ENGG MATH 1 – Precalculus

TRIGONOMETRY 2 radians = 360

LESSON FIVE:
 radians = 180
I. TRIGONOMETRY
1. Review of Trigonometric – Concerned with the measurement of the parts of a
Functions and Inverse triangle. Other conversion: Radian, Degree, and Mil Measure
Trigonometric Functions – It is the study of triangles applying the relations 1 rev = 2 radians
2. Solutions of Right Triangle between the sides and the angles. The term “trigonometry”
180 =  radians
comes from the Greek words “trigonon” which means
OBJECTIVES:
“triangle” and “metria” meaning “measurements”. 90 = 1600 mils
At the end of the lesson, the 1 radian = 1018.60 mils
student should be able to:
KINDS OF TRIANGLE: 1 mil = 3.375 minutes
TLO 5: Analyze and solve
problems involving right A. According to angles 1 = 17.778 mils
triangles Right triangle – a triangle with a right angle (90)
Oblique triangle – a triangle with no right angle. Note: An angle of one radian is a central angle subtended by an arc equal in length to the radius
References: Obtuse triangle – a triangle with an obtuse angle (more of the circle.
- Plane Trigonometry, than 90 but less than 180).
Panopio and Ymas Acute triangle – a triangle with all three angles acute (more
Exercise 1:
- Plane Trigonometry, Paul than 0 but less than 90)
Ryder A. Convert the following angles to radian measure.
B. According to sides 1. 450 2. 2932’14” 3. –13220’
1. Scalene triangle – a triangle with no sides equal. 4. 540 5. 210 6. 72210’
2. Isosceles triangle – a triangle with two sides
equal.
B. Convert the following angles into degree measure.
3. Equilateral triangle – a triangle with three sides
equal. 1. 5 2. 3 3. 2.812r
3 2
4. 7 5. 8
 
Important properties of a triangle: 6 12
1. The sum of the two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side and their
difference is less than the third side. THE RIGHT TRIANGLE
2. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides and the bisectors of the angles of a triangle, In dealing with any right triangle, it will be convenient to denote the angles and vertices
meet in points which are the center of the circumscribed circle and the inscribed as A, B, C (with C as the right angle) and sides opposite the angles as a, b, c respectively.
circle, respectively.
3. The altitude of a triangle meet in a point.
4. The medians of a triangle are concurrent at a point which is 2/3 of the distance of the
distance from any vertex to the midpoint of the opposite sides. A + B = 90
5. The sum of the 3 angles of any given triangle is 180.
C = 90
Angle – the geometric figure formed by a pair of line segments meeting at a common point called
the vertex. It is generated by one ray revolving about a fixed point on a stationary ray. T A + B + C = 180
stationary ray is called the initial side and the revolving ray, the terminal side.
Size of an angle – may be expressed in two ways: From the figure, c is the hypotenuse; a, b are the sides or legs;
A. Degree – an angle formed by half-line rotated about its end point 1/360 of a A, B are the acute angles and C is the right angle
complete rotation.
1 rotation = 360 degrees ()
Pythagorean Theorem – the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
1 degree = 60 minutes (‘)
of the two legs.
1 minute = 60 seconds (“)
B. Radian – an angle formed by a half–line that has been rotated about its end c2  a2  b2
point 1/2 of a complete rotation.

Prepared by: Engr. Caroline Bautista-Moncada ENGGMATH 1

 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF THE ACUTE ANGLE A: Find the other five functions of the acute angle A, given that
3. 5 4. 2
Basic functions Reciprocal functions csc A  tan A 
3 5
Sine Cosecant
Sin A = opposite side of A a Csc A = hypotenuse c Given: a right triangle ABC, in which C = 90
 
hypotenuse c opposite side of A a Find: The six trigonometric functions of angle B.
5. 1
cos A 
4
Cosine Secant Word problems
Cos A = adjacent side of A b Sec A = hypotenuse c 1. A wire 15 feet long is fastened to a point 13 feet above the foot of a vertical pole,
  which stands on level ground. Find the sine of the angle that the wire makes with the
hypotenuse c adjacent side of A b horizontal.
2. A roadway rises 55 feet in a horizontal distance of ½ mile. Find the tangent of the
Tangent Cotangent angle that it makes with the horizontal?
3. One end of a foot ruler is placed against a vertical wall; the other end of the ruler
Tan A = opposite side of A a cot A = adjacent side of A b
  reaches a point on the floor 9 inches from the base of the wall. Find the sine, cosine,
adjacent side of A b opposite side of A a and tangent of the angle that the ruler makes (a) with the wall, (b) with the floor.
4. A box is 3 inches by 4 inches by 1 foot. Find the sine of the angle that a diagonal of
MEMORY AID: SOH – CAH – TOA the box makes with its longest edge.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

S – sine C – cosine T – tangent
O – opposite A – adjacent O – opposite
The acute angles A and B of the right triangle ABC are complementary, that is A + B = 90
H – hypotenuse H – hypotenuse A – adjacent

Example: Find the six trigonometric functions of acute angles A and B the ff; draw the triangle Sin B = sin(90 – A) = Cos A
Cos B = Cos(90 – A) = Sin A
Tan B = Tan(90 – A) = Cot A
a3 a 1
1. 2. Cot B = Cot(90 – A) = Tan A
b4 b 1 Csc B = Csc(90 – A) = Sec A
c5 c 2 Sec B = Sec(90 – A) = Csc A

How to determine other trigonometric functions of an acute angle: Therefore, any function of an acute angle is equal to the corresponding co – function of the
complementary angle.
A. Given two sides:
Ex. Find the basic trigonometric functions of the acute angles of the right triangle ABC, given b = SPECIAL ANGLES: 45, 30, and 60
24 and c = 25
A. Functions of 45
B. Given one function
To find the function of 45, construct an isosceles right triangle. It is convenient to
Ex. Find the five trigonometric functions of A, given 3
tan A  make each leg equal to 1, that is a = 1, and b = 1.
27
Exercises: B. Functions of 30, and 60
Draw the triangles whose sides have the following values, and find the six trigonometric functions
of the angle A. In order to find, the functions of 60, take an equilateral triangle and draw the bisector
1. b7 2. a 8 of one of the angles. This bisector divides the equilateral triangle into two congruent
c  25 b  15 right triangles whose angles are 30 and 60

Prepared by: Engr. Caroline Bautista-Moncada ENGGMATH 1

Evaluate trigonometric functions of special angles without using calculator. Solve the following triangles in which C = 90.

  1. A = 61 a=5 2. B = 67 a = 8

1. 3 sec2 30 sin 30  cos csc2
3 4 3. a = 39 c = 87 4. A = 28 c = 23
 2  5. a = 17 b = 14
cot  4 sin 45
4
2.    
sin tan cos tan Word Problems:
3 4  csc  cot   4 6
 3 6 
cos sin
6 6 1. A wire is stretched from the top of a vertical pole standing on level ground. The wire
SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLES reaches to a point on the ground 10 feet from the foot of the pole, and makes an
angle of 75 with the horizontal. Find the height of the pole and the length of the
wire.
To solve a right triangle means to evaluate its 3 sides and 3 angles when one of the
acute angles and one side (either a leg or the hypotenuse) or two sides given. 2. A ladder 42 feet long is placed so that it will reached a window 30ft high on one side
of a street; if it is turned over, its foot being held in position, it will a window 25ft high
Principles used: on the other side of the street. How wide is the street from building to building?

1. In any given triangle, the sum of the 3 angles = 180 3. A person on a ship sailing due south at the rate of 15 miles an hour observes a
2. Pythagorean theorem lighthouse due west at 3p.m. At 5p.m. the lighthouse is 52 W of N. How far from the
3. In a given right triangle ABC, C = 90, A + B = 90 lighthouse was the ship at
4. Definition of trigonometric functions. (a) 3 p.m.? (b) 5p.m.? (C) 4p.m.

Cases:
A. Given one acute and one side (leg or hypotenuse)
Ex: Solve for the right triangle where b=12 and A=2010’.
B. Given two sides (either one leg and the hypotenuse or 2 legs)
Ex: Solve for the right triangle where c = 14 and a = 6.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
4. To measure the height of a building, a surveyor sets up his transit at a distance of
112.2ft from the building. He finds the angle of elevation of the top of the building to
be 4817’. If the telescope of the transit is 5 feet above the base of the building, how
high is the building?
5. A 30–foot flag staff is fixed in the center of a circular tower 40 feet in diameter. From
a point in the same horizontal plane as the foot of the tower the angles of elevation of
the top of the flagstaff and the top of the tower are found to be 36 and 30
respectively. Find the height of the tower.

1. Subtended angle – the angle formed by rays from the point of observation to the
ends of the object.
2. Angle of elevation – the angle formed between the horizontal and the line of sight
of the observer when the observer is looking up.
3. Angle of depression – the angle formed between the horizontal and the line of
sight of the observer when the observer is looking down.
4. Bearings – acute angles measured between the line of direction and the north–south
line. They can also be measured by an angle formed from the north moving
clockwise.
6. The shadow of a city building is observed to be 100 m long. At the same time the
shadow of a lamp post 9m high is observed to be 5.5m long. Find the altitude of the
sun and the height of the building.
7. From the two ends of a tunnel 3200m long through the base of the mountain, the
angles of elevation of the mountain peak are 4820’ and 3630’ respectively. Find the
height of the mountain.

Ways of naming bearings:

A: NE, OA bears 45
B: N 65 W, 65 W of N, OB bears 295
C: S 60 W, 60 W of S, OC bears 240
D: S 15 E, 15 E of S, OD bears 165

Prepared by: Engr. Caroline Bautista-Moncada ENGGMATH 1