INTERNACIONAL COLEGIO DE TECNOLOGIA

DATU PANAS, BUUG, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY

PHONE NUMBERS: 0917-6505-980/0998-9787-784
Email Add.: ict.college2008@yahoo.com

CN201540111

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE NC II

Quarter 2 Module Week 5-6

NAME: ______________________________________________________
GRADE & TRACK/STRAND: __________________________________
ADDRESS: __________________________________________________
CONTACT NUMBER: ________________________________________

STEEVE MARK L. MASAYON S.Y: 2020-2021

Teacher

0
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Copyright Department of Education 2008

First Published JUNE 2008

This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning Materials Development Workshop
conducted at the Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and finalized on May 23-25, 2008 at
the Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP), Tagaytay City.

This learning instrument was developed by the following personnel:

Technology Teachers:

MR. MARINO C. CUETO Community Vocational High School MinSCAT Calapan City Campus,
Masipit, Calapan City

Contextual Teachers:

MS. GINA C. DELOS SANTOS

AFG Bernardino MTS Lias, Marilao, Bulacan

Facilitator:

MRS. CORAZON C. ECHANO

Tech-Voc Task Force
Encoder

MR. LEMUEL C. VALLES

Fund: Department of Education.

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING:

Balana, Ulysses B., TLE III Electricity, Eferza Academic Publication, 2004, pp.
Handley, William, Industrial Safety Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1977, pp.
Hubert, Charles I. Preventive Maintenance of Electrical Equipment – 2nd Ed., New York: McGraw Hill Book
Co.; 1974, pp.
Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers, Inc. Phillippine Electrical Code, Part I, 2002, # 41, Monte
de Piedad St., Cubao, Quezon City, Philippines: Bookman Inc., June 2002.

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Welcome to the Module “Installation of Electrical Lighting System on Auxiliary Outlets and Lighting
Fixtures”. This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency “Install Electrical Lighting System on Auxiliary Outlets and Lighting
Fixtures” contains the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a Building Wiring Installation course.
It is one of the specialized modules at National Certificate (NC) Level II.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each of the learning
outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome there are Information Sheets, Job Sheets, Operation
1
Sheets and Activity Sheets. Do these activities on your own and answer the Self- Check at the end of each
learning activity.

If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask your teacher for assistance.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this module. If you can demonstrate
competence to your teacher in a particular skill, talk to him/her so you do not have to undergo the same training
again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings show it to him/her. If the
skills you acquired are consistent with the relevant to this module, they become part of the evidence. You can present
these for RPL. If you are not sure about your competence/skills, discuss this with your teacher.

After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your competence. Result of your assessment will be recorded
in your competency profile. All the learning activities are designed for you to complete at your own pace.

Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete and relevant information sheets for each learning
outcome. Each learning outcome may have more than one learning activity.

This module is prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in receiving and relaying information. This
will be the source of information that will enable you to acquire the knowledge, skills and attitude in Building Wiring
Installation National Certificate (NC) Level II independently at your own pace or with minimum supervision or help
from your teacher.

TECHNICAL TERMS

Ballast is an induction coil which produces high voltage to start the lamp into
operation.
Fluorescent tube is a circular bulb containing mercury vapor and inert gas with
phosphor coating inside.
Frame is the metal housing of the whole fixture.
Incandescent bulb is a light source with a metal filament that glows with white
heat.
Insulation is a nonconductive device covering that protects wires and other
electricity carriers.
Junction box is an enclosure used for splitting circuits into different branches.

Knockouts are tabs that can be removed to make opening in a box for cable and
conduit connector.

Knick is small cut on wires.

Limelight comes from the incandescent light produced by a rod of lime bathed in a
flame of oxygen and hydrogen.

Non-metallic conduits are electrical materials which are manufactured to be

resistant to moisture and chemical atmosphere.
Photographic lamps as the name implies, are used in photography and projection

2
 service.
Receptacle is an outlet that supplies power for lamp and other plug-in devices

Screw cap is the threaded base of the bulb that secures it to a lamp.
Solid knobs are used to support or anchor wires as big as No. 8 or even bigger.

Split knobs are used to support wires smaller than No. 8.

Support wires are wires that physically hold up the filament.
Vinyl Chloride is a toxic carcinogen which has been proven to cause
angiosarcoma, a deadly primary liver cancer.
AWG – American Wire Gauge
PEC – Philippine Electrical Code
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
PVC – polyvinyl chloride
SPST – Single Pole Single Throw

COURSE : ELECTRICAL INSTALALTION MAINTENANCE NC II

Unit of Competency : INSTALL ELECTRICAL LIGHTING SYSTEM ON
AUXILIARY OUTLETS AND LIGHTING FIXTURES

Module Title : Installing of Electrical Lighting System on Auxiliary

Outlets and Lighting Fixtures

Learning Outcome 1: Layout and install electrical wiring using knob

and tube method
Assessment Criteria:

Electrical wiring is installed in line with the job requirements.

Electrical wiring is installed in line with the PEC/NEC.
Safety procedure in installing electrical wiring is strictly followed in line with the Occupational
Safety and Health Standards.

References:

Johnston, Larry et.al., Better Homes and Gardens Wiring 1st Edition, Meredith Books; 2007,pp.

Mulin, R.C., Smith R.L. Electrical Wiring-Commercial, Six Ed., New York: Delmar’s Publishing
Inc.; 1984, pp.

Agpoa, Feleciano. Interior and Exterior Wiring Troubleshooting ; National Bookstore: 1991

www.diydata.com/tool/drills/drills.php

www.powertoolinstitute.com

www.technologystudent.com
3
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

PRINCIPLES OF KNOB AND TUBE

The open or exposed wiring method is sometimes referred to as the Open Wiring on Insulators. (PEC
section 212) It uses cleats, knobs (split or solid), porcelain tubes and mica tubing for the support and
protection of insulated conductors run in or on buildings. It may be used in working either outside or inside
building in dry or wet locations. It shall not be used in the following locations:

Commercial Garages
Theaters
Motion Picture Studios
Hoist ways
Hazardous Locations

In the open or exposed wiring method, the wires are visible and are supported by the knobs. These knobs
may be a split or solid type. This is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1. The Split and Solid knobs

Split knobs are used to support wires smaller than No. 8. Solid knobs are used to support or anchor wires
as big as No. 8 or even bigger. Screws or nails may be used to fasten the knobs. When a nail is used a
leather washer should be placed between the nail head and the insulator to form cushion and protect the
insulator from breaking. See figure 2.

4
 Height of Knob

Figure 2. The Solid Knob with Leather washer for Protection

Figure 3. Shows the correct and wrong ways of tying wires to the groove of a solid knob.

In installing an electrical wiring system with the exposed knob and tube wiring method, the distance
between conductors should be maintained at a minimum distance of 6 cm. (2 ½ inches) apart. The knobs
must have a 30 cm (1 foot) distance apart. Figure 4 illustrates this provision of PEC.
Whenever wires pass through studs, rafters, floor joists or any wooden part of a building, the wires are
inserted in porcelain tubes or flexible mica tubing. Porcelain tubes and mica tubing are also provided

30 cm. 1 Ft.

Figure 4. Spacing of Split Knobs and Conductors

whenever wires cross each other. It gives the wire extra protection from injury.
Figure 5. Application of Porcelain Tubes and Mica Tubing

Some advantages of the Knob and Tube wiring:

It is used in temporary installation, such as construction jobs.

It has economical when properly installed.

It has a lower operating temperature because of ventilation brought by distances of the

installation.
Safety reminders when installing knob and tube wiring

Apply enough pressure on the gimlet when driving it to the wood board. Never hammer it.

Have the auger brace oiled regularly especially the ratchet type.

Have your electrician’s knife sharpened enough in order not to nick the wire.

Use the appropriate screw driver for the screw.

Be sure that the conductors in contact with the wiring surface are enclosed in mica tubing.

Be sure that your teacher has checked your work before testing.

Be sure that the safety switch is off before making any connection. Apply tape on all joints/splices.

Do not drive the split-knobs completely before the conductors or wires are run or inserted along the
grooves of the knobs.

Be sure to test the insulation for short and ground circuit before
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 1: Layout and install electrical wiring using knob and tube
methods

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read the Information sheet 1.1 about the You can ask assistance from your teacher to
principle of knob and tube. show you and explain further the topic you
cannot understand well.

2. Perform the job sheet 1.1 on installing Perform the performance test
one bulb controlled by one single pole
switch in one location.

3. Perform the job sheet 1.2 on installing two Perform the performance test
bulbs controlled individually by two single
pole switch in two location.

4. Perform the job sheet 1.3 on installing Perform the performance test
one bulb controlled by two three-way switch
in two locations.

Course : ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE NC II

Unit of Competency : INSTALL ELECTRICAL LIGHTING SYSTEM ON
AUXILIARY OUTLETS AND LIGHTING FIXTURES

Module Title : Installing of Electrical Lighting System on Auxiliary

Outlets and Lighting Fixtures

Learning Outcome 2: Layout and install PVC raceway/molding Assessment Criteria:

Materials, tools and equipment for installing PVC raceway are prepared in line with the job
requirements.
PVC raceway is installed in line with the job requirements.
Workplace is cleaned and made safe upon completion of the job.
PEC provisions concerning PVC raceway installations are strictly followed.
Final report is prepared upon the completion of job.

References:

Johnston, Larry et.al., Better Homes and Gardens Wiring 1st Edition, Meredith Books; 2007,pp.
Mulin, R.C., Smith R.L. Electrical Wiring-Commercial, Six Ed., New York: Delmar’s Publishing
Inc.; 1984, pp.

Agpoa, Feleciano. Interior and Exterior Wiring Troubleshooting ; National Bookstore: 1991

www.diydata.com/tool/drills/drills.php

www.powertoolinstitute.com

www.technologystudent.com
INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

Surface Raceway is a one piece, non-metallic, adhesive backed latching raceway designed to
aesthetically organize and route low voltage communications cables. It features a low profile design which
blends into any environment whether it is new construction or a renovation. It is easy to cut and trim and is
also printable with a latex based paint. It provides a complete line of fittings to manage connectivity
requirements.

The fittings are available for each size raceway and color option. Single or Dual gang, junction boxes are
versatile enough for any electrical application. Boxes are equipped with concentric knockouts for all 3 sizes
of raceway. Knockouts are provided on all four sides. Junction boxes come with adhesive strips and #6
screws to secure the box to the base.
Different types of Surface Raceway
The National Electrical Code permits surface raceways in dry locations for exposed or surface work. The
raceway can be extended through dry ways, dry partitions, and dry floors if one continuos length of
raceway is used throughout the concealed section.
The raceway cannot be used for concealed work on locations subject to severe to corrosive vapors, or in
hoist ways and hazardous location.

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE NC II

Course :
Unit of Competency : INSTALL ELECTRICAL LIGHTING SYSTEM ON
AUXILIARY OUTLETS AND LIGHTING FIXTURES

Module Title : Installing of Electrical Lighting System on Auxiliary

Outlets and Lighting Fixtures

Learning Outcome 3: Layout and install rigid non-metallic conduit Assessment

Criteria:
PEC provisions in installing rigid non-metallic conduit are strictly followed.
Personal safety in installing rigid non-metallic conduit is followed.
Tools/materials and equipments needed for installation are prepared in line with job requirements.
Rigid non-metallic conduit is installed in line with the job
requirements.
Final report is prepared upon the completion of the job.

References:

Johnston, Larry et.al., Better Homes and Gardens Wiring 1st Edition, Meredith Books; 2007,pp.

Mulin, R.C., Smith R.L. Electrical Wiring-Commercial, Six Ed., New York: Delmar’s Publishing
Inc.; 1984, pp.

Agpoa, Feleciano. Interior and Exterior Wiring Troubleshooting ; National Bookstore: 1991

www.diydata.com/tool/drills/drills.php

www.powertoolinstitute.com

www.technologystudent.com
TYPES OF PVC CODUIT FITTINGS

PVC Coupling PVC elbow

Adapter PVC Conduit Pipe

PVC 2G box LL Access Fitting

1 Inch Type T Condulet 1/2 Inch Type T PVC Condulet

3/4" Type LL PVC Access Fitting PVC Conduit Clamps

Identifying Different Types of Bend

The PVC or polyvinyl chloride rigid conduit is one of the most commonly used conduits in electrical
wiring installation today. Its preparation for installation is much easier than the metallic rigid conduit. In
preparing a non-metallic rigid conduit for installation, an electrician needs to do cutting, heating and
bending. Like in metallic rigid conduit offset bends, 90o angle bends and other bends are also made on
PVC rigid conduit. In making bends on PVC rigid conduit, the electrician should see to it that the internal
diameter of the conduit is not reduced and damaged so that the capacity of the conduit to accommodate
maximum number of conductors will not be lessen and to facilitate easy pulling of conductors.

Since PVC conduits are somewhat easier to bend than a rigid conduit, it likewise requires patience as in
any other type of conduit. It is first pre- heated over a fire or a heat gun to a desired softness. Little by little,
it is bent to its desired shape. When such is attained, it is then hardened by soaking it to cold or lukewarm
water or dampened with a wet rag.

1. Elbow

2. Offset bend is less than 90o bend, it is used when the conduit crosses an
obstacle or when the conduit is entering an electrical box.

3. Round saddle bend is used when the conduit run across circular objects
like pipes.

4. Square saddle bend is similar to round saddle, it is used when the

conduit run across rectangular obstacles.
Square saddleis just a combination of two
offset Obstacle
bends.
 Bend Defects

1. Burned

2. Kinks or groove

Kinks

3. The diameter of the conduit is greatly

reduced due to
improper bending procedure.

OPERATION SHEET 3.2

PVC Offset Bending Tools, Materials and Equipment Needed

Equipment:
Heat gun - 1 unit
Materials:
Pencil or Chalk - 1 pc
PVC pipe - 1m
Tools:
Steel meter stick/Straight edge - 1 pc
Try square - 1 pc
 Pull and push rule - 1 pc
Wet rug - 1 pc
Personal Protective Equipment:
Gloves - 1 pair
Respirator - 1 pc

Procedure:

Instruction: When you are ready to perform this task, ask your teacher to observe the process and to
rate your performance using the assessment criteria.

Prepare the necessary tools, materials and equipment.

Wear appropriate PPE.

Respirator Gloves

Measure the elevation of the obstruction. In this case, let’s use this wooden box.
Note: Remember, offset bent is used if the conduit crosses an obstruction. In this case, the elevation is
about 70 mm.

Draw the depth of elevation on the floor as shown in the figure using your try square and chalk.
This will guide you how high your offset bend would be.

You should have two lines as shown in the figure.

Mark off 100 mm from the end of PVC pipe. This will be the center of the first bend of the offset.
Put another mark of about 200 mm from your first marker.

Plug-in the heat gun and apply heat to the conduit. Apply heat between your markers. Apply heat
evenly by turning over the conduit while swaying your heat gun back and forth to avoid kinks
during bending.
If the conduit is soften, turn off the heat gun and bend the PVC to the desired shape using your
guide drawn on the floor. Pull the left portion of the conduit while pushing the other end.

If the desired shape is formed, damp the conduit with wet rug to harden it immediately. (You can
use your foot to hold one end of the conduit while wiping.)

Your bend should look like this.

INFORMATION SHEET 4.1

Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit

This portion of information sheet is lifted from Philippine Electrical Code, 2000, Part I.

Definition. Liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit is a listed raceway of circular cross section of various
types as follows:

A smooth seamless inner core and cover bonded together and having one or more reinforcement
layers between the core and cover designated as Type LFNC-A.

A smooth inner surface with integral reinforcement within the conduit wall, designated as Type
LFNC-B.

A corrugated internal and external surface without integral reinforcement within the conduit wall,
designated as Type LFNC-C.

This conduit is flame resistant and, with fittings, is approved for the installation of electrical conductors.

Uses.

Permitted. Listed liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit shall be permitted to be used in exposed
or concealed locations for the following purposes. FPN: Extreme cold may cause some types of
nonmetallic conduits to become brittle and therefore more susceptible to damage from physical
contact.

Where flexibility is required for installation, operation, or maintenance.

Where protection of the contained conductors is required from vapors, liquids, or solids.
 For outdoor locations where listed and marked as suitable for the purpose. FFN: For
marking requirements, see Section 110.1.21

For direct burial where listed and marked for the purpose.

Liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit as defined in Section 3.51.2.1(2) shall be permitted
to be installed in lengths longer than 1 800 mm where secured in accordance with Section
3.51.2.6.
 As a listed manufactured prewired assembly, 15, mm (20mm) through 25 mm (32 mm)
conduit, as defined in Section 3.51
.2.1(2).

Not Permitted. Liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit shall not be used in the following:

`Where subject to physical damage

Where any combination of ambient and conductor temperature is in excess of that for which the
liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit is approved

In lengths longer than 1 800 mm, except as permitted by Section 3.51 .2.2(a)(5) or where a
longer length is approved as essential for a required degree of flexibility.

Where voltage of the contained conductors is in excess of 600 volts, nominal

Exception. As permitted in Section 6.0.2.3(a) for electric signs over 600 volts.

Size. The electrical trade sizes of liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit shall be in accordance with (a)
or (b):

15mm (20 mm) to 100mm (110mm) inclusive

10 mm (15 mm) as permitted below

For enclosing the leads of motors as permitted in Section 4.30.13.5(b) (2) In lengths not
exceeding 1 800 mm as part of a listed assembly for tap connections to lighting fixtures as
required in Section 4.10.13.4(c), or for utilization equipment (3) for electric sign conductors in
accordance with Section 6.0 .2
.3 (a)

Number of Conductors. The number of conductors permitted in a single conduit shall be in accordance
with the percentage fill specified.

Fittings. Liquid tight flexible non - metallic conduit shall be used only with listed terminal fittings. Angle
connectors shall not be used for concealed raceway installations.

Securing and Supporting. Liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit, as defined in Section 3.51.2.1(2),
shall be securely fastened and supported in accordance with one of the following.
The conduit shall be securely fastened at intervals not exceeding 900 mm and within 300 mm on
each side of every outlet box, junction box, cabinet, or fitting.

Securing and supporting of the conduit shall not be required where it is fished, installed in lengths
not exceeding 900 mm at terminals where flexibility is required, or where installed in lengths not
exceeding 1 800 mm from a fixture terminal connection for tap conductors to lighting fixtures as
permitted in Section 4.10.13.4(c)

Horizontal runs of liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit supported by openings through framing
members at intervals not exceeding 900 mm and securely fastened within 300 mm of termination
points shall be permitted.

Equipment Grounding. When an equipment grounding conductor is required for the circuits
installed in liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit, it shall be permitted to be installed on the
inside or outside of the conduit. When installed on the outside, the length of the equipment
grounding conductor shall not exceed 1 800 mm and shall be routed with the raceway or
enclosure. Fittings and boxes shall be bonded or grounded in accordance with Article 2.50.

Splices and Taps. Splices and taps shall be made in accordance with Section 3.0.1 13. See Article 3.70
for rules on the installation and use of boxes and conduit bodies.

Bends-Number in One Run. There shall not be more than the equivalent of four quarter bends (360
degrees total) between pull points, e.g., conduit bodies and boxes.

Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit Fittings

Coupling

Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit

 Adapter

Liquid tight angle connector Liquid tight straight connector

SELF-CHECK 4.1

Direction: Label the different types of Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit Fittings. Write your answer on a
separate answer sheet.

1.

2.

3.
 4.

5.

INFORMATION SHEET 5.1

Fluorescent lighting fixtures

Fluorescent Lamp –is a form of electric discharge light source. It consists of a glass tube containing
mercury vapor at a low pressure and inert gas like argon and krypton. The interior is coated with phosphor,
which glows or fluoresces when exposed to ultraviolet light.

PEC Rules on Wire Dressing and Termination

Article 6.3.1.3 Live Parts. Fixtures, lamp holders, lamps, rosettes, and receptacles shall have no live parts
normally exposed to contact. Exposed accessible terminals in lamp holders, receptacles, and switches
shall not be installed in metal fixture canopies or in open bases of portable table or floor lamps.
All joints/splices to be done must be properly insulated with spaghetti sleeving, wrapped with electrical tape
having a similar thickness of the conductor used.

Types of electric discharge fluorescent lamps

Pre-heat starting, hot-cathode –requires starter (glow switch) and is pre-heated during
starting. It uses a ballast to produce high voltage to start the lamp into operation and to limit the
flow of current.

Cold cathode – Requires high voltage in its operation. This lamp has electrodes made of
thimble-type iron. It is not pre-heated and does not require a starter for starting. Special high
voltage transformers operate it. Neon and mercury lamps are classified under cold cathode
lamps.

Instant-starting, hot-cathode –The lamp cathode in the instant-start is not pre-heated.

Sufficient voltage is applied across the cathodes to create an instantaneous arc. As in preheat
circuit; the cathodes are heated during lamp operation by the arc. The instant-start lamp require
single-pin bases, are generally called slim line lamps.

Hot-cathode, rapid-start –These are similar in construction to the preheat lamps; the basic
difference is in the circuitry. This circuit eliminates the delay inherent in preheat circuits by
keeping the lamp cathodes constantly energized (preheated). When the lamp circuit is energized,
the arc is struck immediately. No external starter is required. Because of this similarity of
operation, rapid start lamps will operate satisfactorily in a preheat circuit. The reverse is not true,
because preheat requires more current to heat the cathode than the rapid-start ballast provides.
Information Sheet 7.1

History and development of incandescent lamp THE INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB

The first incandescent electric light was made in 1800 by Humphry Davy, an English scientist. He
experimented with electricity and invented an electric battery. When he connected wires to his battery and
a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light. This is called an electric arc.

Much later, in 1860, the English physicist Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914) was determined to
devise a practical, long-lasting electric light. He found that a carbon paper filament worked well, but burned
up quickly. In 1878, he demonstrated his new electric lamps in Newcastle, England.

The inventor Thomas Alba Edison (in the USA) experimented with thousands of different filaments to
find just the right materials to glow well and be long-lasting. In 1879, Edison discovered that a carbon
filament in an oxygen-free bulb glowed but did not burn up for 40 hours. Edison eventually produced a bulb
that could glow for over 1500 hours.

Lewis Howard Latimer (1848-1928) improved the light bulb by inventing a carbon filament (patented in
1881); Latimer was a member of Edison's research team, which was called "Edison's Pioneers." In 1882,
Latimer developed and patented a method of manufacturing his carbon filaments.

In 1903, Willis R. Whitney invented a treatment for the filament so that it would not darken the inside of
the bulb as it glowed. In 1910, William David Coolidge (1873-1975) invented a tungsten filament,
which lasted even longer than the older filaments. The incandescent bulb revolutionized the world.

PARTS OF AN INCANDESCENT BULB

Coiled tungsten filament. The metal wires that glow brightly when electricity flows through
them.

Connecting wires . The wires that carry electricity from the bulb's electrical contact to the filament.

Electrical contacts . The metallic base of the bulb, which connects to the electrical contacts of the lamp
when the bulb is in the lamp.

Glass envelope . The thin layer of glass that surrounds the light bulb mechanism and the inert gases.
Glass fuse enclosure -Glass that insulates the bulb's fuses located within the stem of the bulb.

Mixture of inert gases at low pressures . The bulb is filled with inert (non- reactive) gases.

Screw cap . The threaded base of the bulb that secures it to a lamp.

Support wires . Wires that physically hold up the filament.

Parts of an incandescent bulb Edison’s first successful lamp

It is certainly true that Edison did invent the light bulb (or at least "a" light bulb), but he was not the first. In
1860, an English physicist and electrician, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan, produced his first experimental light
bulb using carbonized paper as a filament. Unfortunately, Swan did not have a strong enough vacuum or
sufficiently powerful batteries and his prototype did not achieve complete incandescence, so he turned his
attentions to other pursuits.

So it is reasonable to wonder why Edison received all of the credit, while Swan was condemned to
obscurity. The more cynical among us may suggest that Edison was thrust into the limelight (see note
below) because
many among us learn their history through films, and the vast majority of early films were made in America
by patriotic Americans.

However, none of this should detract from Edison who, working independently, experimented with
thousands of filament materials and expended tremendous amounts of effort before discovering
carbonized thread. It is also probably fair to say that Edison did produce the first commercially viable light
bulb.

The reason why this is of interest to us here is that Edison's experiments with light bulbs led him to
discover the Edison Effect, which ultimately led to the invention of the vacuum tube
As one final nugget of trivia, the term "limelight" comes from the incandescent light produced by a rod of
lime bathed in a flame of oxygen and hydrogen. At the time it was invented, limelight was the brightest
source of artificial light known. One of its first uses was for lighting theater stages, and actors and
actresses were keen to position themselves "in the limelight" so as to be seen to their best effect.

Furthermore, in 1880, Swan gave the world's first large-scale public exhibition of electric lamps at
Newcastle, England.

Edison's light bulbs employed a conducting filament mounted in a glass bulb from which the air was
evacuated leaving a vacuum. Passing electricity through the filament caused it to heat up enough to
become incandescent and radiate light, while the vacuum prevented the filament from oxidizing and
burning up.
Operation of incandescent lamp

What makes a light bulb glow?

The thin wire, or filament, inside a light bulb resists the flow of current through it. When electricity is passed
through the bulb, the filament becomes hot and glows brightly. To prevent the filament burning away
completely, the glass bulb filled with a mixture of inert gas (usually argon and nitrogen). The filament in
most light bulbs is made of tungsten.
Elements used in the manufacturing incandescent lamp

Lead-in wire
Glass
Argon gas
Inert gas
Coiled tungsten
Brass
Mica
Copper
Nitrogen
Classifications of Incandescent Lamp

Large lamps are those normally used for interior and exterior general and task lighting. (See
figure next page)
Miniature lamps are generally used in automotive, aircraft, and appliance applications.

Photographic lamps as the name implies, are used in photography and projection service.
Kinds of High Intensity discharge lamp

Mercury lamp is an electric discharge lamp in which the major portion of the radiation is
produced by the excitation of mercury atoms.

Metal halide lamp is an electric discharge lamp in which the light is produced by the radiation
from an excited mixture of a metallic vapor (mercury) and the products of the dissociation of
halides (for example, halides of thallium, indium, sodium).
High-pressured sodium lamp is an electric discharged lamp in which the radiation is
produced by an excitation of sodium vapor in which the partial pressure of the vapor during
operation is of the order of 104 N/m2.
The Incandescent Filament Lamp Construction
This lamp consist simply of a tungsten filament inside a gas-filled, sealed glass envelop. Current passing
through the high-resistance filament heats it to incandescence, producing light. Gradual evaporation of the
filament causes the familiar blackening of the bulbs and eventual filament rupture and lamp failure.
Operation of pre-heat type fluorescent lamp

The tube filaments, starter (glow switch), and ballast are all connected in series, which constitute a
complete circuit once the switch, is closed. As a current flow through, the gas (inert) inside the starter
glows and the electrodes are heated. Since one of the electrodes is a bi-metal, it bends and makes contact
with the other. At this instant, the circuit is metallically complete. The filaments of the fluorescent tube are
then heated and partial ionization takes place. The bi-metals in the starter cools and the contacts open.
The magnetic field in the ballast collapses rapidly producing an inductive kick, which establishes a current
between the filaments and fires the tube into operation.

Classifications of Fluorescent Lamp

Regular Fluorescent Lamp

Circular type fluorescent lamp

Open type fluorescent

Box type fluorescent lamp

Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Different types of Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Parts and functions of fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent tube is a circular bulb containing mercury vapor and inert gas with phosphor
coating inside.
Parts of Fluorescent tube

Ballast is an induction coil, which produces high voltage to start the lamp into operation. It also
limits the flow of current during the operation of the lamp. Ballast consumes power, which is
between 10-20% of power consumed by the lamp itself.

Induction type ballast

Electronic type ballast

Different types of Ballast

Starter is a glow switch that opens and closes the circuit so as to produce a high voltage or
inductive kick across the bulb at the filament during the starting period.
Different types of Starter

Lamp holder and starter socket are the point of connection of the fluorescent and starter.

Frame is the metal housing of the whole fixture.

Parts of fluorescent lamp starter

Starter housing

Base contact
Connecting wire

Current moves in utilizing the rare gas as conducting means and the rare gas produces a “glow”. The glow
generates heat and causes the bimetallic blade to expand.

When the bimetallic blade is heated, it changes shape and touches the fixed contact. The close contacts of
the two starter contacts produce an easy path for the current to flow.

Parts and operation function of the ballast

Coil inside

Laminated iron core

Terminal block

Ballast frame
In common with all gaseous discharge lamps, the fluorescent must be provided with some device for
limiting the current drawn by the discharge. Without a limiting device, the current would rise to a value that
would destroy the lamp. A device or auxiliary called ballast can best meet this requirement.

The ballast for operating lamps on an alternating current consists of a small choke coil woven on an iron
core.

This ballast serves three important functions:

It preheats the electrodes to make available a large supply of the electron.

It provides a surge of relatively large potential to start the arc between the electrodes.
It prevents the arc current to increase beyond the limit set for each size and lamp.

THE LIFE SPAN OF FLUORESCENT LAMP

The life of fluorescent lamp is affected not only in the fluctuation of voltage and current but also by the
number of times it is started. Electron emission material is “sputtered off” from the electrodes continuously
during the operation of the lamp and in larger quantities each time the lamp starts.

Many fluorescent lamps have a rated average life span up to 30,000 continuous burning hours but with an
average of 3 hours burning per start, it could only last for 12,000 hours.

SELF-CHECK 7.1

Directions: Answer the following questions by writing your answers on a separate answer sheet.

Test I. Identification: Identify what is being referred by the following statements.

1. It is used in photography and projection services.
2. These are generally used in automotive, aircraft, and appliance applications.

3. These are normally used for interior and exterior general and task lightings.

4. The metal wires that glow brightly when electricity flows through them.

5. The wires that carry electricity from the bulb's electrical contact to the filament.

6. The metallic base of the bulb which connects to the electrical contacts of the
lamp when the bulb is in the lamp.

7. It is the thin layer of glass that surrounds the light bulb mechanism and the inert
gases.
8. A glass that insulates the bulb's fuses which is located in the stem of the bulb.

9. It is the threaded base of the bulb that secures it to a lamp.

 10. It is a wire that physically hold up the filament.

TEST II: Enumeration

Enumerate the nine elements used in manufacturing incandescent lamp.

Enumerate the (8) different parts of the light bulb.
Enumerate the three different connections for an incandescent lamp.
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