MATH1010

Unit 87 – Trigonometry
Supplementary Notes
2.0 Trigonometric Functions (Right Angle)

2.1 Introduction to geometry

2.1.1 Identify pairs of:

2.1.1.1 Complementary angles

2.1.1.2 Supplementary angles

Example 1: If A and B are complementary angles and A  25 , find the measure of B .

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Example 2: If A and B are supplementary angles and B  75 , find the measure of A .

Practice 1: If C and D are complementary angles and D  30 , find the measure of C .

Practice 2: If E and F are supplementary angles and E  130 , find the measure of F .

2.1.2 Classify angles as right, acute, obtuse, or straight

Angle Name Description

acute measures less than 𝟗𝟎°
right measures exactly 𝟗𝟎°
obtuse measures between 𝟗𝟎° and 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
straight measures exactly 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

Example 1: Classify each of the following angles as either acute, right, obtuse or straight:
(A) 95 (B) 85 (C) 180 (D) 138

Practice 1: Classify each of the following angles as either acute, right, obtuse or straight:
(A) 172º (B) 90º (C) 92º (D) 22º

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2.1.3 Classify triangles as scalene, equilateral, right or isosceles, and state their properties

A triangle is a figure formed by three straight segments and has three interior angles.

ΔABC

Capital letters are used for the vertices and lower case letters are used for the corresponding
opposite sides.

Special Triangles

1. scalene triangle - has no equal sides and no equal angles

2. equilateral triangle - has three equal sides and three equal angles, with each angle
equals to 60º

3. isosceles triangle – has two equal sides and two equal angles

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 4. right triangle – has one right angle

The side opposite the right angle is the

hypotenuse. The other two sides are
called legs.

2.2 Introduction to trigonometry

2.2.1 Use the Pythagorean Theorem to calculate the unknown length of a side in a right
triangle

The Pythagorean Theorem

In any right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
of the lengths of the two legs.

(hypotenuse ) 2  (leg )2  (leg ) 2

For this triangle: c2  a 2  b 2

Example 1: Triangle ABC has  A = 90o, c = 10.0 and b = 6.0. Find the length of side a to one
decimal place.

Example 2: Triangle PQR has  P = 90o, p = 32.0 and r = 28.3. Find the length of side q to one
decimal place.

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Practice 1: Triangle DEF has  D = 90o, e = 7.5 and f = 4.8. Find the length of side d to one
decimal place.

Practice 2: Triangle ABC has  B = 90o, a = 7.5 and b = 9.8. Find the length of side c to one
decimal place.

Angles in Standard Position

An angle is generated by rotating a ray about its vertex.

The initial position of the ray is called the initial side and its end position is called the terminal
side.

An angle is in standard position when its initial side is on the positive x-axis (i.e. the vertex is the
origin of the x-y plane).

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Examples of angles in standard position:

2.2.2 Classify angles as quadrantal

A quadrantal angle is an angle with its initial side is on the positive x-axis, vertex is on the origin
of the x-y plane and its terminal side is on the x-axis or y-axis. That is, the angles 0°, 90°, 180°,
270°, 360°, 450°, ... as well as –90°, –180°, –270°, –360°, ...

Examples of quadrantal angles in standard position:

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 MATH1010 (Algebra and Trigonometry)
Unit 7 – Lesson 1 and 2
Section 4.1 Angles and their measure

Objectives Readings Examples Practice Exercises

1. Angles and their measure p. 446 - 461 1 – 7, 10 Varied
Solutions
Solutions
 MATH1010 (Algebra and Trigonometry)
Unit 7 – Lesson 3 and 4
Section 4.2 Trigonometric Functions Defined on the Unit Circle

Objectives Readings Examples Practice Exercises

1. Evaluate Trigonometric Functions using 1 – 7, 10 Varied
p. 462 - 468
the Unit Circle
End! Good Luck!
Solutions to Odd Numbered Questions.
 MATH1010 (Algebra and Trigonometry)
Unit 7 – Lesson 5
Section 4.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry

Objectives Readings Examples Practice Exercises

1. Evaluate Trigonometric Functions of 1 – 5, 7,8 Varied
Acute Angles. p. 481 – 487,
2. Use Trigonometric Functions in 489 - 491
Applications
2.2.3 Find the length of the radius vector to a given point

In the diagram below, the distance r from the origin, O, to the point (x,y) is called the radius
vector.
The length of r, the radius vector, may be found using the Pythagorean theorem, as follows:

Since r is the hypotenuse and x and y are the legs of

the right triangle
hyp2 = leg2 + leg2
r 2 x 2  y 2

r  x2 y2

Example 1: Find the length of the radius vector to the point (3, 4).

Practice 1: Find the length of the radius vector to each given point:
(A) (12, 5) (B) (4, 7)

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2.2.4 Define the six trigonometric functions for angles in standard position

First recall the six trigonometric ratios for an angle  in any right triangle:

opposite
sine ratio: sin  
hypotenuse

adjacent
cosine ratio: cos  
hypotenuse

opposite
tangent ratio: tan  
adjacent

hypotenuse 1
cosecant ratio: CSC   
opposite sin 

hypotenuse 1
secant ratio: sec   
adjacent cos 

adjacent 1
cotangent ratio: cot   
opposite tan 

2.2.5 Find the value of trigonometric functions of angles whose terminal side passes
through a given point

Next we have the six trigonometric y

sine ratio: sin  
ratios for an angle  in standard r
position:
x
cosine ratio: cos  
r

y
tangent ratio: tan  
x

r 1
cosecant ratio: c sc   
y sin 

r 1
secant ratio: sec   
x cos 

x 1
cotangent ratio: cot   
y tan 

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Example 1: The terminal side of  passes through the point (3, 4). Find the exact values
of the six trigonometric ratios for  .

Example 2: The terminal side of  passes through the point (-5, 2). Find the exact values
of the six trigonometric ratios for  .

Practice 1: The terminal side of  passes through the point (-5, -12). Find the exact
values of the six trigonometric ratios for  .

Practice 2: The terminal side of  passes through the point (6, -10). Find the exact
values of the six trigonometric ratios for  .

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2.3 Solution of right triangles

2.3.1 Use a calculator to determine the following:

2.3.1.1 Values of the sine, cosine, and tangent function of angles between 0° and 90°

Example 1: Use a calculator to find each trigonometric value to four decimal places.

(A) cos 69.18°

(B) sin 42.62°

(C) tan 86.6°

Practice 1: Use a calculator to find each trigonometric value to four decimal places.

(A) sin 39.8°

(B) tan 12.62°

(B) cos 56.9°

2.3.1.2 Size of an acute angle when the value of its sine, cosine, or tangent function is given

Example 1: Determine θ, in degrees to two decimal places, for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°.

(A) sin θ = 0.42 (B) cos θ = 0.29 (C) tan θ = 0.91

Practice 1: Determine θ, in degrees to two decimal places, for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°.

(A) cos θ = 0.42 (B) tan θ = 0.29 (C) sin θ = 0.91

(D) tan θ = 1.38 (E) sin θ = 0.35 (F) cos θ = 0.95

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2.3.2 Solve right triangles

Steps for Solving a Right Triangle

1. Sketch and label the triangle.

2. Express the unknown parts in terms of known values.
3. Find the missing angle and side measures to one decimal place.
4. Check:
 Sum of angles is 180
 Side measures obey the Pythagorean Theorem

Example 1: Solve  ABC given b  5.0 cm , a  2.0 cm and  B  90 .

Example 2: Solve  XYZ given z  9.0 cm ,  Y  90 and  Z  36 .

Practice 1: Solve  DEF given d  8.6 cm , f  8.0 cm and  E  90 .

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Practice 2: Solve  ABC given a  5.43 cm ,  B  78.5 and  C  90.0 .

Practice 3: Solve  XYZ given x  12.4 cm , z  18.5 cm and  Z  90.0 .

Practice 4: Solve  PQR given q  9.45 cm ,  P  57.9 and  Q  90.0 .

Practice 5: Solve  DEF given e  17.4 cm , f  10.5 cm and  D  90.0 .

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2.3.3 Solve word problems involving right triangles

Angle of Elevation: is the angle between the horizontal and the line of sight when an object is
above the horizontal.

Angle of Depression: is the angle between the horizontal and the line of sight when an object is
below the horizontal.

Example 1: A tree has a shadow 22.8 m long when the angle of elevation of the sun is 62.6 .
How tall is the tree to one decimal place?

Example 2: A search and rescue helicopter locates a tanker ship in distress at an 180 angle of
depression. If the helicopter is flying at an altitude (height) of 750 m, what is the
distance between the helicopter and the tanker?

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End! Good Luck!
Solutions to Odd Numbered Questions
 MATH1010 (Algebra and Trigonometry)
Unit 7 – Lesson 6
Section 4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle

Objectives Readings Examples Practice Exercises

1. Evaluate Trigonometric Functions of 1–6 Varied
any Angle.
2. Determine Reference Angles. p. 497– 504
3. Evaluate Trigonometric Functions
Using Reference Angles.
End! Good Luck!
Solutions to Odd Numbered Questions
 MATH1010 (Algebra and Trigonometry)
Unit 7 – Lesson 7
Section 4.3 Applications of Right Angles

Objectives Readings Examples Practice Exercises

1. Solve a Right Triangle 1–7 Varied
2. Solve Applications of Right Triangles p. 630 - 635
End! Good Luck!
Solutions to Odd Numbered Questions