Trigonometry

Chapter 03

1
 Introduction
• The word “trigonometry” means the measurement of three-sided
polygons (triangles).
• It is widely used in the analysis and solution of problems in computer
graphics.

• Trigonometry is concerned with the analysis of triangles.

• Trigonometric functions arise in vectors, transforms, geometry, quaternions and
interpolation.
2
 Introduction
• This chapter covers some basic features of trigonometry
such as:
• angular measure,
• trigonometric ratios,
• inverse ratios,
• trigonometric identities and
• various rules.

3
Application of Trigonometry

4
 Units of Angular Measurement
• There are two unit of angular measurement degrees and
radians.
1- The degree unit of measure derives from defining one
complete rotation as 360o.
• Each degree divides into 60 minutes, and each minute divides into
60 seconds.
• It used decimal system.

5
 Units of Angular Measurement
2- The radian unit is the angle created by a circular arc whose
length is equal to the circle’s radius.
• The perimeter of a circle is ( = radians)
• correspond to one complete rotation.

• As correspond to

• 1 radian equals ,
• which is approximately .

6
 Units of Angular Measurement
• To convert degrees () to radians: Angle Degrees Radians
Right Angle  90° π/2
Straight Angle 180° π
 Full Rotation 360° 2π

• To convert radians () to degrees:

7
 The Trigonometric Ratios
• Triangles —whatever their size—possessed some inherent
properties, especially the ratios of sides and their associated
angles.
• trigonometric ratios are known as sin, cos, tan, cosec, sec and cot.

8
 The Trigonometric Ratios

• Figures plot
the changing
values of height
and base over the
four quadrants,
respectively.

• When radius = 1,
the curves vary
between 1 and −1.

9
 The Trigonometric Ratios
• Using the right-angle triangle the trigonometric ratio can be
defined as:

𝑆 𝑂 𝐻 𝐶𝐴𝐻 𝑇𝑂𝐴

10
 The Trigonometric Ratios
• Using the right-angle triangle the trigonometric ratio can be
defined as:

• The reciprocals of these functions, cosecant, secant and cotangent

are:

11
 The Trigonometric Ratios
• Example: Find the unknown values of the given triangle.

• We know the angle () and the hypotenuse ()

• We need to find the angle opposite and adjacent

• How can you check the obtained result certainty?

• What is the remaining angle?? 12
Domains and Ranges
Range Domain Function

13
 Inverse Trigonometric Ratios
• The inverse trigonometric functions convert a ratio back
into an angle.

• These are , , , , and .

• sometimes written as sin−1, cos−1, tan−1, csc−1, sec−1 and cot−1.

• For example: , therefore

.

14
Inverse Trigonometric Ratios

Function Domain Range

15
 Trigonometric Identities
• The and curves are identical, apart from being displaced by
90◦, and are related by

• Also, simple algebra and the theorem of Pythagoras can be

used to derive other formulae such as

16
 The Sine Rule
• Assume that you have triangle labeled such that side a is
opposite angle A, side b is opposite angle B, and side c is
opposite angle C.
• The sine rule states:
For sides:

For angles:

17
 The Sine Rule
• Example: Find x

40 °

60°
1 0 𝑐𝑚

18
 The Sine Rule
• Example: Find x

40 °

60° cm
1 0 𝑐𝑚

19
 The Sine Rule
• Example: Find x

𝑥
20

60° 50°

20
 The Sine Rule
• Example: Find x

𝑥
20

60° 50° cm

21
 The Sine Rule
• Example: Find angle

20

60°
1 0 𝑐𝑚

22
 The Sine Rule
• Example: Find angle

For angles:
𝜃

20

60°
1 0 𝑐𝑚
 The Sine Rule
• Example: Find angle

20 100

70° 𝜃

24
 The Sine Rule
• Example: Find angle

For angles:
20 100

70° 𝜃

25
 The Cosine Rule
• The cosine rule expresses the identity for the arbitrary
triangle.

• Three further relationships also hold:

26
 The Cosine Rule
• Example: Find a side x

𝑥 12
47 °
17

27
 The Cosine Rule
• Example: Find a side x

𝑥 12
47 °
17

28
 The Cosine Rule
• Example: Find a side x

10 100° 12

29
 The Cosine Rule
• Example: Find a side x

10 100° 12

30
 The Cosine Rule
• Example: Find an angle

15 10

𝜃°
17

31
 The Cosine Rule
• Example: Find an angle

15 10

𝜃°
17

32
Common trigonometric ratios

33
Common trigonometric ratios

34
 Compound Angles
• There are two sets of compound trigonometric identities
1. add and subtract two different angles

35
 Compound Angles
Example: Find

36
4.9 Compound Angles

37
 Examples
• Suppose
• Find

• Find the value of the expression

• Find the value of the expression

38
4.9 Compound Angles

39
 4.10 Perimeter Relationships

• Finally, with reference to Fig. 4.10, we come to the

relationships that integrate angles with the perimeter of a
triangle:

40
4.10 Perimeter Relationships

41
4.10 Perimeter Relationships

42
4.10 Perimeter Relationships

43
That’s all

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