College of Teacher Education

Binalonan Pangasinan
1 Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
st

MODULE 8
Mathematics of Investment : Interest Defined,
Simple and Compound Interest

Course Title : Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Code: GE 4
Name: ________________________________ Course and Year :______________
Date and Time Allotment: October 26, 2020 (6 Hours)

I. Module Objectives
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. Appreciate and be able to articulate the importance of mathematics of
Investment in the lives of people.
2. Express appreciation for mathematics of investment as a human
endeavour and its importance in the society and in the contemporaneous
modern world.
3. Apply the knowledge of ordinary and exact simple interest and compound
Interest.
4. Identify the type of interest applicable to a certain problem whether simple
interest or compound interest
II, Lecture and Discussion
Mathematics of Investment is a branch of mathematics that plays a pivotal role in
any banking system of any part of the world. Money is the lifeblood of any country in
terms of its economy prospect. Interest, also known as profit or gain, is the accrued
amount of money earned for payment of any service, rent of a house or apartment or
use of any material whether it is a tangible or an intangible objects.
I. Simple Interest
A. Ordinary Simple Interest.
The following are the periods to be used (always expressed in year):
1 year = 360 days, 1 year = 12 months, 1 month = 30 days ,
1 week = 7 days, 1 month = 4 weeks, 1 decade = 10 years
1 century = 100 years , 1 millenium = 1,000 years
 Formulas to be used:
I=Prt ; F=P+I ; F = P + P r t = P ( 1 + rt )
where I = interest, gain, profit earned in (peso, dollar or any
denomination or currency )
P = principal or the original amount of money;
F = final amount or the future value
r = rate of interest in percent % (must be converted to decimal )
t = period of investment ( must always be converted to year )
B. Exact Simple Interest (Formulas applicable are the same)
B.1 Ordinary Year 1 year = 365 days
B.2 Leap Year 1 year = 366 days (years divisible by 4)
such as the years 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 , 2024 ….
II. Compound Interest
The following are the formulas to be used;

F = P ( 1 + i) n where i = r / m and n = m t
P = principal or original amount of money
F = Final amount or future value
where i = effective interest rate ; r = nominal interest rate
m = compounding factor ; t is the period of investment always in year
SIMPLE INTEREST
Ordinary Simple Interest
Illustrative Examples
Problem No. 1. Mario borrowed P10,000 at a simple interest rate of 6% from Pedro.
Mario promises to pay Pedro at the arrival of the due date. How much should
Mario pay to Pedro
a) after 15 months? b) after 120 days? c) after 6 years?
Solution:
The problem is implied to be an ordinary simple interest because it was not
indicated in the problem that it was borrowed during a leap year period , thus it is
presumed to be during and ordinary year and not a leap year.

a) after 15 months
Given P = Pt0,000 r = 6 % = 6/100 = 0.06 ; t = 15 months
Converting t always expressed in year;
t = 15 months x (1 year / 12 months) = 15/12 = 1.25 years
 I = P r t = (10,000) (0.06) (1.25) = P750 (profit or gain earned by Pedro for
lending money to Mario )
F = P + I = 10,000 + 750 = P10,750 (the amt. to be paid by Mario to Pedro)
Checking with the other formula:
F = P (1 + r t) = 10,000 [ 1 + (0.06) (1.25) ] = P10,750 ( the same result)
b) after 120 days
Converting t always expressed in year
t = 120 days x ( 1 yr/ 360 days) = 120/360 = 1/3 year
I = P r t = (10,000) (0.06) (1/3) = P200
F = P + I = 10,000 + 200 = P10,200
Checking with the other formula:
F = P ( 1 + r t ) = 10,000 [ 1 + (0.06) (1/3) ] = P 10,200 (the same result
c) after 6years
No need to convert in year because it is already given in year (t = 6 years)
I = P r t = 10,000 (0.06 ) (6) = P3,600
F = P + I = 10,000 + 3,600 = P13,600
Problem No. 2
If Maria owes Gina the amount of P120,000 and promises to pay her the
amount of P 140,000 at the end of 3 years, what is the rate of interest ( r ) charged in
the transaction ? How much does Gina earned as a gain or profit ?
Solution:
Given P = P120,000 ; F= P140,000 t = 3 years
a) What is the rate of interest r ?
F = P ( 1 + rt ) ; 140,000 = 120,000 [ 1 + (r) ( 3) ]
140,000 / 120,000 = 1 + 3r ; 1.1667 = 1 + 3 r
1.1667 – 1 = 3 r ; 0.1667 = 3 (r) ; r = 0.1667 / 3 = 0.0556
r = 0.0556 x 100% = 5.56 % ( rate of interest )
Checking F=P+I ; I = F – P = 140,000 – 120,000 = 20,000 = I
I = 20,000 ( the amt earned by Gina as gain of profit)
I = Prt ; r = I / [(P) (t)] = 20,000 / [ 120,000 (3) ] = 0.0556
r = 0.0556 x 100% = 5.56 % (the same result)
Exact Simple Interest
Problem No. Banco De Oro (BDO) lent P1,000,0000 (One Million pesos) to
XYZ Trading Corporation on January 1, 2020. The debt is collectible on December 25,
2020 and XYZ promises to pay P 1,100,000 upon the arrival of the due date. How much
exact interest rate should BDO charge XYZ ?
Given P = 1,000,000 F = P1,100,000 t = 366 days – 6 days = 360 days
( 6 days unused from Dec 26 to 31)
F=P+I ; I = F – P = 1,100,000 – 1,000,000 = P100,000
I = P r t ; 100,000 = (1,000,000) ( r ) [ 360 days x (1 year / 366 days) ]
100,000 = 1,000,000 ( r ) (0.9836)
r = 100,000 / (1,000,000)( 0.9836) = 0.1017
r = 0.1017 x 100% = 10.17 %
COMPOUND INTEREST
Compoundment Factor Table
Factor of Compoundment (m) Type of Compoundment

∞ (infinitely) continuously
1 (exactly 12 months) yearly
2 (every 6 months) semi-annually
4 (every 3 months) quarterly
6 (every 2 months) bi-monthly
12 (every 1 month) monthly
Problem No. 1
X owes Y the amount of P50,000 and X promises to pay Y at the end of 2
years at the rate of 4 %. How much should be paid by X at the end of 3 years if it
Is stipulated to be paid a) quarterly b) semi annually c) monthly
a) SOLUTION
m = 4 (quarterly) r = 4 % = 0.04 i = r/m 0.04 / 4 = 0.01
t = 3 years ; n = m t = 4 (3) 12
P = P50,000 F = P ( 1 + i )n = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.01) 12
F = 50,000 ( 1.01) 12 = 50,000 (1.1268) = P56,341.25
b) SOLUTION
m = 2 (semi-annually) r = 4% = 0.04 i= r/m = 0.04/2 = 0.02
t = 3 years ; n=mt= 2(3)=6
P = P50,000 F=P(1+i) n
= 50,000 ( 1 + 0.02 )6
F = 50,000 ( 1.02) 6 = P 56,308.12
c) SOLUTION
m = 12 (monthly) n = m t = 12 (3) = 36 i = r /m = 0.04 / 12 = 0.0033
F = P ( 1 + I ) n = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.0033 ) 36 = P 56, 363.59
Problem No. 2
Metrobank lent P 4,000,000 to Agrisaka Corporation and Agrisaka
promises to pay P 4,500,000 at the end of 6 years. What are the effective rate and
nominal rate if it is stipulated on a a) quarterly basis ? b) monthly basis ?
a) Quarterly basis
Given P = P4,000,000 F= P4,500,000 t = 6 years m=4
SOLUTION F=P(1+i)n n = m t = (4) (6) = 24
4,500,000 = 4,000,000 ( 1 + i ) 24
24
4,500,00 / 4,000,000 = ( 1 + i)
1.125 = ( 1 + I ) 24 ; √ 1.125 = 1.125
24

1.0049 = 1 + I ; 1.0049 – 1 = i
i = 0.0049 ; i = 0.0049 x 100 = 0.49 %
But i = r/m ; thus r = i m = 0.0049 x 24 = 0.1176
r = 11.76 % ANSWER
b) Monthly basis
Given P = 4,000,000 F= 4,500,000 t = 6 years m = 12
SOLUTION n=mt ; n = 12 (6) = 72
F = P ( 1 + i) n 4,500,000 = 4,000,000 ( 1 + i) 72

24
4,500,000 / 4,000,000 = ( 1 + i) ; 1.125 = ( 1 + i)72

√1.125 = 1 + i ;
72
1.0016 = 1 + i = 1.0016 – 1 = i
i = 0.0016 i = 0.0016 x 100 = 0.16 % But i = r / m
r = i (m) = 0.0016 ( 72 ) = 0.1152 ; r = 11.52 % ANSWER III.
Applications and Class Activity.
Evaluate and solve the following applying the fundamental operations and
principles of Simple and Compound Interest. Show the solutions completely but
logically. Answers and solutions should be attached and submitted in the classwork box
of the Google classwork.
Assignment No. 1
1. Using Simple Interest Formulas,
Given F = P300,000 I = P30,000 r=8%
Solve for a) P b) t
2. Using Compound Interest
Given P = P1,250,000 ; r = 8% ; t = 5 years ; Solve for F
a) semi-annually basis b) bi-monthly basis
3. If I borrowed P100,000 from you and I promise to pay you at the rate
of 6 % (simple interest)
a) How much should I pay you at the of 250 days ?
 b) How much should I pay you at the end of 1 decade ?
c) How much should I pay you at the end of 240 months ?
4. If P500,000 is lent to a person and they agreed to charge it at the
rate of 12 % a) how much should be paid after 18 months compounded
quarterly ? b) how much should be paid after 2 years compounded semi-
annually ? c) how much should be paid after half a decade compounded
monthly ?
IV. Assessment / Evaluation of Learning Comprehension and Understanding
a) Assignments and Quizzes
The teacher may from time to time partially assess the learning aptitude and
comprehension of the learners by giving assignments and requires them to submit
their output on the box designated in the Google Classroom. Quizzed may be given
after one or two modules depending on the pacing of the class discussion of each
modules
b) Evaluative Quizzes
At the end of each module, the teacher must give evaluative quizzes in
order to assess the overall learning comprehension of the students on the modular
topics. This is administered to classes that have slow and poor comprehension and
receptive propensity and ability.
c) Major Exam (MIDTERM EXAM))
At the end of the 4th module, the class will be evaluated on their overall
grasp and comprehension of all the modules covered. Major or periodical exams are
scheduled and properly announced in the class.

V. References.
1. “Mathematics in the Modern World: A Work Text” ; Rafflyn Guillermo, Daniel
Abratique, Jaime Ballena and Zenaida Garambas ( 2018), Rex Bookstore
Publishing Company, Sampaloc Manila.
2. “ Mathematics in a New, Contemporaneous Modern World ” ; Zenaida Garambas ,
Perlita Chang, Nora Umalla (2018); Saitnt Louis University Bookstore, Baguio
City
3. “Introduction to Mathematics in the Modern World” ; Georgina Ulpindo (2017)
Philippine Normal University, Centro Escolar University, Espana Manila
4. “Discrete Mathematics in the Modern and Contemporaneous World”; Romualdo
Tan and Patrocinio Perez (2005), University of the Philippines, Diliman ,Quezon
 City
5. “Mathematics for Millenials of the21st Century” Venacio Tan and Vidal Perez
(2008) Philippine Normal University, Escolta Manila

Prepared By: Noted By: Approved By:

FERDINAND T.CHUA, Ph.D. GLORIA C. NEMEDEZ, MA.ED. EVELYN ABALOS TOMBOC, DBA
CTE, Faculty College Dean University President

College of Teacher Education

Binalonan Pangasinan
 1st Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

MODULAR TOPICS. FINAL PERIOD

MODULE 9
DATA MANAGEMENT, STATISTICAL COLLECTION
AND ITERPRETATION OF DATA

Course Title : Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Code: GE 4
Name: ________________________________ Course and Year :______________
Date and Time Allotment: October 26, 2020 (6 Hours)

I. Module Objectives
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. Appreciate and be able to articulate the importance of data management in
the lives of the people of Investment in the lives of people.
2. Express appreciation for mathematics of investment as a human endeavour
and its importance in the society and in the contemporaneous modern world.
3. Apply the knowledge of ordinary and exact simple interest and compound
Interest.
4. Identify the type of interest applicable to a certain problem whether simple
interest or compound interest
Two Kinds of Data
a) Ungrouped Data b) Grouped Data
I. Ungrouped Data ( n < 30 )

Measures of Central Tendency.

It is a single number that has the propensity and the tendency to locate
itself at the center. It is representative of the general level of magnitudes or
values of the items in the data set. Any measure indicating the center of a set of
data arranged in in increasing or decreasing order of magnitude is called a
numerical central tendency.
A. Mean
A.1 Arithmetic Mean or Average. It is denoted by (Me = X ¿ and can be computed
by the formula ; X = ∑ (xi / n)
where x i are the given scores or data and n is the number of data.
Ex. Consider the data such as 3 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15
 Solving for the arithmetic mean or average X = (3 + 5 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15) / 6
X = 50/6 = 8.33
A.2 Weighted Mean. It is denoted by (Me = X ¿ and
X = ∑(wi xi) / n
Example. Maria is a Midwifery student who are enrolled in the following
Subjects with the following units and obtained the following grades;
Algebra 80 (3 units) , English 87 (3 units), PE 78 (2 units),Pilipino 88 (3 units)
Science 83 (4 units) . What is the weighted average grade of Maria ?
X = [80 (3) + 87(3) + 78(2) + 88(3) + 83 (4)] / 15 = 83.53
A.3 Median (Md = ~
x ) of a set of observations arranged in an increasing or
decreasing order of magnitude is the middle value when the number of
observations is odd or the arithmetic mean of the two values when the number of
observations is even.
Ex. Find the median of the following scores of numbers
7 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 8 , 9 , 9 , 10 ( eleven #s) odd
With these eleven scores of numbers 8 is the exact middle if arranged from
lowest to highest. 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 , therefore median is 8.

Md = ~
x =8

Ex. Find the median of the following scores of numbers.

2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 7 , 8 , 9, 9 , 9 , 10 (ten #s) even
Md = ~
x = (7 + 8) / 2 = 7. 50
A4. Mode ( Mo = ^x ). The mode of a set of observations is the value which
occurs most or which has the highest frequency.
(a) The scores 1 , 2, 3 , 2 , 4, , 7 , 9 , 2 has a mode ( ^x ) of 2 because it is the
most frequently occuring ( it appeared three times). It is uni-modal because there is only
one mode.
(b) The scores 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 ,8 , 9 have no mode, there is no score that is
frequently occurring.
(c) The scores 1 ,2 , 3 , 4, 2 , 5 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 5 have 3 modes of 2 , 3 and 5.
It is called tri-modal or poly-modal .
A.5 Midrange (MR). It is defined as the mean of the largest and smallest
values in a set of scores or data.
In Example (a) above , the MR = ( 9 + 1) / 2 = 5.00
In Example (b) above, the MR = ( 9 + 2) / 2 = 5.50
In Example (c) above, the MR = (8 +1) / 2 = 4.50
 A.6 Geometric Mean (MG). It is the mean of the nth root of all the products of the
given scores or data

MG = √n x 1. x 2. x 3. x 4 … … xn
Example A. Find the geometric mean of the following scores or data.
2 , 3 , 6, 4 , 7, 8 , 5, 10

MG = √8 2 .3 . 6 . 4 . 7 . 8 .5. 10 = 5.02
A.7 Harmonic Mean (MH). It is the mean obtained by dividing the number of
scores or data by the sum of all the reciprocals of all the data.
n
MH = 1
Ʃ( )
x
Consider the given data in Example A, compute for the Harmonic Mean.
n 8
H = 1
Ʃ( ) = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + + +1/10 = 4.40
x 2 3 6 4 7 8 5
A.8 Root Mean Square (RMS). It is obtained by using the formula

S =
√ Ʃ x2
n
; Using the given data in Example A

Find the Root Mean Square

RMS =
√ Ʃ x2
n
=
√ 22 +32 +… … … …+102
8
= 6.15
II. Grouped Data ( n ≥ 30 )
Given the following frequency Distribution
Class Interval Frequency
8 -10 14
11-13 18
14-16 11
Solve the following:
a) mean ( x ) b) median (~
x) c) mode ( x^ )

SOLUTION:
CIass Interval Class Boundary Class Midpoint Frequency
(c=3) LCB - UCB f cum (<)
Xm f f (Xm)
LL - UL
8 - 10 7.50 - 10.50 9 14 126 14
11 - 13 10.50 - 13.50 12 18 216 32
14 - 16 13.50 - 16.50 15 11 165 43
 TOTAL n = 43 507

Ʃ f (xm) 507
a) Mean ( x ) =
n
=
43
= 11.79
b) Median ( ~
x ) ( belongs to the n/2 = 43/2 = 21.5 interval which is 11 – 13 )
n 43
~ − fcum(¿) −14
Median ( x ) = LCB (median class) + [ 2 ] (c) = 10.50 + [ 2 ] (3)
f med .class 18
Median ( ~
x ) = 11.75
d1
d) Mode ( x^ ) = LCB modal class + [ d 1+ d 2 ] (c) ; d1 =18–14= 4 ;

d2 = 18-11 = 7
Note. Modal class is 11—13 w/ the highest frequency of 18
4
Mode ( x^ ) = 10.50 + [ 4+ 7 ] (3) = 11.59

Measures of Dispersion
This is a statistical measure that indicates how the given scores or data are
dispersed , scattered or spread out.
B.1 Range (R). It is the span length of the data. It is obtained by subtracting the
highest value minus the smallest value. Compute for the range of the given data in
Example A.
R = Range = Highest Value - Smallest Value = 10 – 2 = 8
B.2 Mean Deviation or Average Deviation ( MD)
Ʃd
MD = where d = / x - xm / ( absolute value )
n
x is the score and xm is the mean score
IV. Class / Students Activity.

Assignment No. 1
Analyze the table shown below. Solve for the
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) Midrange
Problem 1
Sample A 9.7 11.1 9.50 9.80 11 12 10 14 10 9 10 9.50
Sample B 12.0 9.50 9.50 13 10 13 13 12 12 14 14 13
(Hint: The mean, median, mode and midrange are solved separately for samples A and B)

Problem 2
 The numbers of incorrect answers on a true or false competency test
for random sample of 15 students were recorded as follows;
2, 1, 3, 0, 1, 3, 6, 0, 3, 3, 5, 5 , 2 , 1 , 4 and 2.
Solve the following;
(a) mean (b) median (c) mode (d) midrange
Problem 3
Given the frequency distribution shown below
Solve for the a) mean b) median c) mode
Class Interval Frequency
5 - 7 9
8 - 10 13
11 - 13 17
14 - 16 10
17 - 19 8

College of Teacher Education

Binalonan Pangasinan
1st Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

MODULAR TOPICS (FINAL PERIOD)

 MODULE 10
COUNTING OF SAMPLE POINTS IN ANY GIVEN SAMPLE SPACE

Course Title : Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Code: GE 4
Name: ________________________________ Course and Year :______________
Date and Time Allotment: October 26, 2020 (6 Hours)

I. Module Objectives
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. Appreciate and be able to articulate the importance of counting of sample
points in any given sample space.
2. Express appreciation for empirical statistics as a human endeavour
and its importance in the society and in the contemporaneous modern
world.
3. Apply the knowledge of counting sample points to the other points of
Interest in Mathematics
4. Identify the different concepts of counting of sample points to a certain
problem in Mathematics and science

II. Lectures and Discussions

Sample Space.
It is the set of all possible outcomes that can be obtained from any given
statistical experiment or statistical activity. The outcomes are called elements or
sample points. It is denoted by the capital letter S. Consider the statistical experiment
or statistical activity “ Throw of a single die “.
S={1,2,3,4,5,6} ; n=6

Ways of Counting Sample Points.

A. Multiplication Rule
If for any given operation or sample space could be performed or done in n1
ways dnd if for each of these a second operation or second sample space could
be performed in n2 ways then the two operations could be performed
simultaneously in N = n1 n2 ways.
Example. Consider the first sample space A ( toss of a coin) = (H , T) ; n 1 = 2
and a second sample space B ( throw of a die) = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6);
 n2=6
Supposing the die and the coin are tossed simultaneously (at the same
time) then the resulting outcome is given by;
(H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4,T5, T6) which is 12 ways
and by the Multiplication Rule ; N = n 1n2 = (2) (6) = 12 ways
B. Factorial Rule Consider n as the number of objects. The number of ways of
arranging these objects along a straight line.is given by
N = n ! = n (n-1) (n-2) ( n-3) ………….(n-k)
6 !3! (6.5 .4 .3 .2.1)(3.2 .1) 6
Example. Simplify the expression N =
7!
= 7.6 .5 .4 .3 .2.1
= 7

Example. Consider 3 books such as 1 Algebra (A), 1 Statistics (S) and

1 Chemistry (C), the number of ways of arranging these books in a
straight line is computed as N = 3 ! = 3 . 2 . 1 = 6 ways
Check. ASC , ACS , CSA , CAS, SAC, SCA , there are 6 ways
C. Permutation Rule
It is the arrangement of n distinct objects without regard to order. It Is
computed by using the formula; N = n P r = n ! / (n – r) !
Example 1. Find the simplified value of N = 5 P 2 = 5! / (5 – 2)! = 5 ! / 3!
N = 5 .4. 3. 2. 1 / 3. 2 .1 = 20
Using the example found in B (Multiplication Rule), the three books
Algebra, Statistics and Chemistry are to be arranged 3 at a time,
then the number of ways using the formula is given by
N = 3 P 3 = 6 ways
Example 2. Supposing the three books are to be arranged two at a time, then
the possibilities are AS, SA, AC, CA, SC, CS thus,
there are 6 ways.
Using the Permutation Rule,N = 3P2 = 3! /(3 – 2)! = 3!/1 ! = 6 ways
D. Combination Rule
It is an arrangement of n distinct objects with regard to order. It is
computed by using the formula N = n C r = n! / r ! (n – r) !
Example 1. Find the simplified value of N = 3C2 = 3 ! / 2 !( 3 - 2)! = 3! / 2! 1! = 6
Example 2. In a recruitment firm, there are 2 vacant positions available. From
the 3 applicants aspiring to be hired, List all the possibilities who are to be
hired. Consider A, B and C as the applicants, but only two of them will be
hired. It could be AC , AB and BC so there are 3 ways. Using the formula N=
nCr = 3 C 2 = 3 ! / 2 !(3 -2) ! = 3! / 2!1! = 3 ways
Example 3. From a bookshelf containing 12 books of which 5 are Math books, 3
are Chemistry books and 4 are Statistics book. Three books are picked at
random. In how many ways can one pick;
a) one book of each kind
b) all the Chemistry books
c) 3 of the Math books
Solution: a) N = 5C1. 3C1. 4C1 = 5 . 3 . 1 = 15 ways
b) N = 5C0 . 3C3. 4C0 = 1 . 1 . 1 = 1 way
c) N = 5C3. 3C0 . 4C0 = 10. 1. 1 = 10 ways

Class /Students Activity. Solve and analyze the following problems. Answer it
creatively but logically.

1. Evaluate the following permutations and combinations

a) N = ( 5P4 ) ( 4P2 ) b) N = (3C2) / (4C2)
2. There are 4 red marbles, 3 green marbles and 6 blue marbles. In how many
ways could we arrange so that marbles of the same color are together? In
how many ways could we pick 3 marbles so that one marble of each color
are picked ?
3. In an employment agency, there are 3 vacant positions. There were 4 applicants A ,
B , C and D vying for for the position.
A) List all the possible combinations of applicants to be hired.
B) Use the formula for combination to solve for the number of possible of
filling the vacant positions.
4. There are 3 red marbles, 4 green marbles, 2 blue marbles and 1 white marble in a box.
If four marbles are to be picked at random, in how many ways could we pick
a) One marble for each color.
b) All the green marbles
c) 3 of the green marbles

College of Teacher Education

Binalonan Pangasinan
1 Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
st

MODULAR TOPICS (FINAL PERIOD)

 MODULE 11
PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT

Course Title : Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Code: GE 4
Name: ________________________________ Course and Year :______________
Date and Time Allotment: October 26, 2020 (6 Hours)

I. Module Objectives
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. Appreciate and be able to articulate the importance of data
management in the lives of the people of Investment in the lives of people.
2. Express appreciation for mathematics of investment as a human endeavour
and its importance in the society and in the contemporaneous modern
world.
3. Apply the knowledge of ordinary and exact simple interest and compound
Interest.
4. Identify the type of interest applicable to a certain problem whether simple
interest or compound interest
II. Lectures and Discussions
Probability
It is the chance, the possibility, the likelihood or the expectation that a
certain event may or may not happen. It is computed by using the formula;
P(E) = n / N where n = is the desired or actual outcome and N = the total
number of outcomes and E is the statistical event or statistical activity.

PROPERTIES OF PROBABILITY

Property I. The probability of any given event denoted by P(E) = n / N is the

ratio of the actual or desired outcomes over the total number of outcomes.
Example No. 1 . In a throw of a single die, what is the chance or probability
of getting ;
a) an even number
b) an odd number
c) a prime number
d) a composite number
 e) a number greater than 2
f) a number less than 3
Solution: Let the total outcomes be represented by the sample space S ;
S = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 } the result in throwing a single piece of die
Total number of ways the die will land N = 6 ways
a) P( an even number ) = n / N = 3 / 6 = ½
( Note even numbers are 2, 4, 6)
b) P(an odd number) = n/N = 3/6 = ½ (Note odd numbers are 1 , 3 , 5)
c) P(a prime number)=n/N= 3/6 = ½ (Note prime numbers are 2,3,5
except 1)
d) P(a composite number) = n/N = 2/6 = 1/3 (Note composite #s are 4, 6)
e) P(a number greater than 2)= n/N =4/6 = 2/3 ( Note the #s are 3 , 4, 5 , 6)
f) P(a number less than 3) = n/N = 2/6 = 1/3 (Note the #s are 1 and 2 )

Example No. 2 In an envelope containing different coins of which there

are 6 (5Cents coin) , 3 (10Cents coin) and 7 (25 cents coin), if 3 coins are
picked at random, what is the probability of picking
a) one coin of each kind
b) all the 10 cents coins
Solution:
Picking or selecting process involves the mathematical combination process.
The total number of ways of picking 3 coins is denoted by N= 16C3 = 560
a) P( one coin of each kind) = n/N = [ 6C1.3C1.7C1] = 6.3.7 / 560
P = 126/560 = 0.225
b) P(all the 10 cents coins) = n/N = {3C3. 13C0} / 560 = 0.0018

Property II. The probability of any event is the sum of all the weights of the
sample points of any sample space. The sum of all these weights is always
equal to 1. The event may either be a fair or a bias event.
Example No. 1. If I throw a bias die and that the odd numbers come up
twice as often as the even numbers, what is the probability of getting
a) an even number ? b) an odd number? c) a number
greater than 4?
Solution. S = { 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 } Let the probability of even numbers be w
and the odd numbers be 2w. Thus, the sum of all probabilities is equal to 1
 P = P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5) + P(6) = 2w+w+2w+w+2w+w = 1
9w = 1; thus w = 1/9 and 2w = 2/9
a) P(even numbers) = P {2 , 4 , 6} = w + w + w = 3w = 3(1/9) = 1/3
b) P(odd numbers)= P { 1, 3 , 5 } = 2w + 2w + 2w = 6w = 6(1/9) = 2/3
c) P (number greater than 4) = P(4 , 5) = 2w + w = 3w = 3(1/9) = 1/3

Class/ Students Activity. Solve and analyse the following problems. Answer it
creatively but logically.
1. In a throw of two pieces of coins, what is the probability of landing
a) both heads b) both tails c) one head and one tail
2. Since the sum of all probabilities is always equal to 1 and that the
probability of X winning is 2/5. What is the probability of his
adversary Y losing ? What is the probability of X losing? What is the
probability of Y winning ?
3. If I throw a bias die and that the even numbers come up
twice as often as the odd numbers, what is the probability of
Getting a) an odd number ? b) an even number?
c) a number greater than 4? d) a prime number
e) a composite number f) a number greater than 2 but less
than or equal to 5 g) a number greater than or equal to 2 but
less than 6 ?
BONUS PROBLEM….. (For additional points , you may or may not
solve it)
4. If I throw two pieces of fair coins (meaning head and tail have equal
probabilities of 1/2), what is the probability of getting
A) one head and one tail B) No heads C) No tails
IV. Assessment / Evaluation of Learning Comprehension and Understanding
a) Assignments and Quizzes
The teacher may from time to time partially assess the learning aptitude and
comprehension of the learners by giving assignments and requires them to submit
their output on the box designated in the Google Classroom. Quizzed may be given
after one or two modules depending on the pacing of the class discussion of each
modules
b) Evaluative Quizzes
At the end of each module, the teacher must give evaluative quizzes in
 order to assess the overall learning comprehension of the students on the modular
topics. This is administered to classes that have slow and poor comprehension and
receptive propensity and ability.
c) Major Exam (PRELIMINARY EXAM))
At the end of the 4th module, the class will be evaluated on their overall
grasp and comprehension of all the modules covered. Major or periodical exams are
scheduled and properly announced in the class.

V. References.
1. “Mathematics in the Modern World: A Work Text” ; Rafflyn Guillermo, Daniel
Abratique, Jaime Ballena and Zenaida Garambas ( 2018), Rex Bookstore
Publishing Company, Sampaloc Manila.
2. “ Mathematics in a New, Contemporaneous Modern World ” ; Zenaida Garambas ,
Perlita Chang, Nora Umalla (2018); Saitnt Louis University Bookstore, Baguio
City
3. “Introduction to Mathematics in the Modern World” ; Georgina Ulpindo (2017)
Philippine Normal University, Centro Escolar University, Espana Manila
4. “Discrete Mathematics in the Modern and Contemporaneous World”; Romualdo
Tan and Patrocinio Perez (2005), University of the Philippines, Diliman ,Quezon
City
5. “Mathematics for Millenials of the21st Century” Venacio Tan and Vidal Perez
(2008) Philippine Normal University, Escolta Manila

Prepared By: Noted By: Approved By:

FERDINAND T. CHUA, Ph.D. RAYMOND N. CLARO, Ph.D. EVELYN ABALOS BOC,DBA

Faculty , CTE Dean, Col of CTE University President