STEM STRAND

Engineering
5th Batch

Pre - Calculus
Trigonometry

Academic Year: 2020-2021

 Performance Standards
The learner shall be able to...
 formulate and solve accurately situational
problems involving circular functions.
 apply appropriate trigonometric identities in
solving situational problems.
 formulate and solve accurately situational
problems involving appropriate trigonometric
functions.
 formulate and solve accurately situational
problems involving the polar coordinate
system.
J.T.HORTELANO,MAT-Math Business Mathematics 2
 What is Trigonometry?

• Came from the Greek word

trigonon, which means triangle,
and metria, which means
measurement.
• A branch of mathematics dealing
with properties of trigonometric
functions and their applications.
J.T.HORTELANO,MAT-Math Business Mathematics 2
Angles, Arc length, and
Conversions
Angle measured in standard position.
Initial side is the positive x – axis which is
fixed. Terminal side is the ray in quadrant
II, which is free to rotate about the origin.
Counterclockwise rotation is positive,
clockwise rotation is negative.

Coterminal Angles: Angles that have the same terminal side.

60°, 420°, and –300° are all coterminal.

Degrees to radians: Multiply angle by radians

Radians to degrees: Multiply angle by

Note: 1 revolution = 360° = 2π radians.
1 degree = 60 minutes = 1hour = 3600 seconds
1 minute = 60 seconds
 Examples
1. 30 degrees,12 minutes to seconds
108,720”
2. 420 degrees to revolution
3. 3.6 rev to degrees
4. Express each angle measure using degrees,
minutes, and seconds.
a. 15.5 degrees
b.
5. Express in decimal degrees.
Arc length = central angle x radius, or

Note: A central angle is an angle whose

apex (vertex) is the center O of a circle and
whose legs (sides) are radii intersecting the
circle in two distinct points A and B. The
central angle is subtended by an arc
between those two points.
Examples
Arc length = central angle x radius, or

1. Find the length of an arc of a circle

with radius 15cm that subtends a
central angle of 30 degrees.

2. A central angle theta in a circle of

radius 6m is subtended by an arc of
length 8m. Find the measure of theta
in radians.
 Kinds of Angles
1. Acute angle:
2. Right angle: Exactly 90 degrees
3. Obtuse angle:
4. Straight angle: Exactly 180 degrees
5. Reflex angle:
6. Special angles:
7. Quadrantal angles: Angles with terminal sides that
coincide with the axes
8. Complementary: Pair of angles with sum of 90 deg
9. Supplementary: Pair of angles with sum of 180 deg
10. Coterminal angles: Angles with the same initial and
terminal sides
 Right Triangle Trig
Definitions
B

c
a

A
C b

1. sin(A) = sine of A = opposite / hypotenuse = a/c

2. cos(A) = cosine of A = adjacent / hypotenuse = b/c
3. tan(A) = tangent of A = opposite / adjacent = a/b
4. csc(A) = cosecant of A = hypotenuse / opposite = c/a
5. sec(A) = secant of A = hypotenuse / adjacent = c/b
6. cot(A) = cotangent of A = adjacent / opposite = b/a
All Students Take Calculus.
Quad I
Quad II cos(A)<0 cos(A)>0
sin(A)>0 sin(A)>0
tan(A)<0 tan(A)>0
sec(A)<0 sec(A)>0
csc(A)>0 csc(A)>0
cot(A)<0 cot(A)>0

cos(A)<0 cos(A)>0
sin(A)<0 sin(A)<0
tan(A)>0 tan(A)<0
sec(A)<0 sec(A)>0
csc(A)<0 csc(A)<0
Quad III cot(A)>0 cot(A)<0 Quad IV
Special Right Triangles
30°
45°

2
1

60° 45°
1 1
Try Me!
Reference Angles
Quad II Quad I

θ’ = 180° – θ θ’ = θ
θ’ = π – θ

θ’ = θ – 180° θ’ = 360° – θ
θ’ = θ – π θ’ = 2π – θ
Quad III Quad IV
Examples
Find the reference angle of the
following:
 Graphs
of
Trigonometric Functions
Graphs of sine & cosine

• Fundamental period of sine and cosine is 2π.

• Domain of sine and cosine is
• Range of sine and cosine is [–|A|+D, |A|+D].
• The amplitude of a sine and cosine graph is |A|.
• The vertical shift or average value of sine and
cosine graph is D.
• The period of sine and cosine graph is
• The phase shift or horizontal shift is
 Sine graphs

y = sin(x)

y = sin(x) + 3
y = 3sin(x)

y = sin(3x)

y = sin(x – 3)

y = 3sin(3x-9)+3
y = sin(x/3) y = sin(x)
Graphs of cosine

y = cos(x)
y = cos(x) + 3

y = 3cos(x)

y = cos(3x)

y = cos(x – 3) y = 3cos(3x – 9) + 3
y = cos(x)

y = cos(x/3)
Tangent and cotangent
graphs

• Fundamental period of tangent and cotangent is

π.
• Domain of tangent is where n is an
integer.
• Domain of cotangent where n is an
integer.
• Range of tangent and cotangent is
• The period of tangent or cotangent graph is
Remember Me!
1.Find two consecutive asymptotes by setting
the variable expression in the tangent equal
to /2 and -/2 then solve for Bx = /2.

2.Identify an x-intercept, midway the two

consecutive asymptotes.

3.Find the points on the graph midway an x-

intercept and the asymptotes. These points
have y-coordinates of -A and +A,
respectively.
 Graphs of tangent and
cotangent

y = tan(x) y = cot(x)
Vertical asymptotes at Vertical asymptotes at
 Graphs of secant and
cosecant

y = sec(x) y = csc(x)
Vertical asymptotes at Vertical asymptotes at
Range: (–∞, –1] U [1, ∞) Range: (–∞, –1] U [1, ∞)
y = cos(x) y = sin(x)
Draw My Curve!
 Basic Trigonometric
Identities
Quotient identities:

Even/Odd identities:

Even functions Odd functions Odd functions

Reciprocal Identities:

Pythagorean Identities:
 Trigonometric Identities
Sum & Difference Formulas
 Trigonometric Identities
Sum & Difference Formulas
Example: Find sin 105 using the difference of two angles
identify for sine.
 Trigonometric Identities
Sum & Difference Formulas
Example: Find cos 105 using the difference of two angles
identify for cosine.
 Trigonometric Identities
Sum & Difference Formulas
Example: Find tan 105 using identities for the sum and
difference of two angles.
Trigonometric Identities
Double Angle Formulas
 Trigonometric Identities
Double Angle Formulas
Example: A metal sheet is to be cut to form a 3 x 4 x 5
right triangle. If angle A is formed by sides with lengths 4
and 5, find the following:
a. cos 2A
b. sin 2A
c. tan 2A
 Trigonometric Identities
Double Angle Formulas
Example: A metal sheet is to be cut to form a 3 x 4 x 5
right triangle. If angle A is formed by sides with lengths 4
and 5, find the following:
For (b) sin 2A
 Trigonometric Identities
Double Angle Formulas
Example: A metal sheet is to be cut to form a 3 x 4 x 5
right triangle. If angle A is formed by sides with lengths 4
and 5, find the following:
For (c) tan 2A
Trigonometric Identities
Half Angle Formulas

The quadrant of
determines the sign.
 Prove each
trigonometric identity
 Prove each
trigonometric identity
Solving Trigonometric
Equations
Trigonometric equation is an equation that
involves some trigonometric functions of the
variable.
 Example
Solve:
 Solving Trigonometric
Equations
Trigonometric equation is an equation that involves some
trigonometric functions of the variable.
 Solving Trigonometric
Equations
Trigonometric equation is an equation that involves some
trigonometric functions of the variable.
 Inverse Trigonometric
Functions and Equations

Domain: [–1, 1]

Range:

0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QII.

–1 < y < 0, solutions in QIII and QIV.

Domain: [–1, 1]
Range: [0, π]
0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QIV.
–1< y < 0, solutions in QII and QIII.
Domain:
Range:
0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QIII.
–1 < y < 0, solutions in QII and QIV.
 Sine Wave

• From looking at a sine wave, it is obvious

that it does not pass the Horizontal Line
Test.
 Sine Wave

• In order to pass the Horizontal Line Test

(so that sin x has an inverse that is a
function), we must restrict the domain.
• We restrict it
to
 Sine Wave

• Quadrant IV is
• Quadrant I is
• Answers must be in one of those two
quadrants or
the answer
doesn’t exist.
 Sine Wave

• How do we draw inverse functions?

• Switch the x’s and y’s!
Switching the x’s and y’s also
means switching the axis!
 Sine Wave

• Domain/range of restricted wave?

• Domain/range of inverse?
 Inverse Notation

• y = arcsin x or y = sin-1 x

• Both mean the same thing. They mean

that you’re looking for the angle (y) where
sin y = x.
 Evaluating Inverse
Functions
• Find the exact value of:
• Arcsin ½
– This means at what angle is the sin = ½ ?
– π/6
– 5π/6 has the same answer, but falls in QIII, so
it is not correct.
 Calculator

• When looking for an inverse answer on the

calculator, use the 2nd key first, then hit sin,
cos, or tan.
• When looking for an angle always hit the
2nd key first.
• Last example: Degree mode, 2nd, sin, .5 =
30.
Cosine Wave
 Cosine Wave

• We must restrict the domain

• Now the inverse
 Cosine Wave

• Quadrant I is
• Quadrant II is
• Answers must be in one of those two
quadrants or
the answer
doesn’t exist.
Tangent Wave
 Tangent Wave

• We must restrict the domain

• Now the inverse
 Evaluating Inverse
Functions

• Find the value of:

• sin-1 2
– This means at what angle is the sin = 2 ?
– What does your calculator read? Why?

– 2 falls outside the range of a sine wave

and outside the domain of the inverse sine
wave
Composition of Functions

• Find the exact value of

• Where is the sine =

• Replace the parenthesis in the original
problem with that answer
• Now solve:
 Example

• Find the exact value of

• The sine angles must be in QI or QIV, so

we must use the reference angle
•
 Example

• Find tan(arctan(-5))
-5
• Find

• If the words are the same and the

inverse function is inside the
parenthesis, the answer is already
given!
 Example

• Find the exact value of

• Steps:
• Draw a triangle using only the info inside
the parentheses.
• Now use your x, y, r’s to 3

answer the outside term 2

 Last Example

• Find the exact value of

• Cos is negative in QII and III, but the
inverse is restricted to QII.

12

-7
 Try Me!

• Find the exact value of

Butterflies are among the most celebrated of all insects. It’s hard
not to notice their beautiful colors and graceful flight. Their
symmetry can be explored with trigonometric functions and a
system for plotting points called the polar coordinate system. In
many cases, polar coordinates are simpler and easier to use than
rectangular coordinates.
 Polar coordinate system
The polar coordinate system is formed by fixing a point, O,
which is the pole (or origin).
The polar axis is the ray constructed from O.
Each point P in the plane can be assigned polar coordinates (r, ).
P = (r,)
n ce
is ta
d
ct ed
e
dir
r=
O  = directed angle Polar
Pole (Origin) axis
r is the directed distance from O to P.

 is the directed angle (counterclockwise) from the polar axis to OP.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 63
Convert the rectangular coordinate
system equation to a polar coordinate
system equation.

What are the polar conversions

we found for x and y?
substitute in for
x and y

We wouldn't recognize what this equation looked like

in polar coordinates but looking at the rectangular
equation we'd know it was a parabola.
Converting from Rectangular to
Polar
Find the polar form for the rectangular point (4, 3).
To find the polar coordinate, we
must calculate the radius and
angle to the given point.
We can use our knowledge of
right triangle trigonometry to
find the radius and angle.
(4, 3)
r2 = 32 + tan q = ¾
r
3 42 q = tan-1(¾)
q
r2 = 25 q = 36.87o or
4 r=5 0.64 rad
The polar form of the
rectangular point
(4, 3) is (5, 36.87o)
Converting from Rectangular to
Polar

In general, the rectangular point (x, y) is converted to polar form (r, θ) by:

1. Finding the radius

r2 = x2 + y2
(x, y)
r 2. Finding the angle
y
q tan q = y/x or q = tan-1(y/x)
Recall that some angles require
x the angle to be converted to the
appropriate quadrant.
Converting from Rectangular to Polar

On your own, find polar form for the point (-2, 3).

(-2, 3)
r2 = (-2)2 + 32
r2 = 4 + 9
r2 = 13
r=

However, the angle must be in the second

quadrant, so we add 180o to the answer
and get an angle of 123.70o.
The polar form is ( , 123.70o)
 Converting from Polar to Rectanglar

Convert the polar point (4, 30o) to rectangular coordinates.

We are given the radius of 4 and angle of 30o.

Find the values of x and y.
Using trig to find the values of x and y, we know
4 that cos q = x/r or x = r cos q . Also, sin q = y/r or
y y = r sin q .
30 o

The point in rectangular form is:

Converting from Polar to Rectanglar

On your own, convert (3, 5π/3) to rectangular coordinates.

We are given the radius of 3 and angle of 5π/3 or

300o. Find the values of x and y.

-60o

The point in rectangular form is:

 The relationship between rectangular and
polar coordinates is as follows.
y
The point (x, y) lies on a
circle of radius r, therefore,
r2 = x2 + y2.

(x, y) Definitions of trigonometric

(r, ) functions
r
y

Pole 
x
(Origin) x

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 70

 Coordinate Conversion

(Pythagorean Identity)

Example:
Convert the point into rectangular coordinates.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 71

 Example:
Convert the point (1,1) into polar coordinates.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 72

Let's take a point in the rectangular coordinate system
and convert it to the polar coordinate system.

(3, 4) Based on the trig you

know can you see
r how to find r and ?
4

3
r=5

We'll find  in radians

polar coordinates are: (5, 0.93)

Let's generalize this to find formulas for converting from
rectangular to polar coordinates.

(x, y)

r
y

x
 Now let's go the other way, from polar to rectangular
coordinates.
Based on the trig you know;
can you see how to find x and
y?

4
y
x

rectangular coordinates are:

Let's generalize the conversion from polar to rectangular
coordinates.

r y
x
Law of Sines & Law of
Cosines
Law of sines Law of cosines

Use when you have a

Use when you have SAS, SSS.
complete ratio: SSA.