Harshavardhan’s

Trigonometry
“Trigonometry is the most intricate easiest branch of Mathematics” It depends upon you…

I officially welcome you to the world of Trigonometry. This world is filled with
a plethora of new things that I can’t wait to show to you…

But, I don’t want you to leave empty-handed. Therefore, I’ll explain everything
you need to know about trigonometry in the form of a flowchart. But, this
isn’t a flowchart… #UNEQUIVOCAL

Ready? Hold back! Here we go!!......

TRI - GON - METRY

Three Sides / Angles to Measure

It literally means to measure a right triangle… It’s kind of true… but most
importantly, we need to know about trigonometric ratios in order to “measure a
triangle”.

But what are these trigonometric ratios?

Sine Sin

Cosine Cos

Tangent Tan
These are the trigonometric ratios that we were talking about…

Now let’s see what ratios of a right-triangle they conceal…

A


C B

Opposite AB
Sin  Hypotenuse AC

Adjacent BC
Cos 
Hypotenuse AC

Opposite AB
Tan  Adjacent BC

Hypotenuse AC
Cosec  Opposite AB

Hypotenuse AC
Sec  Adjacent BC

Adjacent BC
Cot  Opposite AB

But what are the sec, cosec and cot?

We’ll look at them in just a moment….

Sec, cosec and cot are defined as the reciprocal ratio values of sin, cos and tan
respectively.

1
Cosecant Cosec sin θ

1
Secant Sec cos θ

1
Cotangent Tan tan θ

Well, how will these ratios help us? With these ratios, we can determine the ratio
of any two sides of a right-triangle. Can we use these to determine ratios of sides
of any triangle….?

You heard that right…. It’s a YES…. These ratios can only be used in any triangle…
not only in a right-triangle (This info. will get relevant when we learn
trigonometry in circles.) But, for now let’s focus on just right-triangles…

(I) Ratios complementary angles

of

A
(90 - )
 
We know about the ratios for angle ACB (), but how can we tell the ratios for
BAC??

Fortunately, we can use the angle sum property to find out that BAC = 90 - .

Let’s find out the ratios of this complementary angle (90 - )….

But you need to use your logic to tackle this topic in trigonometry… This is where
we find most of the people learning Trigonometry get confused… To be frank,
there’s nothing to be confused of…

But before that, do you know that (60, 30) right-triangle and (45, 45) right
triangle significant cases here? If so, describe.

Trigonometry is an easy chapter when you really try to understand it… It is

genuinely feasible to excel in… All you need is…. Wait for it…..!!!!

Where were we? Ah! The complementary ratios….

But before we get into that, just recall the triangle we saw at the starting of
complementary ratios……. Here it is

A
(90 - )
 
B c
Opposite
What is sin (90 - ) here? We know that sin  = Hypotenuse

Opposite BC
, The value of sin (90 - ) will be = Hypotenuse ¿ AC .

BC
But AC is also the value of cos …

, We can conclude that;

Sin (90 - ) = Cos 

We’ll see the rest of the ratios in just a second…

Sin (90 - ) = Cos 

Cos (90 - ) = Sin 

Tan (90 - ) = cot 

Cosec (90 - ) = Sec 

 Sec (90 - ) = Cosec 

Cot (90 - ) = Tan 

These ratios of complementary angles will be very helpful to solve problems…

Next, we shall look at Ratios of Specific angles…

(II) Ratios specific angles of

Okay but, how’ll you find it out if I say “find sin (30)”. What will you do?

There is indeed a way to figure it out… For an angle (), {0 ≤  ≤90 ∃ratio}

*Refer Pg. no. 182, 183, 184 for further clarification….

I have other works to do… I’m just going to give you the ratios…

 deg 0 30 45 60 90

rad (2 π )
( π6 ) ( π4 ) ( π3 ) ( π2 )
Sin  1 1 √3
2 √2 2
0 1
Cos  √3 1 1
2 √2 2
1 0
Tan  1

0 √3 1 √3 Undefined.
Cosec  √2
√2 3
Undefined. 2 1
Sec  2

1 √3 √2 2 Undefined.
Cot  1

Undefined. √3 1 √3 0

Next we’ll look at trigonometric identities…

(III) Trigonometric Identities

We have learnt about algebraic identities… but what are these trigonometric
Identities?

“A trigonometric identity is nothing but, an identity constituted by predominantly,

trigonometric ratios”

Let us take for example: ABC and .

A
 
B c
Let’s use the good old Pythagoras Theorem here….

We get AB 2+ BC 2 =AC 2 → eq n ¿1)

Now, I won’t stop here…. “I’ll push limits” to get my desired identity.

 Dividing the whole equation by AC , we get:

AB2 BC 2 AC 2
+ =
AC 2 AC 2 AC 2

We’ll simplify this equation further more:

AB 2 BC 2 AC 2

( )( ) ( )
AC
+
AC
=
AC

, We get our desired identity which is:

( sin θ )2 + ( cos θ )2 =1

Simplifying it even more, we arrive on an even clearer identity…

sin 2 θ+cos 2 θ=1

This is true for all { ∀ ∋ 0° ≤ 90 °} which can also be written as 0  90.

Even now,” I will not be stopped” from finding out more such identities…

Let’s divide equation (1) by AB2…

 AB2 BC 2 AC 2
+ =
AB2 AB 2 AB 2

Simplifying it even more…. We get,

AB 2 BC 2 AC 2

( ) ( ) ( )
AB
+
AB
=
AB

, We get our desired identity which is:

2 2
1+ ( tan ) θ=( sec ) θ

Simplifying it even more, we get an even clearer identity…

1+ tan 2 θ=sec 2 θ

Still, “I am unstoppable”. I will obtain my last identity…

Let’s divide equation (1) by BC 2

AB2 BC 2 AC 2
+ =
BC 2 BC 2 BC 2

We’ll simplify this even more, and then we’ll get…

AB 2 BC 2 AC 2

( )( ) ( )
BC
+
BC
=
BC

, We get our desired identity which is:

( cot )2 θ+1=( cosec )2 θ

Simplifying it even more, we obtain an even clearer identity:

cot2 θ+1=cosec 2 θ
That’s all you need to know about “The Basics of Trigonometry” … Come on, it’s
time to ace this… “You’re unstoppable!”….

I mean, no time for Summary… A summary is only needed for a person who mugs
up most of the time… I’m sure you aren’t a person who’s always mugging up… 

SPECIAL THANKS:

1) Kaustav Bauri. (He taught me trig.)

2) Shipra ma’am. (For making this presentation possible…)

References: NCERT Class X Mathematics.

X ---------------------------- X ------------------------------- X
Name: A.Harshavardhan

Class: 10 C