains of the trigonometric functions in such
a way the resulting functions are one-to-one.

The Inverse Sine

𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦, where −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2

The Inverse Cosine

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦, where −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋

The Inverse Tangent

𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦, where −∞ ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞ and − 2 < 𝑦 < 2
The Inverse Cotangent

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦, where −∞ ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞ and 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋.

The Inverse Secant

𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦, where 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 𝑥 ≥ 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋, 𝑦 ≠ 2
The Inverse Cosecant
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑦, where 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 𝑥 ≥ 1 and − ≤ 𝑦 ≤ , 𝑦 ≠ 0
2 2

Identities of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥) = csc (𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = cos (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = sec (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = tan(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = cot(𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥
1 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥)
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) , 𝑥 > 0 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − 𝜋, 𝑥 < 0
𝑥 𝑥

Example 1 Find the exact value of each function.

−1 5𝜋 2𝜋
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 ) (b) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 )
Solution:
5𝜋 5𝜋
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 ) = 6
2𝜋 1 1
(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (−2) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− 2) − 𝜋 =−𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) − 𝜋
3

3 5
Example 2 Determine the exact value of tan ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 13)
Solution:
3 3
Let 𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5 ↔ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 5
5 5
Also, let 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 13 ↔ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 13
3 5 3 5 7
Then tan ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 13) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽 = 4 + 12 = 6