Vijayaram Sanaboyina.

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
 Page |1

Trigonometry:
The word ‘Trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘trigonon’ and ‘metron’ and it means
‘measuring the sides of a triangle’. Currently trigonometry is used in many areas such the
science of seismology, designing electric circuits, describing the state of an atom, predicting the
heights of tides in ocean, analysing a musical tone and in many other areas.
Angle:
Angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point. The original ray is called the
initial side and the final position of the ray after rotation is called the terminal side of the angle.
The point of rotation is called the vertex.
The measure of angle is the amount of rotation performed to get the terminal side from the
initial side.

Note: 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿, 𝜀, 𝜃, 𝜆, 𝜇, 𝜋, … are Greek letters.

Measurement of angles:
Sexagisimal system (British system):
Unit of angle in this system is one degree (10). One degree is 360 th part of the angle around a
1
point. Or if a rotation from the initial side to the terminal side is 360 th of the revolution, the
angle is said to have a measure of one degree, written as 10.
10 = 60’ (minutes)
1’ = 60’’ (seconds).
Centesimal system (French system):
Unit of angle in this system is one grade ( 1g). One grade is 400 th part of the angle around a
point. 1g = 100’ (minutes)
1’ = 100’’ (seconds).

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
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Radian measure (Circular system):

Unit of angle in this system is one radian (1c).
One radian is the angle subtended by an arc of length equal to the
radius of the circle, at the centre of the circle.

• 1800 = 200𝑔 = 𝜋 𝑐 .
𝐷 𝐺 𝑅
• = 200 = 𝜋 where D = degrees, G = grades and R = radians.
180
• 1c = 57.280 = 57017’ 44’’.
• 10 = 0.01745c
Note:

1. 𝜋 = 3.14156 and 𝜋 2 = 9.8696.

2.
In a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends an angle 𝜃
radian at the centre. Then
➢ 𝑙 = 𝑟𝜃.
1 1
➢ Area of the sector 𝐴 = 2 𝑙𝑟 = 2 𝑟 2 𝜃.
𝑥0
➢ 𝐴 = 360 𝜋𝑟 2 where 𝜃 = 𝑥 0 .

Equality of angles:
Two angles are said to be angle equal if the measure of the first is the same as the measure of
the second, using the same unit for measure of both the angles.
Nomenclature of angles:

• If 00 < 𝜃 < 900 , then 𝜃 is called an acute angle.

• If 𝜃 = 900 , then 𝜃 is called a right angle.
• If 900 < 𝜃 < 1800 , then 𝜃 is called an obtuse angle.
• If 𝜃 = 1800 , then 𝜃 is called a straight angle.
• If 𝜃 > 1800 , then 𝜃 is called a reflexive angle.
• If 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 900 then 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are called complementary angles.
• If 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 1800 then 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are supplementary angles.

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
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Angle in the standard position:

Taking vertex of the angle at the origin and letting one
ray coincide with the positive x-axis and other ray free
to rotate in any direction, then the angle is said to be
in standard position.
Convention:
Angle is measured positive in anti-clock wise direction
and negative in clock-wise direction.

Quadrant angle:
If the terminal ray of any angle in the standard position coincides with any one of the axes, then
it is called a quadrant angle.
Coterminal angle:
Two or more angles are said to be coterminous if they have same terminal ray.
Coterminal angles differ by integral multiples of 2𝜋.
Note:
In a regular polygon:
o All the interior angles are equal.
o All the exterior angles are equal.
o All the sides are equal.
o Sum of all the exterior angles is 3600.
3600
o Each of the exterior angle is 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 .
o Sum of interior angles = (𝑛 − 2)𝜋, where n is
no of sides.

Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle 𝜽:

If 𝜃 is an acute angle in aright angled triangle, then trigonometric ratios of 𝜃 are defined as
follows:
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
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Trigonometric ratios of any angle:

Let P (x, y) be coordinates of any point (except origin) on the terminal ray of any angle 𝜃 in the
standard position such that OP = r, where 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . We define the trigonometric ratios as
follows:

𝑦 𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝜃 = 𝑦
𝑟

𝑥 𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑟

𝑦 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑥 𝑦

Signs of trigonometric ratios in the quadrants:

II- Quadrant
I- Quadrant
Sin and cosec are positive and rest are
All trigonometric ratios positive
negative
(All)
(Silver)

III- Quadrant IV- Quadrant

tan and cot are positive and rest are Cos and sec are positive and rest are
negative negative
(Tea) (Cups)

These can be memorized by the phrase “All silver tea cups” or “All students take care”.
Trigonometric ratios of −𝜽 :

sin(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cosec(−𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 sec(−𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
tan(−𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 cot(−𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃.

Trigonometric ratios of allied angles:

sin(900 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 sin(900 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

cos(900 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos(900 + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
tan(900 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 tan(900 + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
cosec(900 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 cosec(900 + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
sec(900 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 sec(900 + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
cot(900 − 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 cot(900 + 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
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sin(1800 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin(1800 + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

cos(1800 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos(1800 + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
tan(1800 − 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 tan(1800 + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
cosec(1800 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 cosec(1800 + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
sec(1800 − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 sec(1800 + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
cot(1800 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 cot(1800 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

sin(2700 + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
sin(2700 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cos(2700 + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
cos(2700 − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
tan(2700 + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
tan(2700 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
cosec(2700 + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
cosec(2700 − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
sec(2700 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
sec(2700 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
cot(2700 + 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
cot(2700 − 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
sin(3600 − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin(3600 + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
cos(3600 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos(3600 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
tan(3600 − 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 tan(3600 + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
cosec(3600 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 cosec(3600 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
sec(3600 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 sec(3600 + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
cot(3600 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 cot(3600 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

Note: Co-functions: sin ↔ cos; tan ↔ cot; cosec ↔ sec

For 900 and 2700 we get co-functions and for 1800 and 3600 we get same functions.

Trigonometric ratios of 𝒏. 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 ± 𝜽.

o sin(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 o sin(2𝑛𝜋 − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
o cos(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 o cos(2𝑛𝜋 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
o tan(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 o tan(2𝑛𝜋 − 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
o cosec(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 o cosec(2𝑛𝜋 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
o sec(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 o sec(2𝑛𝜋 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
o cot(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 o cot(2𝑛𝜋 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

Trigonometric ratios of some angles:

x 00 300 450 600 900 1800 2700 3600

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 4 3 2 2
1 1 √3
sin 0 1 0 -1 0
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
cos 1 0 -1 0 1
2 √2 2
1
tan 0 1 √3 ---- 0 ---- 0
√3
SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,
KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
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Identities:

➢ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟐 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝟐 𝑥 = 1.
➢ 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝟐 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝟐 𝑥.
➢ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝟐 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝟐 𝑥.

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 1
• 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 and 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
1 1
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑥 − and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑥 +
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

Trigonometric functions:
Function Domain Range
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 R [-1, 1]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 R [-1, 1]
𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑅 − {(2𝑛 + 1) , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍} R
2
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑅 − {𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍} R
𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑅 − {(2𝑛 + 1) , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍} (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑅 − {𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍} (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)

Graphs of trigonometric functions:

1. Graph of y = sinx
Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]

2. Graph of y = cosx
Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
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3. Graph of y = tanx
𝜋
Domain = 𝑅 − {(2𝑛 + 1) 2 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍}
Range = R

4. Graph of y = cot x
Domain = R – {𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍}
Range = R.

5. Graph of y = cosec x
Domain = = R – {𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍}
Range = (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).

6. Graph of y = sec x
𝜋
Domain = 𝑅 − {(2𝑛 + 1) 2 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍}

Range = (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).

Periodic function:

A function f(x) is said to be periodic if f(a + x) = f(x) ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 and a ≠ 0. Also if ‘a’ is the least positive
value, then ‘a’ is called the fundamental period of f(x).

The period of sinx, cosx, cosec x or sec x is 2𝜋 and that of tanx and cot x is 𝜋.
SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,
KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
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Notes:

• The period ‘a’ of a function is independent of x.

• If f is a periodic function with period ‘a’ then – f is a periodic function with the same period ‘a’.
• If f is a periodic function with period ‘a’ then f (n a + x) = f(x) ∀ 𝑥, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍.
• If f is a periodic function with period ‘a’ then na, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 is also period of f, but converse is not
true.
𝑎
• If f is a periodic function with period ‘a’, then f (px + q) is also a periodic function with period |𝑝|.
• If the functions f1(x) and f2(x) are periodic functions with the periods p1 and p2 respectively then
the function af1(x) ± bf2(x), a, b ∈ R is also periodic with the period ‘p’, where p is the lcm of p1
and p2.
• If the functions f1(x), f2(x), f3(x) and f4(x) are periodic functions with the periods p1, p2, p3 and p4
𝑎𝑓1 (𝑥) ± 𝑏𝑓2 (𝑥)
respectively then the period of the function 𝑐𝑓3 (𝑥) ± 𝑑𝑓4 (𝑥)
, a, b, c and d ∈ R is ‘p’, where p is the
lcm of p1, p2, p3 and p4.
Function Period
sinx 2𝜋
2𝜋
sin(ax + b)
|𝑎|
cosx 2𝜋
2𝜋
cos(ax + b)
|𝑎|
tanx 𝜋
𝜋
tan(ax + b)
|𝑎|
cosec x 2𝜋
2𝜋
cosec(ax + b)
|𝑎|
sec x 2𝜋
2𝜋
sec(ax + b)
|𝑎|
cot x 𝜋
𝜋
cot(ax + b)
|𝑎|
sinn x
cosn x 𝜋 if n is even.
secn x 2𝜋 if n is odd.
cosecn x
tann x
cotn x 𝜋 for all n ∈ Z.

𝜋
sinn x + cosn x 2
if n is even (≠ 2)
2𝜋 if n is odd.
p sinn x + q cosn x (p ≠q) 𝜋 if n is even
2𝜋 if n is odd.

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
 Page |9

Trigonometric ratios of compound angles:

Compound Angle:
The algebraic sum or difference of two or more angles is called a compound angle i.e. A + B, A –
B, A + B + C, A – B + C .. etc. are compound angles.
Note:
Sin (A ± B) need not be equal to sinA ± sinB.
cos (A ± B) need not be equal to cosA ± cosB.
tan (A ± B) need not be equal to tanA ± tanB.
➢ sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
sin (A - B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB
cos (A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB
cos (A - B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB for A, B ∈ R.

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
➢ tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝜋
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 for all A, B, A + B, A – B ≠ (2𝑛 + 1) 2

𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵.𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 −1
➢ cot(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵.𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴+1
cot(𝐴 − 𝐵) = for all A, B, A + B, A – B ≠ 𝑛𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴

➢ sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴.

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴.
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴−1
cot(𝐴 + 𝐵) cot(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐵−𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴

o sin(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
= ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶.
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶
o tan(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) = 1−(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)
∑ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
= 1− ∑ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐶 ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 − 𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
cot(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) = = 1− ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵
1−(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐶 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴)
SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,
KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
 P a g e | 10

𝑠1 − 𝑠3 + 𝑠5 − 𝑠7 +⋯
o 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 ) = 1 − 𝑠2 + 𝑠4 − 𝑠6 +⋯
Where 𝑠1 = ∑ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴1 , 𝑠2 = ∑ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴2 , 𝑠3 = ∑ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴3 , ….
Values of Trigonometric ratios of some special angles:
√3 − 1
➢ 𝑠𝑖𝑛150 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠750 = 2√2
√3 + 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠150 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛750 = 2√2
0 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛15 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡75 = 2 − √3
𝑐𝑜𝑡150 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛750 = 2 + √3
Remarks:
o If A + B + C = 1800 or 𝑛𝜋 then
(i) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC,
(ii) cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1.
𝜋
o If A + B + C = 900 or (2𝑛 + 1) 2 then

(i) tanA tanB + tanB tanC + tanC tanA = 1,

(ii) cotA + cotB + cotC = cotA cotB cotC.

o
𝜋
If A + B = 450 or 𝑛𝜋 + 4 then
(i) (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2
(ii) (1 - cotA) (1 - cotB) = 2

o
𝜋
If A + B = 1350 or 𝑛𝜋 − 4 then
(i) (1 - tanA) (1 - tanB) = 2
(ii) (1 + cotA) (1 + cotB) = 2

o
𝜋
If A + B = 600 or 𝑛𝜋 + 3 then
(i) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 + √3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = √3.
(ii) √3𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 = √3.

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
 P a g e | 11

o
𝜋
If A + B = 1200 or 𝑛𝜋 − 3 then
(i) √3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = √3.
(ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 + √3𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 = √3.

Multiple and sub-multiple angles:

𝐴 3𝐵 𝐶
The angles 2A, 3B, 4C …. etc. are called the multiple angles whereas the angles like , ,6 …
2 2
etc. are called the sub multiple angles.

➢ sin2A = 2 sinA cosA for all A

2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝜋
= 1+ for all 𝐴 ≠ (2𝑛 + 1) 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
➢ cos2A = cos2A – sin2A
= 1 – 2sin2A
= 2 cos2A – 1 for all A
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 𝜋
= 1+ for all 𝐴 ≠ (2𝑛 + 1) 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝜋 𝜋
➢ tan2A = 1 − for all 𝐴 ≠ (2𝑛 + 1) 2 𝑜𝑟 (2𝑛 + 1) 4
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

➢ sin3A = 3 sinA – 4sin3A

➢ cos3A = 4cos3A – 3 cosA
3 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝐴
➢ tan3A = 1 − 3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
3 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝐴
➢ cot3A = 1 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴

Note:
𝐴 𝐴
• sinA = 2 sin 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝐴
2𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
= 𝐴
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2
2
𝐴 𝐴
• cosA = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
𝐴
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 − 1
𝐴
= 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
𝐴
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2
2
= 𝐴
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2
2

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
 P a g e | 12

𝐴
2𝑡𝑎𝑛
• tanA = 2
𝐴
1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛2
2
o 2sin2A = 1 – cos2A
o 2cos2A = 1 + cos2A
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
o tan2 A = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
o cot2 A = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴

Values of TR of some special angles:

√5 − 1
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛180 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠720 = 4
√10 + 2 √5
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠180 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛720 = 4
√10 − 2 √5
• 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛36 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠54 = 0
4
√5 + 1
• 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠36 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛54 = 0
4

10 10 √2 − 1
o 𝑠𝑖𝑛22 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠67 2 = √ 2√2

10 10 √2 + 1
o 𝑐𝑜𝑠22 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛67 2 = √ 2√2
10 10
o 𝑡𝑎𝑛22 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡67 2 = √2 − 1
10 10
o 𝑐𝑜𝑡22 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛67 2 = √2 + 1

10 √4 − √6 − √2
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 2 = 2 √2
10 √4 + √6 + √2
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠7 2 = 2 √2
10
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 2 = √2 − √3 − √4 + √6 = (√3 − √2)(√2 − 1)
10
• 𝑐𝑜𝑡7 2 = √2 + √3 + √4 + √6 = (√3 + √2)(√2 + 1).

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
 P a g e | 13

Transformations:
In any triangle ABC
sin (A + B) = sinC, cos (A + B) = - cosC, tan (A + B) = - tanC.
𝐴+𝐵 𝐶 𝐴+𝐵 𝐶 𝐴+𝐵 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 .
2 2 2

➢ sin (A + B) + sin (A – B) = 2 sinA cosB.

sin (A + B) – sin (A – B) = 2 cosA sinB.
cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) = 2 cosA cosB.
cos (A + B) - cos (A – B) = - 2 sinA sinB.

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
➢ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐷 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ).
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐷 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ).
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ).
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ).
2 2

Imp results:
𝑛𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 2𝛽) + ⋯ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝛼 + (𝑛 − 1)𝛽] = 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝛼 + (𝑛 − 1) 2 ] .
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

𝑛𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒+𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
2
= 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ).
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2

𝑛𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 2𝛽) + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝛼 + (𝑛 − 1)𝛽] = 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝛼 + (𝑛 − 1) 2 ].
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

𝑛𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒+𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
2
= 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ).
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(600 − 𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(600 + 𝐴) = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝐴.
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(600 − 𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(600 + 𝐴) = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝐴.

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛(600 − 𝐴) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(600 + 𝐴) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝐴.

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
 P a g e | 14

Results in a Triangle:
In any triangle ABC,
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 = 1 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
• sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
• cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = -1 – 4 cosA cosB cosC
• tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC.
• cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1.
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 = 1.
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
• 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 .

Remarks:
❖ If A + B + C = 1800 or (2n + 1)𝜋 then

sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC

sin2A + sin2B - sin2C = 4 cosA cosB sinC
sin2A - sin2B + sin2C = 4 cosA sinB cosC
-sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA cosB cosC

cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = -1 – 4 cosA cosB cosC

cos2A + cos2B - cos2C = -1 – 4 sinA sinB cosC
cos2A - cos2B + cos2C = -1 – 4 sinA cosB sinC
-cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = -1 – 4 cosA sinB sinC

❖ If A + B + C = 0 or 2n𝜋 then

sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = - 4 sinA sinB sinC

sin2A + sin2B - sin2C = - 4 cosA cosB sinC
sin2A - sin2B + sin2C = - 4 cosA sinB cosC
-sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = - 4 sinA cosB cosC

cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = -1 + 4 cosA cosB cosC

cos2A + cos2B - cos2C = 1 + 4 sinA sinB cosC
cos2A - cos2B + cos2C = 1 + 4 sinA cosB sinC
-cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 + 4 cosA sinB sinC

SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.
 P a g e | 15

❖ If A + B + C = 1800 then
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 .
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 .
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 .
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 .

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 = 1 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 .
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 = −1 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2.
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 = −1 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 .
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 = −1 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2.
o 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐100 − √3𝑠𝑒𝑐100 = 4.
𝑠𝑒𝑐800 − √3𝑠𝑒𝑐100 = 4.
Extreme values:

• For the expression: a sinx + b cosx + c

Minimum value = 𝑐 − √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Maximum value = = 𝑐 + √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Range = [ 𝑐 − √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝑐 + √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ] .
• For the expression: a sin2x + b sinx cosx + c cos2x
𝑎+ 𝑐 1
Minimum value = − 2 √𝑏 2 − (𝑎 − 𝑐)2
2
𝑎+ 𝑐 1
Maximum value = = + 2 √𝑏 2 − (𝑎 − 𝑐)2 .
2
• Minimum value of a2 tan2x + b2 cot2x = 2ab.
• Minimum value of a secx – b tanx = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 .
• For: k sin(f(x)) or k cos(f(x))
Minimum value = k
Maximum value = - k.
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SUDHIKSHA Jr. COLLEGE,

KURMANNAPALEM, VISAKHAPATNAM.