STRENGTH OF MATERIAL

TOPIC 4:
BENDING STRESS
What you will learn

• Neutral Axis
• Bending stress distribution
• Flexure formula
• Moment of inertia (2nd
moment of area)
Refresh

Bending
Hooke’s
Beam load Equilibrium moment
Law
maximum

𝜎𝜎
• 𝐸𝐸 = • Concentrated load • Newton 3rd law - Happen at SFD line
𝜀𝜀
• Uniformly cross x axis from +ve
distributed load to –ve (vice versa)
• Coupling load • 𝑀𝑀 = 𝐹𝐹 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Bending Stress
 Bending Theory

i. When load applied directed normal to the axis of a beam, the beam will bend.
ii. Normal stress on beam due to bending called bending stress.

Credit: The Efficient Engineer

 Credit: The Efficient Engineer

Bending Theory

i. Bending stress consist of tensile stress & compression stress

ii. No normal stress at neutral axis
iii. Neutral axis located at beam centroid
iv. Centroid is distance from reference axis (x & y) to center of
gravity
Bending Theory
- Bending will form an arc from origin O with R
(radius of curvature) = distance to neutral axis
𝑦𝑦
- Bending strain -> 𝜀𝜀 =
𝑅𝑅
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
- Using Hooke’s law -> 𝜎𝜎 =
𝑅𝑅

- Bending stress varies from 0 at neutral axis to

maximum at outer beam
- Centroid is not always at the center of the beam

Credit: The Efficient Engineer

Bending stress distribution
Bending Theory
- Bending will form an arc from origin O with R
(radius of curvature) = distance to neutral axis
𝑦𝑦
- Bending strain -> 𝜀𝜀 =
𝑅𝑅
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
- Using Hooke’s law -> 𝜎𝜎 =
𝑅𝑅

- Bending stress varies from 0 at neutral axis to

maximum at outer beam
Internal - Centroid is not always at the center of the beam
forces in - Moment from internal force in beam equal to
beam bending moment maximum
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
- 𝑀𝑀 =
𝑅𝑅
Credit: The Efficient Engineer
 Flexure Formula
𝑁𝑁� @𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑚𝑚2 𝑁𝑁� @𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 Modulus Young 𝑚𝑚2
Moment Maximum Stress

𝑀𝑀 𝐸𝐸 𝜎𝜎
= =
𝐼𝐼 𝑅𝑅 𝑦𝑦�
Moment of Inertia Centroid /
(2nd moment of area) Neutral axis from xx axis
Radius of
𝑚𝑚4 Curvature 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚
 Centroid & Moment of Inertia
Basic Shape Centroid 2nd Moment of Area

𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 3
𝑦𝑦� = 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 =
2 12

𝑏𝑏
𝑥𝑥̅ = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 3
2 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 =
3

𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦� =
2
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋4 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 4
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = =
𝑑𝑑 64 4
𝑥𝑥̅ =
2
Basic Shape Centroid 2nd Moment of Area

𝑏𝑏𝑏3
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 =
36

ℎ 𝑏𝑏𝑏3
𝑦𝑦� = 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 =
3 12

𝑏𝑏𝑏3
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
48

𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 0.11𝑟𝑟 4
4𝑟𝑟
𝑦𝑦� =
3𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 4
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 =
8

Centroid & Moment of Inertia

 • Find bending stress happen on this beam if
Example 1 10kN is applied at the middle of the beam
• Draw bending stress distribution

10kN

2m 2m
Example 1
𝑀𝑀 𝜎𝜎 𝐸𝐸 5kN 5kN
= =
𝐼𝐼 𝑦𝑦� 𝑅𝑅
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦� 𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 3
𝜎𝜎 = 𝑦𝑦� =
2
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 =
12
𝐼𝐼
90 80(903 )
𝑦𝑦� = = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒆𝒆𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒
10𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(45𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 2 12
𝜎𝜎 =
4.86𝑒𝑒 6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 10𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
10𝑒𝑒 3 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(45𝑒𝑒 −3 𝑚𝑚) 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵
𝜎𝜎 =
4.86𝑒𝑒 −6 𝑚𝑚4
2𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 10𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 𝟓𝟓𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝜎𝜎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 *Mmax happen at point B

𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2𝑚𝑚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Example 1
10kN
𝑦𝑦� = 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 45𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 92.6𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

2m 2m

80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐 = 45𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑦𝑦 ′ = 45𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎
90𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦� = 45𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 = 45𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Centroid & Moment of Inertia
Example 2
80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

i. Find 𝑦𝑦� and 𝑦𝑦𝑦

60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
ii. Find 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎

𝑦𝑦�
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
 i. Find 𝑦𝑦� and 𝑦𝑦𝑦

Example 2 ii. Find 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

Shape 1 Shape 2

80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

∑ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 +𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2

𝑦𝑦� = ∑ 𝐴𝐴
=
𝐴𝐴1 +𝐴𝐴2
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = ∑(𝐼𝐼 + 𝐴𝐴ℎ2 ) = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐴𝐴1 ℎ1 2
+ 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐴𝐴2 ℎ2 2

* ℎ is distance from 𝑦𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 to 𝑦𝑦�

 𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 +𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2 2 2
𝑦𝑦� = 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐴𝐴1 ℎ1 + 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐴𝐴2 ℎ2
Example 2 𝐴𝐴1 +𝐴𝐴2

Shape 𝐴𝐴 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝑦𝑦(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝐼𝐼 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 ) ℎ(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑑𝑑1
= + distance from 𝑑𝑑1
2
to x axis
= 80 × 20 =
20
+ 60
1 = 1600 2
= 70
*centroid = distance to
reference axis

𝑑𝑑2
=
= 60 × 20 2
2 60
= 1200 =
2
= 30
 i. Find 𝑦𝑦� and 𝑦𝑦𝑦

Example 2 ii. Find 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 +𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2

𝑦𝑦� =
𝐴𝐴1 +𝐴𝐴2
1600(70)+1200(30)
𝑦𝑦� =
1600+1200
𝑦𝑦� = 52.86𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑦𝑦�
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 80 − 52.86
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 27.14𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
 𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 +𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2 2 2
𝑦𝑦� = 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐴𝐴1 ℎ1 + 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐴𝐴2 ℎ2
Example 2 𝐴𝐴1 +𝐴𝐴2
𝑦𝑦� = 52.86𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Shape 𝐴𝐴 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝑦𝑦(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝐼𝐼 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 ) ℎ(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑑𝑑1
= + distance from 𝑑𝑑1
2
to x axis 𝑏𝑏1 (𝑑𝑑1 )3
= 80 × 20 = 12
= 70 − 52.86
= 1600 20 80(203 )
1 = + 60 = = 17.14
2 12
= 70 = 53.33𝑒𝑒 3
*centroid = distance to
reference axis

𝑑𝑑2
= 𝑏𝑏2 (𝑑𝑑2 )3
= 60 × 20 2
60 = 12
= 1200 = 20(603 ) = 52.86 − 30
2
2 = = 22.86
= 30 12
= 360𝑒𝑒 3
 i. Find 𝑦𝑦� and 𝑦𝑦𝑦

Example 2 ii. Find 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 +𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2

𝑦𝑦� = 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐴𝐴1 ℎ1 2
+ 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐴𝐴2 ℎ2 2
𝐴𝐴1 +𝐴𝐴2
1600(70)+1200(30) = 53.33𝑒𝑒 3 + 1600 17.14 2 + 360𝑒𝑒 3 + 1200 22.86 2
𝑦𝑦� =
1600+1200
= 523.38𝑒𝑒 3 + 987.1𝑒𝑒 3
𝑦𝑦� = 52.86𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1.51𝑒𝑒 6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
𝑦𝑦� = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒆𝒆−𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒆𝒆−𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒

𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑦𝑦�
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 80 − 52.86
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 27.14𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒆𝒆−𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎
Example 3
60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

i. Find 𝑦𝑦� and 𝑦𝑦𝑦

75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
ii. Find 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
15𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
30𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦�
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
 i. Find 𝑦𝑦� and 𝑦𝑦𝑦

Example 2 ii. Find 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

Shape 1 Shape 2
60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 -

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
30𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

∑ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 −𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2

𝑦𝑦� = ∑ 𝐴𝐴
=
𝐴𝐴1 −𝐴𝐴2
𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = ∑(𝐼𝐼 + 𝐴𝐴ℎ2 ) = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐴𝐴1 ℎ1 2
− 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐴𝐴2 ℎ2 2

* ℎ is distance from 𝑦𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 to 𝑦𝑦�

 𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 −𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2 2 2
𝑦𝑦� = 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐴𝐴1 ℎ1 − 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐴𝐴2 ℎ2
Example 3 𝐴𝐴1 −𝐴𝐴2

Shape 𝐴𝐴 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝑦𝑦(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝐼𝐼 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 ) ℎ(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑑𝑑2
=
= 60 × 75 2
75
1 = 4500 =
2
= 37.5

𝑑𝑑2
= + distance from 𝑑𝑑2
2
to x axis
50
= 30 × 50 = + 15
2 2
= 1500 = 40
*centroid = distance to
reference axis
 i. Find 𝑦𝑦� and 𝑦𝑦𝑦

Example 3 ii. Find 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 −𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2

𝑦𝑦� =
𝐴𝐴1 −𝐴𝐴2
4500 37.5 −1500(40)
𝑦𝑦� =
4500−1500
𝑦𝑦� = 36.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑦𝑦�
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 75 − 36.25
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 38.75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
 𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 −𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2 2 2
𝑦𝑦� = 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐴𝐴1 ℎ1 − 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐴𝐴2 ℎ2
Example 3 𝐴𝐴1 −𝐴𝐴2
𝑦𝑦� = 36.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Shape 𝐴𝐴 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝑦𝑦(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝐼𝐼 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 ) ℎ(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑏𝑏1 (𝑑𝑑1 )3
𝑑𝑑2 = 12
= = 37.5 − 36.25
= 60 × 75 2 60(753 )
1 75 = = 1.25
= 4500 = 12
2
= 37.5 = 2.11𝑒𝑒 6

𝑑𝑑2
= + distance from 𝑑𝑑2
2
to x axis 𝑏𝑏2 (𝑑𝑑2 )3
= 12
50 30(503 ) = 40 − 36.25
= 30 × 50 = + 15 =
2 2 12 = 3.75
= 1500 = 40 = 3.13𝑒𝑒 5
*centroid = distance to
reference axis
 i. Find 𝑦𝑦� and 𝑦𝑦𝑦

Example 3 ii. Find 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

𝐴𝐴1 𝑦𝑦1 −𝐴𝐴2 𝑦𝑦2

𝑦𝑦� = 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐴𝐴1 ℎ1 2
− 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐴𝐴2 ℎ2 2
𝐴𝐴1 −𝐴𝐴2
4500 37.5 −1500(40) = 2.11𝑒𝑒 6 + 4500 1.25 2 − 3.13𝑒𝑒 5 + 1500 3.75 2
𝑦𝑦� =
4500−1500
= 2.12𝑒𝑒 6 − 3.34𝑒𝑒 5
𝑦𝑦� = 36.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1.79𝑒𝑒 6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
𝑦𝑦� = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆−𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝒆𝒆−𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒

𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑦𝑦�
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 75 − 36.25
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 38.75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝒆𝒆−𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎