ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING 2

Six Trigonometric Ratios (Grade 9)

A. Introduction:
In geometry, trigonometry is a branch of
mathematics that deals with the sides and angles of a
right-angled triangle. Therefore, trig ratios are
evaluated with respect to sides and angles.

In this module, you are expected to:

a. Illustrate the six trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant,
and cotangent;
b. Find the value of the six trigonometric ratios from the given triangle; and
c. Appreciate the importance of trigonometry in real life situations.

B. Pre-Discussion Activity
Give an idea on why some of the famous structures and buildings are built in a triangular
shape?

There are different types like equilateral, isosceles, scalene, right, obtuse, and acute
triangles. Did you know that triangles are the strongest shapes? Triangles aren't just interesting
in math class; they actually play a big role in how we build things, both in the real world and
online. Triangles are special because they're incredibly strong. When we use straight metal
pieces to create shapes, only triangles stay strong and don't get wobbly, unlike other shapes.
That's why you see triangles a lot in buildings and construction—they're reliable and sturdy.
Some even create landmarks using triangles because of how important and strong this shape is.

C. Discussion
Trigonometric Ratios refer to the values of trigonometric functions
determined by the ratios of sides in a right-angled triangle. These ratios, associated with the
acute angles of a right-angled triangle, are termed as the trigonometric ratios for those specific
angles.

The three sides of the right triangle are:

A. Hypotenuse (the longest side)
B. Perpendicular (opposite side to the angle)
C. Base (Adjacent side to the angle) How to find Trigonometric Ratios?

With respect to ∠C, the ratios of trigonometry are given as:

● Sine of an angle is defined as the ratio of the side opposite(perpendicular side) to that
angle to the hypotenuse.
● Cosine of an angle is defined as the ratio of the side adjacent to that angle to the
hypotenuse.
● Tangent of an angle is defined as the ratio of the side opposite to that angle to the side
adjacent to that angle.
● Cosecant is a multiplicative inverse of sine.
● Secant is a multiplicative inverse of cosine.
● Cotangent is the multiplicative inverse of the tangent.
The above ratios are abbreviated as sin, cos, tan, csc, sec and cot respectively in the order they
are described. So, for Δ ABC, the ratios are defined as:

sin C = (Side opposite to ∠C)/(Hypotenuse) = 𝐴𝐵𝐴𝐶 cos C = (Side adjacent to

∠C)/(Hypotenuse) = 𝐵𝐶𝐴𝐶 tan C = (Side opposite to ∠C)/(Side adjacent to

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝐶 csc C= 𝑠𝑖𝑛1 𝐶 = (Hypotenuse)/ (Side

𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝐶
Opposite to ∠C) = 𝐴𝐵𝐴𝐶 sec C = 𝑐𝑜𝑠1 𝐶 = (Hypotenuse)/ (Side Opposite to ∠C)

= 𝐵𝐶𝐴𝐶 cot C = 𝑡𝑎𝑛1 𝐶 = (Side adjacent to ∠C)/(Side opposite to ∠C)= 𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐶

In right Δ ABC, if ∠A and ∠C are assumed as 30° and 60°, then there can be infinite right
triangles with those specifications but all the ratios written above for ∠C in all of those triangles
will be same. So, all the ratios for any of the acute angles (either ∠A or ∠C) will be the same for
every right triangle. This means that the ratios are independent of lengths of sides of the
triangle.

Trigonomic Values
The trigonometric value is a collective term for values of different ratios, such as sine,
cosine, tangent, secant, cotangent, and cosecant in a trigonometric table. All the trigonometric
ratios are related to the sides of a right-angle triangle and their values are found using the
following ratios.

To remember this easily remember the word "SOHCAHTOA"!

SOH
Sine = Opposite / Hypotenuse

CAH
Cosine = Adjacent / Hypotenuse

TOA
Tangent = Opposite / Adjacent
Trigonometric Table for Standard Angles
The trigonometric ratios for some specific angles such as 0 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 ° and 90° are
given below, which are commonly used in mathematical calculations.

It's simple to figure out trigonometric values in a table and use it to find values for
different angles. This works because there are patterns in how the ratios relate to each other
and across different angles.
The Unit Circle
The unit circle can help one remember the sine and cosine values for a variety of angles.

Each line sprouting from the center of the

circle is labeled with the angle with respect
to the positive x-axis. At the end of each
line are the cosine and sin values for that
angle, represented as the coordinate:
(cosine, sine). Looking at the circle, it can be
determined that the cosine of 90° is equal
to 0, while the sine of 90° is equal to 1.

Examples:
1. If in a right-angled triangle ABC, right-angled at B,
hypotenuse AC = 5cm, base BC =
3cm and perpendicular AB = 4cm and if ∠ACB = θ,
then find tan θ, sin θ and cos θ.

Sol: Given,
In ∆ABC,
Hypotenuse, AC = 5cm
Base, BC = 3cm
Perpendicular, AB = 4cm

Then,
tan θ = Perpendicular/Base = 4/3
Sin θ = Perpendicular/Hypotenuse = AB/AC = ⅘
Cos θ = Base/Hypotenuse = BC/AC = ⅗
2. Find the value of tan θ if sin θ = 12/5 and cos θ = ⅗.

Sol: Given, sin θ = 12/5 and cos θ = ⅗

As we know,
Tan θ = Sin θ/Cos θ
Tan θ = (12/5)/(⅗)
Tan θ = 12/3 Tan
θ=4

3. Find the sine, the cosine, and the tangent of 45°.

Solution:
Begin by sketching a 45°-45°-90° triangle.
Because all such triangles are similar, we can make
calculations simple by choosing 1 as the length of
each leg. From the Pythagorean Theorem, it follows
that the length of the hypotenuse is √2.

sin 45° = opp./hyp. = 1/√2 = √2/2 cos 45° =

adj./hyp. = 1/√2 = √2/2 tan 45° = opp./adj. =
1/1 = 1
C. Assessment
1. Find the value of sin θ, if tan θ = ¾ and cos θ = ½.
2. Find tan θ if sin θ = 4/3 and cos θ = 3/2
3. Find the sine, the cosine, and the tangent of 30°.
4. Find out the exact value of sin15º using the trig value for standard angles from a
trigonometry table.
5. Can you determine the height of the glacier given below using a trigonometric table?

D. References

Admin. (2021, September 1). Trigonometric Ratios (Definition, Formulas, Examples).

Retrieved from
https://byjus.com/maths/trigonometric-ratios/#:~:text=The%20six%20trigono metric
%20ratios%20are,%2C%20and%20secant%20(sec).
Admin. (2022, August 25). Trigonometry Table | Trigonometric Functions table and Steps.
Retrieved from https://byjus.com/maths/trigonometry-table/
Libretexts. (2022, May 2). 5.2: Unit circle - sine and cosine functions. Retrieved from
https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Precalculus/Precalculus_1e_%28Ope nStax
%29/05%3A_Trigonometric_Functions/5.02%3A_Unit_Circle_-_Sine_and
_Cosine_Functions
The Power of Triangles | Wild.maths.org. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://wild.maths.org/power-triangles#:~:text=But%20triangles%20aren't%2 0just,only
%20a%20triangle%20is%20rigid.
Trigonometric Table - Formula | Trigonometry Ratio Table. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.cuemath.com/trigonometry/trigonometric-table/