Angles and

Circular Functions
Prepared by: Lara O. Rolan
 Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to
1. Identify the different terms in trigonometry.
2. Know how to convert degrees to radian measures
or viceversa.
3. Differentiate the different types of angles.
4. Solve the length of an arc and area of the sector.
5. Enumerate the different kinds of triangles.
6. Discuss the different circular function.
7. Apply the formulas involving circular functions.
8. Appreciate and develops interest in mathematics
 Trigonometry
v Trigonometry – is the branch of mathematics
concerned with the measurement of the parts,
sides, and angles of a triangle.
v Plane Trigonometry - which is restricted to triangles
lying in a plane. Trigonometry is based on certain
ratios, called trigonometric functions.
 Angles
v Ray (half line) – is a subset of line that starts at a
point and extends indefinitely in one direction.
v Angle – is a figure formed by two rays having a
common endpoint.
• vertex – common endpoint
• rays – are the sides of the angles.
An angle is considered positive if the rotation is
counter-clockwise and negative if the rotation is
clockwise.
 Initial Side &
Terminal Side
The ray at which an angle of rotation
begins is the initial side of the angle.
Here, 𝑂𝑋is the initial side of ∠𝑋𝑂𝑃.

The ray at which an angle of rotation

ends is the terminal side of the angle.
Here, 𝑂𝑃 is the terminal side of
∠𝑋𝑂𝑃.
 Angular Measures
When an arc of a circle is in the interior of an angle of the circle and
the arc joins the points of intersection of the sides of the angle and
the circle, the arc is said to subtend the angle.
A degree (°) is defined as the measure of the central angle subtended
by an arc of a circle equal to 1/360 of the circumference of the circle.
A minute (’) is 1/60 of a degree; a second (”) is 1/60 of a minute, or
1/3600 of a degree.
A radian (rad) is defined as the measure of the central angle
subtended by an arc of a circle equal to the radius of the circle.
 Angular Measures
The angle is expressed in radians or degrees. The size of an angle is often measured
in degrees. The smaller units of degrees are minute and second.
1 revolution = 360° = 2𝜋 radians 𝜋 = 180° = 3.14159
1° = 60 minutes 1′ = 60 seconds
180° 𝜋
1 rad = = 57.296° 57°17′45" 1° = = 0.017453 radian
𝜋 180°
v To convert degrees to radian just multiply the number by
𝜋
180°
v and to convert radian to degrees multiply the number by
180°
𝜋
Example: When changing angles in
decimals to minutes and
1 seconds, the general rule is
1. ) 36°24′ = 9°6! that angles in tenths will be
4 changed to the nearest
1 1 minute and all other angles
2. ) 127°24′ = 126°84′ = 63°42! will be rounded to the
2 2 nearest hundredth and
3. ) 62.4° = 62° + 0.4 60′ = 62°24! then changed to the
nearest second.
4. ) 29.23° = 29° + 0.23 60′ = 29°13.8!
= 29°13! + 0.8 60′′ = 29°13! 48” When changing angles in
7 7𝜋 180° minutes and seconds to
5. ) 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 7 = 105° decimals, the results in
12 12 𝜋 minutes are rounded to
50° 𝜋 5𝜋 tenths and angles in seconds
6. ) 50° = 7 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 have the results rounded to
1 180° 18
hundredths.
 Types of Angles
A. According to Angular Measures
1. Acute angle – angle which measures between 0 and 90°.
2. Right angle – angle which measures exactly 90°.
3. Obtuse angle – angle which measures between 90° and 180°.
4. Reflex angle – angle which measures greater than 180°.

B. According to Pairs of Angles

1. Complementary angles – two angles are called complementary angles if the sum
of their degree measurements is equal to 90°. One of the complementary angles is
said to be the complement of the other.
2. Supplementary angles – two angles are called supplementary angles if the sum of
their degree measurements is equal to 180 degrees. One of the supplementary
angles is said to be the supplement of the other.
3. Vertical angles – are non-adjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines. Vertical
angles are equal.
 CIRCLE
v Circle – is the set of points equidistant from a fixed point
(center).
v Radius – fixed distance of any point from the center.
v center – fixed point of the circle.

Standard Formula of a Circle:

𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙 − 𝒉 𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝒌 𝟐
v Unit Circle – the circle that has its center at the origin and
radius equal to one.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏
 Triangle
Triangle – is the figure
formed by three non-
collinear points and the
three line segments that join
them. The points are the
vertices of the triangle and
the line segments are the
sides.
 Triangle
A. According to relation of sides
1. Scalene triangle – no equal sides
2. Isosceles triangle – with two sides equal
3. Equilateral triangle – with all three sides
equal

B. According to angles
1. Equiangular triangle – all three angles are
equal
2. Acute triangle – all three angles are acute
3. Oblique triangle – with no right angle
4. Right triangle – with a right angle
5. Obtuse triangle – with an obtuse angle.
In a right triangle, the side
opposite the right angle is called
the hypotenuse and the two
perpendicular sides are called
the legs. The hypotenuse is the
longest side of the right triangle.
 Properties of Triangle
v The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is equal to
180°.
v The sum of the lengths of any two sides is greater than the third
side.
v In 30°-60°-90° triangle, the side opposite 30° is half as long as the
"
hypotenuse, and the longer leg is , times as long as the
#
hypotenuse.
v In 45°-45°-90° triangle, the hypotenuse is 2 times as long as any
of the legs.
v The median (a segment joining one vertex and the midpoint of
opposite side) to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is half as long
as the hypotenuse.
v The Pythagorean Theorem. In a right triangle, the sum o the
squares of the two legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.
 Properties of Triangle
v Two right triangles are congruent if and
only if,
a) a leg and an acute angle of one are
congruent respectively to a leg and an
acute angle of the other.
b) two legs of one are congruent, respectively
to the corresponding legs of the other.
c) the hypotenuse and an acute angle of one
are congruent respectively, to the
corresponding hypotenuse and acute angle
of the other.
d) the hypotenuse and the leg of one are
congruent, respectively to the
corresponding hypotenuse and the leg of
the other.
 Properties of Triangle
v Two triangles are similar whenever corresponding
sides are proportional and corresponding angles
are congruent.
v The area of the triangle, in general is equal to
one-half the product of any base and altitude
$
upon it or 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ. By Heron’s formula, 𝐴 =
#
$
𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑐 , where 𝑠 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 +
#
𝑐).
 Arc Length
Arc (of a circle) – is the portion of the circumference
of the circle.

Finding the length of an arc is the same as finding the

part of the circumference. Since, 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 and the
unit circle has radius equal to 1, then the
circumference of the circle is 2𝜋 (6.28). Thus, the
distance one-half of the way around the unit circle is
𝜋 (3.14),
𝜋 3𝜋
= 1.57; = 4.71
2 2
 Length of an Arc
Central angle (of a circle)- is an angle with its vertex at the center of the
circle. The measure of the central of a unit circle is numerically equal to the
measure of its intercepted arc.

The length of an arc is denoted by 𝑠 is equal to the product of the central

angle 𝜃 in radians and the radius r, in symbols,
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃, 𝜃 is in radian.
In case the measure of the central angle is in degrees, then
𝜋𝑟𝐷
𝑠=
180°
where D is the angle measured in degrees.
Example:
1.) On a circle of radius 30 in., the length of the arc
"
intercepted by a central angle of rad is
#
1
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 = 30 = 10 𝑖𝑛.
3

2.) On the same circle a central angle of 50°

intercepts an arc of length
5𝜋 25𝜋
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 = 30 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
18 3
 Area of the Sector
Sector – is a part of the circle between two
radii with a given central angle. The area of the
sector of a circle of radius r and central angle 𝜃
in radian measure is,
1 $
𝐴= 𝑟 𝜃
2
Example:
1.) For a circle of radius 30 in., the area of a sector
"
intercepted by a central angle of
#
1 $ 1 $
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 𝜃 = 30 = 150 𝑖𝑛$
2 2 3

2.) For a circle of radius 18 cm, the area of a sector

intercepted by a central angle 50° is
1 $ 1 $
5𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑟 𝜃 = 18 = 45𝜋 𝑐𝑚$ 𝑜𝑟 141𝑐𝑚$
2 2 18
 Coordinates on a Line
A directed line is a line on which one direction is taken as
positive and the other as negative. The positive direction is
indicated by an arrowhead.
A number scale is established on a directed line by choosing a
point 𝑂 called the origin and a unit of measure 𝑂𝐴 = 1.
 Coordinates on a Line
On this scale, 𝐵 is 4 units to the right of 𝑂 (that is, in the positive direction
from 𝑂) and 𝐶 is 2 units to the left of 𝑂 (that is, in the negative direction from
𝑂). The directed distance 𝑂𝐵 = +4 and the directed distance 𝑂𝐶 = −2.
It is important to note that since the line is directed,𝑂𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝑂 and 𝑂𝐶 ≠ 𝐶𝑂.
The directed distance 𝐵𝑂 = −4, being measured contrary to the indicated
positive direction, and the directed distance 𝐶𝑂 = 2. Then 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐶𝑂 + 𝑂𝐵 =
2 + 4 = 6 and 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝑂 + 𝑂𝐶 = −4 + −2 = −6
 Coordinates in a Plane
A rectangular coordinate system in a plane consists of two number scales
(called axes), one horizontal and the other vertical, whose point of
intersection (origin) is the origin on each scale.

The position of any point P in the plane is

given by its (directed) distances, called
coordinates, from the axes. The 𝑥
− 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 of a point P is the directed
distance BP = OA and the 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 is
the directed distance AP = OB. A point 𝑃
with 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
will be denoted by 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦).
Coordinates in a Plane
The axes divide the plane into four parts,
called quadrants, which are numbered (in a
counterclockwise direction) I, II, III, and IV.
The undirected distance 𝑟 of any point
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 from the origin, called the
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 or the 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃, is
given by
𝑟 = 𝑥$ + 𝑦$
 Example:
Using a rectangular coordinate system,
locate the following points and find the
value of 𝑟 for each:
1. ) 𝐴 1,2
𝑟 = 𝑥# + 𝑦# = 1 # + 2 # = 5
2. ) 𝐵 −3,4
𝑟= 3 #+ 4 #=5
3. ) 𝐶 −3, −3 3
#
𝑟= −3 # + −3 3 =6
4. ) 𝐷 4, −5
𝑟 = 4 # + −5 # = 41
Angles in Standard Position
With respect to a rectangular
coordinate system, an angle is said to
be in standard position when its vertex
is at the origin and its initial side
coincides with the positive 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
An angle is said to be a first-quadrant
angle or to be in the first quadrant if,
when in standard position, its terminal
side falls in that quadrant. Similar
definitions hold for the other
quadrants.
 Coterminal Angles
Two angles which, when placed in standard position,
have coincident terminal sides are called coterminal
angles. For example,30° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 330°, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 10°𝑎𝑛𝑑
710° are pairs of coterminal angles.

There is an unlimited number of angles coterminal with

a given angle. Coterminal angles for any given angle can
be found by adding integer multiples of 360° to the
degree measure of the given angle.

The angles 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°and all the angles
coterminal with them are called quadrantal angles.
 Example:
Construct the following angles in standard
position and determine those which are
coterminal:
1.) 125°
2.) 210°
3.) −150°
4.) 385°
5.) −955°
6.) −870°

ü 125° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 955° 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

ü 210°, −150° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 870° 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
Trigonometric Functions of General Angle
Let 𝜃 be an angle (not quadrantal) in standard position and let 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 be any point,
distinct from the origin, on the terminal side of the angle. The six trigonometric
functions of 𝜃 are defined, in terms of the 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒, and 𝑟
(the distance of 𝑃 from the origin), as follows:
𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = =
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦

Reciprocal relations:
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 Quadrant Signs of the Functions

Since 𝑟 is always positive, the signs of the

functions in the various quadrants
depend on the signs of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
 Example:
Determine the values of the trigonometric functions of angle 𝜃 (smallest
positive angle in standard position) if 𝑃 is a point on the terminal side of 𝜃
and the coordinates of 𝑃 are:
1.) 𝑃 3,4
2.) 𝑃 −3,4
3.) 𝑃 −1, −3
1.) 𝑃 3,4 𝑟= 3 # + 4 =5#
𝑦 4 𝑥 3
sin 𝜃 = = cos 𝜃 = =
𝑟 5 𝑟 5
𝑦 4 𝑥 3
tan 𝜃 = = cot 𝜃 = =
𝑥 3 𝑦 4
𝑟 5 𝑟 5
sec 𝜃 = = csc 𝜃 = =
𝑥 3 𝑦 4
 Example:
2.)𝑃 −3,4
𝑟 = −3 # + 4 # =5
𝑦 4 𝑥 −3
sin 𝜃 = = cos 𝜃 = =
𝑟 5 𝑟 5
𝑦 −4 𝑥 −3
tan 𝜃 = = cot 𝜃 = =
𝑥 3 𝑦 4
𝑟 −5 𝑟 5
sec 𝜃 = = csc 𝜃 = =
𝑥 3 𝑦 4
 Example:
3.)𝑃 −1, −3
𝑟 = −1 # + −3 # = 10
𝑦 −3 −3 10
sin 𝜃 = = =
𝑟 10 10
𝑥 −1 − 10
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = = =
𝑟 10 10
𝑦 −3 𝑥 −1 1
tan 𝜃 = = = 3 cot 𝜃 = = =
𝑥 −1 𝑦 −3 3
𝑟 10
sec 𝜃 = = = − 10
𝑥 −1
𝑟 10 − 10
csc 𝜃 = = =
𝑦 −3 3
 Coordinates of Points on a Unit Circle

s 𝑷 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
0° 1,0 1 0
𝜋
0,1 0 1
2
𝜋 −1,0 -1 0
3𝜋
0, −1 0 -1
2
Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles
Angle 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝜽
0° 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined
90° 1 0 undefined 0 undefined 1
180° 0 -1 0 undefined -1 undefined
270° -1 0 undefined 0 undefined -1
 Example:
Find the values of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃, given
8
sin θ = and θ in quadrant I.
17
Solution: Let 𝑃 be a point on the terminal line of
%
θ. Since sin 𝜃 = , we take 𝑦 = 8 and 𝑟 = 17.
$&
Since 𝜃 is in quadrant I, 𝑥 is positive; thus
𝑟 = 𝑥# + 𝑦#
𝑥 = 𝑟 # − 𝑦 # = 17 # − 8 # = 15
𝑥 15
cos 𝜃 = =
𝑟 17
𝑦 8
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑥 15
 Example:
Find the values of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃, given
5
cos θ = and θ in quadrant IV.
6
Solution:
Since,
𝑥 5
cos 𝜃 = =
𝑟 6
𝑟 = 𝑥# + 𝑦#
𝑦= 𝑟# − 𝑥# = ± 6 # − 5 # = ± 11
𝑦 − 11
sin 𝜃 = =
𝑟 6
𝑦 − 11
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑥 5
 Trigonometric Functions of an Acute Angle
With respect to angle A, a will be called the
opposite side and b will be called the adjacent
side; with respect to angle B, b will be called the
opposite side and a the adjacent side. Side c will
always be called the hypotenuse.
If now the right triangle is placed in a coordinate
system so that angle A is in standard position, the
point B on the terminal side of angle A has
coordinates (𝑏, 𝑎), and the distance c = a# + b # ,
then the trigonometric functions of angle A may
be defined in terms of the sides of the right
triangle, as follows:
Trigonometric Functions of an Acute Angle
𝑎 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
sin 𝐴 = = cot 𝐴 = =
𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑏 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
cos 𝐴 = = sec 𝐴 = =
𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
tan 𝐴 = = csc 𝐴 = =
𝑏 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
 Example:
Find the values of trigonometric functions of the
angles of the right triangle ABC.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 60 𝑎 60
sin 𝐴 = = = cos 𝐵 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐 109 𝑐 109
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏 91 𝑏 91
cos 𝐴 = = = sin 𝐵 = = The sine and cosine, tangent and
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐 109 𝑐 109
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 60 𝑎 60 cotangent, secant and
tan 𝐴 = = = cot 𝐵 = = cosecant—each function of a pair
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏 91 𝑏 91
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏 91 𝑏 91 being called the cofunction of the
cot 𝐴 = = = tan 𝐵 = = other.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎 60 𝑎 60
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐 109 𝑐 109 Any function of an acute angle is
sec 𝐴 = = = csc 𝐵 = = equal to the corresponding
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏 91 𝑏 91
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐 109 𝑐 109 cofunction of the
csc 𝐴 = = = sec 𝐵 = = complementary angle.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎 60 𝑎 60
 Trigonometric Functions of 30°, 45° & 60°
Angle 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝜽

1 3 3 2 3
30° 3 2
2 2 3 3

2 2
45° 1 1 2 2
2 2

3 1 3 2 3
60° 3 2
2 2 3 3
 Example:
Find the exact value of each of the following: csc 30° + csc 60° + csc 90°
3. )
1. ) sin 30° cos 60° + cos 30° sin 60° 𝑠𝑒𝑐0° + sec 30° +sec 60°
1 1 3 3 1 3 2 3
+ = + =1 2+ +1
2 2 2 2 4 4 3 =1
2 3
1+ +2
tan 60° − tan 30° 3
2. )
1 + tan 60° tan 30°
3 3 3− 3
3− 2 3 1 3
3 = 3 = 7 =
3 2 3 2 3
1+ 3
3
“The best angle from
which to approach
any problem is the
TRY-angle.”
—Anonymous
Thank you!!!