3

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND IDENTITIES

3.1. ANGLE IN TRIGONOMETRY

In trigonometry, the measure of an angle is the amount of

rotation from the direction of one ray of the angle to the other B

ray. Angle may be positive or negative and can be of any

magnitude. For example if OA and OB be the positions of
revolving rays, the angle formed will be AOB.
O A

3.1.1. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES

The angles are measured in degrees or in radians which are defined as follows :

3.1.1.1. Degree or British system: A right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and each part is called
a degree. Thus a right angle is equal to 90 degrees. One degree is denoted by 1º.
A degree is divided into sixty equal parts and each part is called a minute and is denoted by 1. A
minute is divided into sixty equal parts and each part is called a second and is denoted by 1.
Thus, we have:
1 right angle = 90º
1º = 60
1 = 60

3.1.1.2.Radian or Circular measure: A radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle, by an
arc equal in length to the radius of the circle. In the figure OA = OB = arc AB = r = radius of
the circle; the measurement of AOB is one radian and is denoted by 1c. (Note: usually we write
1c as 1)
The ratio of the circumference of the circle to the B
diameter of the circle is always equal to a constant and r
C
this constant is denoted by . 1
C O r A
circumference
Thus,  = ; Further 2c = 360°
diameter

3.1.1.3. Relation between different system of units: If the measure of an angle in degrees and
radians be D and C respectively. Then

D C

180 

3.1.2. LENGTH OF AN ARC:

If  is the angle in radian subtended by an arc of length l at the centre of a circle of radius r. Then
l
 .
r

- 3.1 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

Sample Problem-1:
Express 45° 20´ 10´´ in radian measure.

 10 ´  10    1  
Solution: 10´´       
 60   60  60   360 

 20    1  
20´     
 60   3 

 1 1    16321 
 45° 20´ 10´´ =  45     
 360 3   360 

 16321  
=   radians
 360 180 

Sample Problem-2:
The angle of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. Find the smallest angle and radians.
Solution: Let the three angles be 3x, 4x and 5x degrees.
 3x + 4x + 5x = 180°
 x = 15°
 Smallest angle = 45°
= /4 radian.

Sample Problem-3:
The wheel of a railway carriage is 4 feet in diameter and makes 6 revolutions in a second, then find
the speed of the train.
Solution: Radius of the wheel = 2 feet.
 Circumference = 2r = 4  feet.
Number of revolution in 1 second = 6
 distance covered in 1 second = 4 × 6 feet
 speed of the train = 24 feet/sec.

3.2. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

In a right angled triangle ABC, if BAC =  then the six trigonometric ratios are defined
as follows:
C
Perpendicu lar P
sin  = 
Hypotenuse H
H P
Base B
cos  = 
Hypotenuse H

A B B
P B H H
tan  = , cot  = , cosec  = , sec  =
B P P B

- 3.2 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

3.2.1. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

y
3.2.1. SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
2nd 1st
1st quadrant : 0 <  < 90º, all trigonometric ratios, are +ve. sin, cosec All Ratios
are +ve are +ve
2nd qudarant : 90º <  < 180º, only sin  and cosec  are +ve. x
O
3rd 4th
3rd quadrant : 180º <  < 270º, only tan  and cot  are +ve tan, cot cos, sec
are +ve are +ve

4th quadrant : 270º <  < 360º, only cos  and sec  are +ve

- 3.3 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

3.2.2. LIMITS OF THE VALUE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

(a) –1  sin   1 (b) –1  cos   1

(c) sec   –1 or sec   1 (d) cosec   –1 or cosec   1
(e) –  < tan  <  (f) – < cot  < 

3.2.3. ALLIED ANGLES

1  1 
The angles  n    and  n    , where n is any integer, are known as allied or related
2  2 
angles. The trigonometric functions of these angles can be expressed as trigonometric functions of
, with either plus or minus sign. The following working rules can be used in determining these
functions:
1. Let 0 <  < 90°. Find the quadrant in which the given allied angle lies. The result has a plus
or a minus sign according as the given function is positive or negative in that quadrant.
2. If n is even, the result contains the same trigonometric function as the given function of the
allied angle but if n is odd, the result contains the corresponding co-function i.e. sine becomes
cosine, tangent becomes cotangent, secant becomes cosecant and vice-versa.
3. To determine sin (630º –  ), we note that 630º –  = 7  90º – , which belongs to the third
quadrant if 0 <  < 90º. In this quadrant sine is negative and since given angle contains an odd
multiple of /2, sine is replaced by cosine
 sin (630º –  ) = –cos 
4. To determine cos (720º –  ), we note that 720º –  = 8  90º – , is in the 4th quadrant if
0 <  < 90º. In this quadrant, cosine is positive and since given angle contains an even multiple
of /2, cosine function is retained. Hence cos (720º –  ) = cos .
3.2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
     
sin     = cos sin     = cos
2  2 
   
cos      = sin cos     = –sin
2  2 
   
tan  2    = cot tan  2    = –cot
   
 
sin    = sin  
sin    = –sin
cos    = –cos cos    = –cos
tan    = –tan tan    = tan
  
sin      = –cos sin     = –cos
 2   2 
 
cos      = –sin cos      = sin
 2   2 
  
tan      = cot tan     = –cot
 2   2 
 
sin    = –sin sin    = sin
cos    = cos cos    = cos
tan    = –tan tan    = tan

- 3.4 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

3.2.5. SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT OF SOME ANGLES LESS THAN 90°

Angles 0º 15º 18º 30º 36º 45º 60º 90º

6 2 5 1 1 10  2 5 1 3
sin 0 2
1
4 4 2 4 2

6 2 10  2 5 3 5 1 1 1
cos 1 2
0
4 4 2 4 2

2510 5 1
tan 0 2– 3
3
52 5 1 3 not defined
5

Sample Problem-4:

sin 300.tan 330.sec 420

Simplify
tan135.sin 210.sec315

sin 300.tan 330.sec 420 sin(360 – 60).tan(360  30).sec(360  60)

Solution: tan135.sin 210.sec315  tan(180 – 45)sin(180  30)sec(360 – 45)

(  sin 60).( tan 30).sec60 sin 60.tan 30.sec60

= ( tan 45).(  sin 30)(sec 45)  tan 45.sin 30.sec 45

3 1
. .2

2 3  1  2
= 1 1
1. . 2
2 2

Sample Problem-5:
Prove that 2sec2 – sec4 – 2cosec2  + cosec4 = cot4  – tan4 .

Solution: L.H.S. = 2sec2 – sec4  – 2cosec2 + cosec4 

= 2[sec2 – cosec2] + cosec4  – sec4 

= 2[sec2  – cosec2] + (cosec2 – sec2 )(cosec2  + sec2 )

= (sec2  – cosec2 )(2 – (cosec2 + sec2 ))

= (1 + tan2 – 1 – cot2)(2 – (1 + cot2 + 1 + tan2 ))

= – (tan2 – cot2  )(cot2  + tan2 )

= – (tan4  – cot4 )

= cot4 – tan4  = R.H.S.

Sample Problem-6:
   
Find the value of cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + cos2 .
16 16 16 16

- 3.5 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

   
Solution: cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + cos2
16 16 16 16

        
cos2 + cos2 + cos2    + cos2   
16 16  2 16   2 16 
   
= cos2 + cos2 + sin2 + sin2
16 16 16 16
     2   
=  cos 2  sin 2    cos  sin 2 
 16 16   16 16 
= 1 + 1 = 2.

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-3.1 & 3.2:

sec480.cosec570.tan 330
1. The value of =
sin 600.cos 660.cot 405

8 16 32
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
3 3 3

Hint (b): Similar to sample problem 4.

2. sin2 6º + sin2 12º + sin2 18º + ..... + sin2 84º + sin2 90º =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8

Hint (d): sin (90° – ) = cos .

3. 18° 33´ 45´´ =

11 22 33

(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
320 320 320

Hint (c): Similar to sample problem 1.

4. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and least angle is 30º; then the greatest angle is
(a) /2 (b) /3 (c) /4 (d) /6

Hint (a): Angles are x – d, x, x + d.

5. A wheel makes 30 revolutions per minute. Find the circular measure of the angle described by a spoke
in 1/2 second.
(a) /2 (b) /3 (c) /4 (d) /6

Hint (a): No of revolution in 1 s = 1/2 revolution.

6. The value of cos 1° cos 2° ...... cos 100° is

(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) none of these

Hint (c): cos 90° = 0

- 3.6 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

7. Which of the following statement is correct ? [sin 1  sin 1C ]


(a) sin 1º > sin 1 (b) sin 1º < sin 1 (c) sin 1º = sin 1 (d) sin 1º = sin 1
180

180
Hint (b): 1C =


4 xy
8. sec2 = , where x  R, y  R is true if and only if
( x  y)2

(a) x + y  0 (b) x = y, x  0 (c) x = y (d) x  0, x  y

Hint (b): sec2  1

9. The arc of a circle of radius 21 cm subtends an angle of 60º at the centre. Then the length of the arc.
is (Take  = 22/7).
(a) 11 cm (b) 22 cm (c) 33 cm (d) none of these


Hint (b):  
3

l
Use  
r

10. Let A = sin10+ cos14, then for all values of ,

1 3
(a) A  1 (b) 0  A  1 (c) 0 < A  1 (d)  A 
2 4

Hint (c): 0  sin2 1

 sin2  sin10 and cos2  cos14.

3.3. COMPOUND ANGLE

Algebraic sum of two or more angles is called a compound angle. If A, B, C are angles then
A + B, A – B, A + B + C, A – B + C, A – B – C, A + B – C, etc, are all compound angles.

3.3.1. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FORMULAE

 sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sin B

 sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB

 cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB

 cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

tan A  tan B
 tan(A + B) =
1  tan A tan B

- 3.7 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

tan A  tan B
 tan(A – B) =
1  tan A tan B

cot A cot B 1
 cot (A + B) =
cot B cot A

cot A cot B 1
cot (A – B) =
cot B cot A

tan A  tan B tan C tan A tan Btan C

 tan(A + B + C) = 1  tan A tan B tan Btan C tan C tan A

 sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A

cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B = cos2B – sin2A

2 tan A
 sin 2A = 2 sinA cosA =
1  tan 2 A

1  tan 2 A
 cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 1 – 2 sin2A = 2 cos2A – 1 =
1  tan 2 A

2 tan A
 tan 2A =
1  tan 2 A

 sin 3A = 3 sinA – 4 sin3A = 4sinA sin(60º – A) sin(60º + A)

 cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cosA = 4cos A cos(60º – A) cos(60º + A)

(3 tan A  tan 3 A)
 tan 3A = = tan A tan(60º – A) tan(60º + A)
1  3 tan 2 A

Sample Problem-7:
Prove that sin 3A sin3A + cos 3A cos3A = cos32A.

Solution: L.H.S. = cos3A cos 3 A + sin3A sin 3 A

1 1
= (3 cos A + cos 3A) cos 3A + (3sin A – sin 3A) sin 3A
4 4

3 1
= (cos 3A cos A + sin 3A sin A) + (cos23A – sin23A)
4 4
3 1
= cos (3A – A) + cos(2.3 A)
4 4

3 1
= cos 2 A + cos (3.2 A)
4 4

- 3.8 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

3 1
= cos 2A + (4cos32A – 3cos 2A)
4 4
3 3
= cos 2A + cos32A – cos 2A = cos32A = R.H.S.
4 4

Sample Problem-8:
If A + B = 45º, show that : (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2.

tan A  tan B
Solution: tan (A + B) = tan 45° or =1
1  tan A tan B
or, tan A + tan B = 1 – tan A tan B
or, tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1
or, 1 + tan A + tan B (1 + tan B) = 1 + 1
or, (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2.

Sample Problem-9:

If 3 tan  tan  = 1, prove that 2 cos( + ) = cos ( – ).

cos  cos  3
Solution: 3 tan tan  =1  sin  sin  =
1
By Componendo and Dividendo Rule, we have

cos  cos   sin  sin  31

cos  cos   sin  sin  = 3  1

cos (    )
or cos (    ) =2

or 2 cos ( + ) = cos ( – )

Sample Problem-10:

tan 8 A
Show that sec 8 A  1 =
sec 4 A  1 tan 2 A

1
1
cos 8 A 1  cos 8 A cos 4 A
Solution: L.H.S. = = 
1 1  cos 4 A cos 8 A
1
cos 4 A

2 sin 2 4 A cos 4 A sin 4 A ( 2sin 4 A cos 4 A)

=  =
2
2 sin 2 A cos 8 A 2sin 2 2 A cos 8 A

- 3.9 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

2 sin 2 A cos 2 A sin 8 A cos 2 A

= 2
= . tan 8 A
2 sin 2 A cos 8 A sin 2 A

tan 8 A
= cot 2A . tan 8A = .
tan 2 A

Sample Problem-11:

3 1  cos x  1  cos x x 
If  < x < 2 & x  , prove that  cot    .
2 1  cos x  1  cos x 2 4

1  cos x  1  cos x
Solution: L.H.S. =
1  cos x  1  cos x

2 cos 2 x  2 sin 2 x
= 2 2
2 cos 2 x  2 sin 2 x
2 2

2 | cos x |  2 | sin x |
= 2 2
2 | cos |  2 | sin x |
x
2 2

cos x  sin x
= 2 2 = cot  x     R . H .S
cos x  sin x 2 4
2 2

3.4. PRODUCT FORMULAE

 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)

 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)

 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)

 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

3.4.1. FORMULAE ON SUMS AND DIFFERENCES

CD
 sinC + sinD = 2 sin C  D cos
2 2
CD
 sinC – sinD = 2 cos C  D sin
2 2

CD
 cosC + cosD = 2 cos C  D cos
2 2

 cosC – cosD = 2 sin C  D sin D  C

2 2

- 3.10 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

Sample Problem-12:

sin A + sin 2 A + sin 4 A + sin 5 A

Prove that cosA + cos 2 A + cos 4 A + cos5A = tan 3A.

(sinA+ sin 5A) + (sin 2 A+ sin 4 A)

Solution: L.H.S. = (cosA+ cos 5A) + (cos 2 A+ cos 4 A)

2sin 3Acos 2 A+ 2sin 3AcosA

=
2cos3Acos 2 A+ 2cos3AcosA

2sin 3A(cos 2 A+ cos A)

= 2 cos3A(cos 2 A+ cosA) = tan 3A = R.H.S.

Sample Problem-13:

sin   sin 
If   and  are in A.P. Prove that cot  
cos   cos 


Solution: Since  are in AP. 2 = cot  = cot  
 2 

  

cos   2cos   sin
 2   2  2
cot  =   
sin   2sin sin
 2  2 2

sin   sin 
= = R.H.S.
cos   cos 

Sample Problem-14:
Evaluate sin 78° – sin 66° – sin 42° + sin 6°

Solution: (sin 78° – sin 42°) – (sin 66° – sin 6°)

= 2cos 60° sin 18° –2 cos 36° sin 30°
= sin 18° – cos 36°

5 1 5 1 1
=  
4 4 2

Sample Problem-15:

3
Prove that sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80° =
16

1
Solution: L.H.S. = sin 20° sin 60° (2 sin 40° sin 80°)
2

- 3.11 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

1 3
=  sin 20° (cos 40° – cos 120°)
2 2

3
= [2 sin 20° cos 40° – 2 sin 20° cos 120°]
8

3  1 
=  sin 60  sin 20  2     sin 20 
8   2 

3
= [sin 60° – sin 20° + sin 20°]
8

3 3 3 3
= sin 60    = R.H.S.
8 8 2 16

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-3.3 & 3.4:

1. The value of sin 12° sin 48° sin 54° =

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 8 16

 5 1 
Hint (c): Use cos 36° =  4 
 

2. 3 cosec 20° – sec 20° =

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Hint (d): cosec  = 1/sin  and sec  = 1/cos .

3. If sin sin – cos cos + 1 = 0. Then 1 + cot tan =

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3

Hint (b): sin  sin  – cos  cos  + 1 = 0

or cos () = 1

4. tan 40° + 2 tan 10° =

(a) tan 50° (b) 2 tan 50° (c) 3 tan 50° (d) none of these

Hint (a): tan 50° = tan (40° + 10°)

5. If  = 90°, then maximum value of sin  sin  is

(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) none of these

Hint (b): y = sin  sin  = 1/2(2sin  sin )

- 3.12 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

   
6. tan      tan     
4  4 
(a) 2 sec 2 (b) 2 cos 2 (c) 2 sin 2 (d) 2 tan 2

Hint (a): Use the formula of tan (A + B) and tan (A – B)

 2   4 
7. sin3 + sin3      sin 3    
 3   3 

3 3
(a) – 3 sin 3 (b) 4 sin 3 (c)  sin 3 (d) sin 3
4 4

1
Hint (c): sin3 = (3 sin  – sin 3)
4

2 4 6
8. cos cos cos 
7 7 7
1 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 6 4

2 4 6
Hint (b): Let y = cos cos cos
7 7 7

2 4  
= cos cos cos   
7 7  7
 2 4
=  cos cos cos
7 7 7
 2 2 4
8 y sin =  4 sin cos cos
7 7 7 7
4 4
=  2sin cos
7 7

8   
=  sin   sin     = sin
7  7 7

1
y=
8

tan 2 2  tan 2 
9. =
1  tan 2 2 tan 2 

(a) tan 2 · tan  (b) tan 3 (c) tan 3 · tan  (d) none of these

Hint (c): Factorize the given expression

- 3.13 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

10. 2 sin2 + 4 cos ( + )sin  sin  + cos (2 + 2) =

(a) cos 2 (b) cos  (c) cos 3 (d) cos 4

Hint (a): Use cos () = cos cos – sin sin  .

3.5. CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENITITIES

3.5.1. Identities : A trigonometric equation is an identity if it is true for all values of the angle or angles
involved.

3.5.2. Conditional Identities : When the angles involved satisfy a given relation, the identity is called
conditional identity. In proving these identies we require the properties of complementary and
supplementary angles

3.5.3. SOME IMPORTANT CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES :

If A + B + C = , then
 tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
 cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1
 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
 cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = – 1 – 4 cosA cosB cos C
 cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1 –2 cos A cos B cos C
A B C
 cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B B C C A
 tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C A B C
 cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2

 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C.

Sample Problem-16:

A B B C C A
If A + B + C = , prove that tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2

Solution: A+B+C=

A B  C
or + = 
2 2 2 2

 A B  C
 tan  +  = tan   
2 2 2 2

A B
tan  tan
2 2  cot C
or
A B 2
1  tan tan
2 2

- 3.14 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

A B
tan  tan
2 2  1
or, A B C
1  tan tan tan
2 2 2

A B B C C A A B
or tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1– tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

A B B C C A
or, tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2

Sample Problem-17:

If A + C = B, prove that : tanA tanB tanC = tanB – tanA – tanC

Solution: A+C=B  tan(A + C) = tanB

or tan A  tan C = tanB

1  tan A tan C

or tanA + tanC = tanB – tanA tanB tanC

or tanA tanB tanC = tanB – tanA – tanC

Sample Problem-18:

If A + B + C = 2, prove that cos2B + cos2C – sin2A = 2cosA cosB cosC.

Solution:L.H.S. = cos2B – sin2A + cos2C

= cos(B + A) cos(B – A) + cos2C
= cos(2 – C) cos(A – B) + cos2C
= cosC [cos(A – B) + cos(2 – A  B )]
= cosC [cos(A – B) + cos(A + B)]
= 2cosA cosB cosC
= R.H.S.

Sample Problem-19:

A B C (  A) (  B) (  C )
If A + B + C = , show that cos  cos  cos  4 cos cos cos
2 2 2 4 4 4

A B C
Solution: L.H.S. = cos  cos  cos
2 2 2
A B A B C
= 2 cos cos  cos
4 4 2
 C  A B  C 
= 2 cos  cos  sin  
 4  4  2 

- 3.15 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

 C  A B  C   C 

= 2 cos  cos  2 sin   cos 
 4  4  4   4 

 C  A B  C 
= 2 cos    cos  sin
 4  4 4 

   C  A B     C 
= 2 cos   cos  cos   
 4  4 2 4 

   C  A B   C A B C 
= 2 cos  2 cos cos 
 4  8 8 

   C   2  2 B   2 A  2 
= 4 cos  cos  cos 
 4   8   8 
  A    B   C 
= 4 cos  cos  cos 
 4   4   4 
= R.H.S.
3.6. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF a cos  + b sin 

Consider a point (a, b) on the Cartesian plane. Let its distance from origin be r and the line joining
the point and the origin make an angle  with the positive direction of x-axis.
Then, a = r cos  and b = r sin 
a cos  + b sin  = r (cos  cos  + sin  sin  )
= r cos ( –  )
 –r  a cos  + b sin   r as –1  cos ( –  )  1
Hence, the maximum value is a 2  b 2 and minimum value is – a 2  b 2

Sample Problem-20:

Show that (2 + 3 )sin + 2cos lies between  (2  5 ) and (2  5 ).

Solution: We have seen that acos + bsin has limits ± r where r = a2 b2 .

a = 2; b = 2  3 and r = 11 4 3 . Since r < 2  5 , the assertion is proved

Sample Problem-21:

Find the maximum and minimum values of sin6 x + cos6 x.

Solution: y = sin6 x + cos6 x

= (sin2 x)3 + (cos2 x)3
= (1 – 3 sin2 x cos2 x) ( a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 –3ab(a + b))

- 3.16 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

 3 2  3 5 3
= 1  sin 2 x  = 1  (1  cos 4 x) =  cos 4 x
 4  8 8 8
5 3
y ma x =  (1) = 1
8 8
5 3
y min =  (1) = 1
8 8 4

Sample Problem-22:
Find the maximum and minimum value of 6 sin x cos x + 4 cos 2x.

Solution: 6 sin x cos x + 4 cos 2x = 3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x

  32  4 2  3sin 2 x  4cos 2 x  32  4 2
– 5  3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x 5

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-3.5 & 3.6:

1. The minimum value of 3 sin 2x + 4cos 2x + 3 is

(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 8 (d) none of these

Hint (a):  a 2  b 2  a sin x  b cos x  a 2  b 2

 
2. If a  5 cos  + 3 cos      3  b for all values of , then a + b =
 3

(a) –4 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) 10

Hint (c): Use cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B.

sin 2 A+ sin 2 B+ sin 2C

3. If A + B + C = , then =
cosA+ cosB+ cosC 1

A B C A B C
(a) 4cos cos cos (b) 8cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(c) 4sin sin sin (d) 8sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

Hint (b): Use conditional identities.

x y z
4. If xy + yz + zx = 1, then   
1  x 1  y 1  z2
2 2

2 xyz 4 xyz
(a) (b)
(1  x )(1  y 2 )(1  z 2 )
2
(1  x )(1  y 2 )(1  z 2 )
2

8 xyz
(c) (d) none of these
(1  x )(1  y 2 )(1  z 2 )
2

- 3.17 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

Hint (b): Let x = tan A, y = tan B, z = tan C.

5. If x + y + z = 0, then cot (x + z – y) cot (x + y – z) + cot (x + y –z) cot (y + z – x) + cot (y + z –x)

cot (z + x – y) =
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1/2 (d) 1

Hint (d): Let A = x + y –z, B = z + x –y, C = y + z –x.

6. Find the minimum value of cos2 – 6 sin  cos  + 3 sin2  + 2

(a) 4 –10 (b) 4 +10 (c) 2 –10 (d) 2 + 10

Hint (a):  a 2  b 2  a sin x  b cos x  a 2  b 2

tanA+ tanB+ tanC + tanD

7. If A, B, C, D be the angles of a quadrilateral then cotA + cot B+ cot C + cot D =

(a) sin A sin B sin C sin D (b) cos A cos B cos C cos D
(c) cot A cot B cot C cot D (d) tan A tan B tan C tan D

Hint (d): A + B = 2 – (C + D)
 tan (A + B) = – tan (C + D)

8. If A + B + C = , then (cot B + cot C) (cot C + cot A) (cot A + cot B) =

(a) cosec A cosec B cosec C (b) sec A sec B sec C
(c) sin A sin B sin C (d) none of these

cosBsinC+ sinBcosC sinA

Hint (a): cot B + cot C = 
sinBsinC sinBsinC

9. The minimum value of cos 2 + cos  is

9
(a) –1 (b)  (c) 0 (d) 1
8

Hint (b): cos 2 + cos  = 2cos2 –1 + cos .

2
 1 9
2  cos    
 4 8

sin 3x
10. If a   b, x  n, then a + b =
sin x

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3

sin 3 x 3sin x  4sin 3 x

Hint (c):  = 3 – 4 sin2x
sin x sin x

- 3.18 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Sample Problem-23:


Show that sin is a root of 8x3 – 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0.
14

  
Solution: Let  = ;  7 = ; 4 =  3
14 2 2

 
sin 4 = sin   3   = cos 3
2 
2(2sin cos) cos2 = cos [4cos2 – 3]
4sin(1 – 2sin2) = 4 – 4sin2 – 3
4sin – 8sin3 = 1 – 4sin2
8sin3 – 4sin2 – 4sin + 1 = 0
Hence sin is root of 8x3 – 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 .

Sample Problem-24:

Find Sn where Sn = tanx tan2x + tan2x tan3x + .... + tannx tan(n + 1)x

Solution: Let Tr denote the rth term

 Tr = tanrx tan(r + 1)x

tan( r  1) x  tan rx
tan[(r + 1)x – rx] =
1  tan( r  1) x tan rx

or tanx + tanx tan(r + 1)x tanrx = tan(r + 1)x – tanrx

or tan(r + 1)x tanrx = cotx [tan(r + 1)x – tanrx] – 1
Putting r = 1, 2, 3, ...., n and adding, we get
Sn = cotx [tan(n +1)x – tanx] – n
= cotx tan(n +1)x – 1 – n
= cotx tan(n +1)x – (1 + n)

Sample Problem-25:


If  = n
, prove that 2ncos cos2 cos22 .... cos2n–1 = –1: n > 1
2 1

Solution: Let y = 2ncos cos2 cos22 ... cos2n–1

y sin = 2nsin cos cos2 cos22 ... cos2n–1
= 2n–1sin2 cos2 cos22 ... cos2n–1 

- 3.19 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

= 2n–2sin22 cos22 ... cos2n–1 

Repeating this process, y sin = sin2n = sin ( + ) = – sin
 y = –1

Sample Problem-26:
n
If sin3 x sin3x =  cm cos mx is an identity in x, where c0, c 1, c2 , ...., cn are constants and
m 0
cn  0, find the value of n.

n
Solution: sin3x sin3x =  cm cos mx
m 0

 3 sin x – sin 3 x  n
   . sin 3x   cm cos mx
 4  m 0

3 1 n
or . ( 2 sin 3x . sin x) – . 2 sin 2 3x   cm cos mx
8 8 m 0

3 1 n
or [cos 2 x – cos 4 x] – [1 – cos 6 x ]   cm cos mx
8 8 m 0

1 3 3 1 n
or –  cos 2 x – cos 4 x  cos 6 x   cm cos mx
8 8 8 8 m0

On comparing coefficients of like terms, we get n = 6.

Sample Problem-27:

 
Show that cos(sin) > sin(cos) for all  belonging to the interval  0 ,  .
 2

   
Solution: We have to show that sin  – sin   > sin(cos). The sine function increases in  0 ,  and
2   2
     
the angles  – sin   and cos , lie in  0 ,  for    0 ,  .
2   2  2

 
Since, – sin > cos ( sin + cos  2 < ),  cos(sin) > sin(cos)
2 2

- 3.20 -
 CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

3 θ
1. If sin =  and  lies in the third quadrant then the value of cos is
5 2

1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c)  (d) none of these
5 10 5

2. The value of cos 10º – sin 10º is

(a) positive (b) negative (c) 0 (d) 1

1 3
3. – is equal to
sin 10º cos10º

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) none of these

  A   A
4. sin2    – sin2    is
8 2 8 2
A 1
(a) 2 sin A (b) 2 sin (c) sin A (d) none of these
2 2

5. If sin x + sin2x = 1 then cos12x + 3cos10x + 3cos8x + cos6x =

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0

6. In a triangle ABC, if angle C is 45º, then (1 + cot A) (1 + cot B) equals

1
(a) –1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)
2


7. If A + B + C = , then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =
2
(a) 1 – 4cosA cosB cosC (b) 4sinA sinB sinC
(c) 1 + 2cosA cosB cosC (d) 1 – 4sinA sinB sinC

2x 2y 2z
8. If x + y + z = xyz, then 2
 2
 =
1 x 1– y 1 – z2

(a) xyz (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these

9. If   +  = 60º, then (cos2 + cos2 – cos cos ) =

3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) none of these
4

- 3.21 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

7  
10. If sin + cos = , 0 <  < , then tan is equal to
2 6 2

1
(a) 7 2 (b) ( 7  2) (c) 2 7 (d) none of these
3

π
11. If 5 sin θ  3 sin  θ    a , for all  then the value of a is
 3

(a) 34 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) none of these

   2 
12. If tan + tan     + tan     = K tan3, then K is equal to
3   3 
(a) 1 (b) 1/3 (c) 3 (d) none of these

13. If ,  are two values of  obtained from equation a tan + b = c sec, then the value of
αβ
tan is
2
(a) a/b (b) b/a (c) c/a (d) none of these

14. The value of tan 20° + tan 40° + 3 tan 20° tan 40° =
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4

15. If m tan ( –30°) = n tan ( + 120°), then cos 2 =

mn mn m  2n m  2n
(a) 2(m  n) (b) 2(m  n) (c) (d)
mn mn

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

16. If x  sec   tan  and y  cos ec   cot  , then

y 1 y 1 1 x
(a) x  y  1 (b) x  y  1 (c) y  (d) xy + x – y + 1= 0
1 x
17. The equation sin 4 x  cos 4 x  a has a real solution for
1 7
(a) all value of a (b) a  (c) a  (d) a = 1
2 10
3
18. If cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) + cos ( –)  , then
2
(a)  cos   0 (b)  sin   0
(c)  cos  sin   0 (d)  (cos   sin )  0

- 3.22 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

sin 4  cos 4  1
19. If   , then
a b ab
sin 4  cos 4  sin 4  cos 4 
(a)  (b) 
a2 b2 b2 a2
sin 8  cos8  1 4 a2
(c) 3
 3
 (d) sin  
a b (a  b )3 (a  b )2
20. If Pn  cosn   sin n  , then
(a) 2 P6  3P4  1 (b) 2 P6  3P4  1
(c) 6 P10  15 P8  10 P6  0 (d) 6 P10  15 P8  10 P6  1

21. If A and B are acute angles such that (A +B) and (A – B) satisfy the equation tan 2   4 tan   1  0 ,
then
   
(a) A  (b) A  (c) B  (d) B 
4 6 4 6

22. For 0    , tan   tan 2  tan 3  0 if
2
(a) tan   0 (b) tan 2  0 (c) tan 3  0 (d) tan  tan 2  2
3
23. If 0  ,    and cos   cos   cos(  )  , then
2
  
(a)   (b)   (c)    (d)    
3 3 3
x 2 x
24. If tan  cosec x  sin x , then tan   
2 2
(a) 2  5 (b) 52 (c) (9  4 5)(2  5) (d) (9  4 5)(2  5)
6 6 2
25. The equation sin x + cos x = a has real solutions if

 1 1 
(a) a  (1,1) (b) a    1,   (c) a   , 1 (d) none of these
 2 2 

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Comprehension-1

sin 2n 
The value of cos  cos 2  cos 4  ... cos 2n–1 = ,   n
2n sin 

2 4 6
26. The value of cos cos cos is
7 7 7
1 1 1 1
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4 8

- 3.23 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

6

27. If  =
13
, then the value of  cos r
r 1
is

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) – (c) (d) 
64 64 32 8

 5 7
28. The value of sin sin sin is
18 18 18
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c)  (d) –1
16 8 8

Comprehension-2

AB is a vertical line and BC is horizontal. D and E are two points on BC. ACB = , ADB = 2,
AEB = 3. DL and EM are perpendiculars on BC meeting AC at L and M respectively. DL = x,
EM = y, BA = z.

cot 2  cot 3
29. is equal to
cot 
z y yx zx
(a) (b) (c) y
(d) none of these
x z

cot   cot 2
30. is equal to
cot 
(a) x/z (b) y/z (c) y/x (d) x/y
31. AD is equal to
(a) x cot  (b) y cot  (c) z cot  (d) none of these

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

32. A. cos 36° – cos 72° (p) 5/4

B. cos 36° cos 72° (q) 1/2
C. tan 36° tan 18° (r) 1/4
D. sin 36° cos 18° (s) (5 – 25)/5

33. cos  + sin  = x, cos  – sin  = y

A. cos 2 (p) 1 – y2
B. sin 2 (q) xy

1  y2
C. cot  (r)
xy
x y
D. tan 2 (s)
x y

- 3.24 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

  
34. tan6 – 33 tan4 + 27 tan2 is equal to
9 9 9

 3   x 4 2
35. If x   ,  , then 4 cos2     4sin x  sin 2 x is always equal to
 2  4 2

36. If sin A, cos A and tan A are in G.P., then cot6A – cot2A = .

37. If tan2 = 2tan2 + 1, then cos2 + sin2 is equal to.

x
38. cos 36° cos72° cos108° cos 144° = , then x is equal to
16

9x 5y 9 x sin  5 y cos  [(9 x ) 2/3  (5 y ) 2/3 ]3

39. If   56 and   0 , then value of is
cos  sin  cos2  sin 2  784

3cos 2  1
40. If ,  are positive acute angles and cos2 = , and tan  = k tan , then k4 =
3  cos 2

41. If sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3 x  1 , then cos6 x  4cos 4 x  8cos 2 x 

   2 
42. If tan x  tan  x    tan  x    3 , then tan3x =
 3  3 

43. If sin 47  sin 61  sin11  sin 25  cos , then  =

- 3.25 -
 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following number(s) is/are rational? (IIT Sc)

(a) sin 15° (b) cos 15° (c) sin 15° cos 15° (d) sin 15° cos 75°


2. For 0 <  < if
2
  
x   cos2 n , y   sin 2 n , z   cos2 n  ·sin 2 n  then (IIT Sc.)
n 0 n 0 n 0

(a) xyz = xz + y (b) xyz = xy + z (c) xyz = x + y + z (d) xyz = yz + x


3. For a positive integer n, let fn() = tan (1 + sec ) (1 + sec 2) (1 + sec 4) .... (1 + sec 2n),
2
then (IIT Sc)

    
(a) f 2    1 (b) f 3    1 (c) f 4    1 (d) All of these
 16   32   64 


4. If  +  = and  +  = , then tan  equals (IIT Sc.)
2
(a) 2(tan  + tan ) (b) tan  + tan  (c) tan  + 2 tan  (d) 2 tan  + tan 


5. The maximum value of cos 1 cos 2 .... cos n under the restrictions 0  , 2, 3, ..., n 
2
and cot 1 cot 2 cot 3 .... cot n = 1 is (IIT Sc.)

1 1 1
(a) n/2 (b) (c) (d) 1
2 2n 2n

 P Q
6. In a triangle PQR, R = . If tan   and tan   are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
2 2 2
(a  0) then (IIT Sc.)
(a) a + b = c (b) b + c = a (c) a + c = b (d) b = c

n
7. Let n be an odd integer. If sin n = b r sin r  , for every value of , then (IIT Sc)
r0

(a) b0 = 1, b1 = 3 (b) b0 = 0, b1 = n
(c) b0 = –1, b1 = n (d) b0= 0, b1= n2– 3n + 3

4 xy
8. sec2 = is true if and only if (IIT Sc)
( x  y)2

(a) x + y  0 (b) x = y, x  0 (c) x = y (d) x  0, y  0

- 3.26 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

  3   5   7 
9. The value of 1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  is equal to (IIT Sc)
 8 8  8  8 

1  1 1 2
(a) (b) cos (c) (d)
2 8 8 2 2

10. The value of the expression 3 cosec 20° – sec 20° is equal to (IIT Sc)

2 sin 20 4 sin 20

(a) 2 (b) (c) 4 (d)
sin 40 sin 40

11. The graph of the function cos x cos(x + 2) – cos2(x + 1) is (IIT Sc)
(a) a straight line passing through (0, –sin21) with slope 2
(b) a straight line passing through (0, 0)
(c) a parabola with vertex (1, –sin21)

2 
(d) a straight line passing through the point  ,  sin 1 and parallel to the x-axis
2 

12. If in the triangle PQR, sin P, sin Q, sin R are in A.P., then (IIT)
(a) the altitudes are in A.P. (b) the altitudes are in H.P.
(c) the medians are in G.P (d) the medians are in A.P.

sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
13. If   , then (IIT)
2 3 5
2 2 sin 8 x cos8 x 1
(a) tan x  (b)  
3 8 27 125

1 sin 8 x cos8 x 2
(c) tan 2 x  (d)  
3 8 27 125

6
  ( m  1)   m 
14. For 0   
2
, the solution(s) of  cosec   
m 1 4
 cosec   
 
  4 2 is(are)
4 
(IIT)

   5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 6 12 12

15. The number of all possible values of , where 0 <  < , for which the system of equations

2cos3 2sin 3
(y + z) cos 3 = (xyz) sin 3x sin 3 = 
y z
(xyz) sin 3 = (y + 2z) cos3 + y sin 3have a solution (x0, y0, z0) with y0 z0  0, is (IIT)

16. Let P  { : sin   cos   2 cos } and Q  { : sin   cos   2 sin } be two sets. Then
(a) P  Q and Q  P  Q (b) QP (IIT)
(c) PQ (d) P = Q

- 3.27 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

2   
17. Let ,  [0,2] be such that 2cos (1  sin )  sin   tan  cot  cos   1 , tan(2   )  0
 2 2

3
and 1  sin    . Then  cannot satisfy (IIT)
2

  4 4 3 3
(a) 0 (b)  (c)  (d)    2
2 2 3 3 2 2

18. Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists :
(JEE-Advance)

List – I List – II

2 1/ 2
  1 1  
 1  cos(tan y )  y sin(tan y )   y 4  1 5
P.  y 2  cot(sin 1 y )  tan(sin 1 y )   takes value 1.
 
2 3

Q. If cos x + cos y + cos z = 0 = sin x + sin y + sin z then 2. 2

x y
possible value of cos is
2

  1
R. If cos   x  cos 2 x  sin x sin 2 x sec x  cos x sin 2 x sec x  3.
 4  2

 
cos   x  cos 2 x then possible value of sec x is
4 

S. 
If cot sin
1
   
1  x 2  sin tan 1 x 6 , x  0 , 4. 1

then possible value of x is

(a) P-(4); Q-(3); R-(1); S-(2) (b) P-(4); Q-(3); R-(2); S-(1)
(c) P-(3); Q-(4); R-(2); S-(1) (d) P-(3); Q-(4); R-(1); S-(2)

13
1
19. The value of 
k 1   ( k  1)    k 
is equal to (JEE-Advance)
sin   sin
   
4 6  4 6 

(a) 3 3 (b) 
2 3 3  (c) 2  
3 1 (d) 
2 2 3 
20. Let  and be nonzero real numbers such that 2(cos   cos  )  cos  cos   1 . Then which of the
following is/are true ? (JEE-Advance)

   

(a) 3 tan    tan    0 (b) 3 tan    tan    0
2 2 2 2

   

(c) tan    3 tan    0 (d) tan    3 tan    0
2 2 2 2

- 3.28 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

21. In a triangle PQR, let PQR= 30° and the sides PQ and QR have lengths 103 and 10, respectively.
Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE?
(a) QPR= 45°
(b) The area of the triangle PQR is 253 and QRP = 120°
(c) The radius of the incircle of the triangle PQR is 103–15
(d) The area of the circumcircle of the triangle PQR is 100 

DCE QUESTIONS

1. If sin A = sin B and cos A = cos B, then A = [DCE]

(a) 2n + B (b) 2n – B (c) n + B (d) n + (–1)n B

2. tan 10° + tan 35° + tan 10° · tan 35° = [DCE]

1
(a) 0 (b) (c) –1 (d) 1
2

3. If cos ( + ) = m cos ( – ), tan  is = [DCE]

(a) [(1 + m)/(1 – m)]tan  (b) [(1 – m)/(1 + m)]tan 
(c) [(1 – m)/(1 + m)]cot  (d) [(1 + m)/(1 – m)]sec 

4. If 2 cos x + 2 cos 3x = cos y, 2 sin x + 2 sin 3x = sin y, then the value of cos 2x is [DCE]

7 1 1 7
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
8 8 8 8

    
5. If tan  · tan 3    · tan  3    = K tan 3, then the value of K is [DCE]
   

1
(a) 1 (b) (c) 3 (d) none of these
3

6. If cos 20° = K and cos x = 2K2 – 1, then the possible values of x between 0° and 360° are [DCE]
(a) 140° (b) 40° and 140° (c) 40° and 320° (d) 50° and 130°

7. The maximum value of 12 sin  – 6 sin2is [DCE]

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) none of these

2 4 6 7
8. The value of cos  cos  cos  cos is [DCE]
7 7 7 7

1 3
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) (d) 
2 2

9. If cos  + cos  = a, sin  + sin  = b, then cos( – ) is equal to [DCE]

2ab a2  b2 a2  b2  2 b2  a2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a  b2
2
a2  b2 2 a2  b2

- 3.29 -
 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

3 A 5A
10. If cos A = , then value of 32 sin sin is [DCE]
4 2 2

(a) 11 (b) – 11 (c) 11 (d) None of these

   3   5   7 
11. 1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  is equal to [DCE]
 8  8  8  8 

1  1 (1  2)
(a) (b) cos (c) (d)
2 8 8 2 2

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS
1
1. If 0 < x <  , and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is
2
(a) 1  7  / 4 (b) 1  7  / 4 (c) 4  7  / 3 (d) 
 4 7 /3 
21 27
2. Let ,  be such that  <  –  < 3. If sin  + sin  =  and cos  + cos  = – , then the
65 65

value of cos is [AIEEE]
2
3 6 6 3
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
130 65 65 130


3. The sides of a triangle are sin , cos  and 1  sin  cos  for some 0 <  < . Then the greatest
2
angle of the triangle is [AIEEE]
(a) 60° (b) 150° (c) 120° (d) 90°

4. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 3  ] satisfying the equation 2 sin2x + 5 sin x – 3 = 0 is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 1
5. Let A and B denote the statements [AIEEE]
A : cos  + cos  + cos  = 0 B : sin  + sin  + sin  = 0
3
If cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) =  , then :
2
(a) A is false and B is true (b) both A and B are true
(c) both A and B are false (d) A is true and B is false

4 5 
6. Let cos (  )  and let sin (  )  , where 0 < ,   . Then tan 2 = [AIEEE]
5 13 4

20 25 56 19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 16 33 12

- 3.30 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

7. If A = sin2x + cos4x, then for all real x: [AIEEE]

3 13 3 13
(a) A 1 (b) A 1 (c) 1  A  2 (d) A
4 16 4 16

8. In a PQR, if 3 sin P + 4 cos Q = 6 and 4 sin Q + 3 cos P = 1, then the angle R is equal to

5   3
(a) (b) (c) (d) [AIEEE]
6 6 4 4

9. If x, y, z are in A.P. and tan–1 x, tan–1y and tan–1z are also in A.P., then [JEE-Mains]

(a) 6x = 3y = 2z (b) 6x = 4y = 3z (c) x = y = z (d) 2x = 3y = 6z

tan A cot A
10. The expression  can be written as [JEE-Mains]
1  cot A 1  tan A
(a) tanA + cotA (b) secA + cosecA (c) sinA cosA + 1 (d) secA cosecA + 1

11. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are parallel and BC  CD. If  ADB   , BC = p and
CD = q, then AB is equal to [JEE-Mains]

p2  q 2  p2  q 2  sin   p2  q2  sin  p 2  q 2 cos 

(a) (b) (c) (d)
p 2 cos   q 2 sin   p cos   q sin  2 p cos   q sin  p cos   q sin 

1
12. Let fK(x) = (sinkx + coskx) where x  R and K  1. Then f4(x) – f6(x) equals:
K
[JEE-Mains]

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 4 12

13. A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in a straight path, at a uniform speed. At a certain point A on
the path, he observes that the angle of elevation of the top of the pillar is 30°. After walking for 10
minutes from A in the same direction, at a point B, he observes that the angle of elevation of the top of
the pillar is 60°. Then the time taken (in minutes) by him, from B to reach the pillar, is
[JEE-Mains]
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 20

14. Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the level ground. Let C be the mid-point of AB and P be a
point on the ground such that AP = 2AB. If BPC = , then tan  is equal to
[JEE-Mains]
4 6 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 7 4 9

15. If 5(tan2x – cos2x) = 2cos 2x + 9, then the value of cos 4x is: [JEE-Mains]

7 3 1 2
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
9 5 3 9

- 3.31 -
 CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.

2
1. The values of sin x2  lies in the interval
36
(a) [–1, 1] (b) [–1/2, 1/2] (c) [–1, 0] (d) none of these

2. The minimum value of |a secx – b tan x| where a and b are positive, a > b, is

(a) a2  b2 (b) a + b (c) a2  b2 (d) none of these

3. If sin x + cos x + tan x + cot x + sec x + cosec x = 7 and sin 2x = a – b 7 , then ordered pair
(a, b) can be
(a) (6, 2) (b) (8, 3) (c) (22, 8) (d) (11, 4)

1
4. The maximum value of is
7 sin x  29 cos x  7

1 1
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c)  (d)
2 2

5. The maximum value of 1 + 8 sin2 x cos2x is

(a) 3 (b) –1 (c) –8 (d) 9

SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.

6. If cot  + tan  = x and sec  – cos  = y then

(a) sin  cos  = 1/x (b) sin  tan  = y
2 2/3 2 2/3
(c) (x y) – (xy ) = 1 (d) none of these

x y
7. If sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y = b, then tan 
2

4  a2  b2 4  a2  b2 4  a2  b2 4  a2  b2
(a) (b) (c) – (d) –
a2  b2 a2  b2 a2  b2 a2  b2

8. If tan A + tan B = x, cot A + cot B = y, A – B =  0, then

(a) xy > 4 (b) xy = 4
xy ( xy  4) xy ( xy  4)
(c) cot 2   (d) tan 2  
( x  y)2 ( x  y )2

- 3.32 -
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

9. If sin ( cos ) = cos ( sin ), then sin 2 =

1 3 1 3
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
4 4 4 4


10. For a positive integer n, let fn() = tan (1  sec )(1  sec 2).......(1  sec 2n ), then
2

       
(a) f2    1 (b) f3    1 (c) f4    1 (d) f5   1
 16   32   64   128 

SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

This section contains 1 Paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.

x, y, z are respectively the sines and p, q, r are respectively the cosines of the angles , which are
2
in A.P. with common difference .
3
11. x + y + z is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these

12. yz + zx + xy is equal to

3 3
(a) p + q + r (b) x + y + z (c)  (d) 
4 8

x y z
p q r 
13. Value of the determinant
yz zx xy
3 3
(a) 0 (b) x + y + z (c) p + q + r (d)
8
SECTION- IV: MATCHING LIST TYPE
This Section contains 4 multiple choice questions. Each question has matching lists. The codes for
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.

1  sin x 1  tan 2 ( x / 2)
14. A. (p)
cos x 1  tan 2 ( x / 2)

1  sin x  x
B. (q) tan 2  
cos x 2
1  cos x 1  tan( x / 2)
C. (r)
1  cos x 1  tan( x / 2)
1  tan( x / 2)
D. cos x (s)
1  tan( x / 2)

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

This section contains 8 questions. The answer to each of the question is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. The bubble corresponding to the correct answer is to be darkened in the
ORS.

cos A
15. In a ABC,  sin Bsin C 
16. If cosec  – sin  = m, sec  – cos  = n, then (m2n)2/3 + (mn2)2/3 =

A B C
17. In any triangle ABC the minimum value of tan2 + tan2 + tan2 is
2 2 2

 2 4
18. The value of 8 cos cos cos 
9 9 9

cos 6 x  6cos 4 x  15cos 2 x  10

19. The expression is equal to k cos x. Then the value of k is.
cos5 x  5cos 3x  10cos x

1 1 1 3 1 
20. If cos =  a   and cos3  =  a  3  , then value of k is.
2 a k a 

sin x sin 3 x sin 9 x

21. If    k [tan 27 x  tan x] , then 10 k =
cos 3 x cos 9 x cos 27 x

x a
22. If a2 – 2a cos x + 1 = 674 and tan  7 , here a is an integer then =.
2 5

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 ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)

11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a)

16. (b,c,d) 17. (b,c,d) 18. (a,b,d) 19. (a,c,d) 20. (a,d)

21. (a,d) 22. (c,d) 23. (a,b,c) 24. (b,c) 25. (b,c)
26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. A-(q); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p) 33. A-(q); B-(p); C-(s); D-(r)
34. (3) 35. (2) 36. (1) 37. (0) 38. (1)
39. (4) 40. (4) 41. (4) 42. (1) 43. (7)

Chapter Assignment Hint/Solutions


1. (b): lies in second quadrant.
2

2. (a): sin 80° – sin 10° = 2 cos 45° sin 35°

3. (b): Simplify and use the formula of sin 2x.

4. (c): Factorize and simplify.

5. (a): sin x = 1 – sin2x = cos2x.

6. (b): A + B + C = 180°  A + B = 135°

7. (d): Use conditional identities.

8. (d): Put x = tan A, y = tan B and z = tan C

9. (c):  = 60° – , replace in the given expression.

2 tan A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2
10. (b): sin A = , and cos A =
1  tan 2 A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2

11. (c): Use  a 2  b 2  a sin   b cos   a 2  b 2

12. (c): Simplify using the formula of tan (A + B) and tan (A – B).

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

2 tan A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2
13. (a): Use tan A = , and sec A =
1  tan 2 A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2

14. (b): tan 60° = tan(20° + 40°)

15. (a): Use componendo and dividendo.

16. (b,c,d):

Use componendo and dividendo

17. (b,c,d):
a = (sin2 x + cos2x)2 – 2sin2x cos2x
= 1 – 1/2 sin22x.

18. (a,b,d):
2 cos( – ) + 2cos ( – ) + 2cos ( –) + 1 + 1 + 1 = 0
or (sin  + sin  + sin )2 + (cos  + cos  + cos )2 = 0

19. (a,c,d):

sin 4  cos 4  1
Given  
a b ab
or b(a + b)sin4 + a(a + b)cos4 = ab
or b(a + b)sin4 + a(a + b)(1 – sin2)2 = ab
or b(a + b)sin4 + a(a + b)(1 – 2sin2 + sin4) = ab
or (a + b)2sin4 – 2a(a + b)sin2 + a(a + b) – ab = 0
or [(a + b)sin2 – a]2 = 0
a
 sin2 =
a b
b
 cos2 =
a b
4 4
Now
sin 8  cos 8  =  a  1  b  1
    
a3 b3  a  b  a3  a  b  b3
ab
=
( a  b) 4
1
=
( a  b) 3
20. (a,d): Pn – Pn –2 = – sin2 cos2 Pn – 4

21. (a,d): tan (A + B) + tan (A – B) = 4, tan (A + B) tan (A – B) = 1

Now tan 2A = tan [(A + B) + (A – B)]

22. (c,d): tan 3 = tan ( + 2)

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Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

23. (a,b,c):
        3
2cos cos   2cos 2  1 
2 2  2  2
2
      
or  2cos  cos   sin 2 0
 2 2  2

2 tan A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2
24. (b,c): sin A = , and cos A =
1  tan 2 A/ 2 1  tan 2 A/ 2

25. (b,c): a2 = (sin2x)3 + (cos2x)3 = (sin2x + cos2x) [(sin2x + cos2x)2 – 3sin2x cos2x]

2 4  
26. (d): cos cos cos    
7 7  7

 2  3  4  8   6 
27. (a): – cos cos cos     cos cos     cos  2  
13 13  13  13  13   13 

     5    7  
28. (b): cos    cos    cos   
 2 18   2 18   2 18 

z cot 2  z cot 3 BD  BE DE CE  CD
29. (b):   
z cot  BC BC BC

z cot   z cot 2 BC  BD CD x
30. (a):   
z cot  BC BC z

31. (a): AD = CD = x cot .

32. A-(q); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p):

5 1 5 1
Use sin 18° = and cos 36° =
4 4

33. A-(q); B-(p); C-(s); D-(r)

xy = (cos  + sin ) (cos  – sin ) = cos 2.
x cos   sin 

y cos   sin  , then use C and D


34. (3): Let A =
9
2
 3tan A  tan 3 A 
2
(tan 3A) =  2 
 1  3tan A 

 
1  cos   x 
 x  2 
35. (2): Use cos2     and sin 2x = 2sin x cos x.
 4 2 2

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 Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

36. (1): cos2A = sin A tan A  cos3A = sin2A

cot2A = sec A  cot4A = 1 + tan2A
37. (0): Use componendo and dividendo.

5 1 5 1
38. (1): Use sin 18° = and cos 36° =
4 4
cos3  sin 3 
39. (4): 9x sin3 = 5y cos3    k3
9x 5y

1  tan 2 A
40. (4): Use cos 2A =
1  tan 2 A

41. (4): sin x (1 + sin2x) = 1 – sin2x = cos2x

(1 – cos2x) (2 – cos2x)2 = cos4x.

42. (1): Use the formula of tan (A + B).

43. (7): (sin 47° + sin 61°) – (sin 11° + sin 25°)

Previous Year Questions

ANSWERS FOR IIT-SCREENING
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a,b) 14. (c,d) 15. (3)
16. (d) 17. (a,c,d) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c,d)

21. (b,c,d)
ANSWERS FOR DCE
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (c)
ANSWERS FOR AIEEE
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a)

Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a,b,c) 7. (a,c) 8. (a,d) 9. (b,d) 10. (a,b,c,d)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. A-(r); B-(s); C-(q); D-(p)
15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (2)
20. (2) 21. (5) 22. (5)

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