TORSION

PREPARED BY:
MDM ADIANI BINTI AB RAHMAN
6.1 Introduction
• Torsion is a moment that twists/deforms a member about
its longitudinal axis
• By observation, if angle of rotation is small, length of
shaft and its radius remain unchanged.
The torsion formula
𝝉 𝑮𝜽 𝑻
= =
𝑹 𝑳 𝑱

Where:-
𝝉 = Shear stress in the shaft (N/m2)
𝑹 = Outer Radius (m)
𝑮 = Modulus of Rigidity (N/m2)
𝜽 = Angle of twist (radian)
𝑳 = Length of the shaft (m)
𝑻 = Torque (Nm)
𝑱 = Polar moment of inertia (m4)
Torsional shearing stress
For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the torsional
shearing stress τ at a distance ρ from the centre of the shaft is :

𝑻𝝆 𝑻𝑹
𝝉 = =
𝑱 𝑱
For solid cylindrical shaft:

𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= 𝑫
𝟑𝟐

𝟏𝟔𝑻
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝝅𝑫𝟑
For hollow cylindrical shaft:

𝝅
𝑱= (𝑫𝟒 −𝒅𝟒 )
𝟑𝟐

𝟏𝟔𝑻𝑫
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝝅(𝑫𝟒 −𝒅𝟒 )
Example 6.1

A 60 mm solid round steel shaft is mounted into an aluminium tube with a diameter of 130 mm. Calculate the
polar moment of inertia for these materials.

Solution:
i) Solid ii) Hollow

𝜋 4 𝝅
𝐽𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑(𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) = 𝑑 𝐽ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑙 = (𝑫𝟒 −𝒅𝟒 )
32 𝟑𝟐
𝜋
=
𝜋
(0.06)4 = (0.134 −0.064 )
32 32

= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝟒 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟒

Example 6.2 [DEC 2014-Q(6a)]
A shaft with 50 mm diameter and 0.7 m long is subjected to a torque of 1200 Nm. Calculate:
i. Shear stress
ii. Angle of twist

To solve this problems, you have consider the data given 𝜋𝑑 4 𝜋(50𝑥10−3 )4
and the formula that you have to use. 𝐽= = = 6.136𝑥10−7
32 32
Data given:-
𝑇𝑅 1200 (0.025)
𝜏= = −7
= 𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟗𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐽 6.136𝑥10

ii. Angle of twist

i. Shear stress
Formula involved:
Formula involved:
𝑇𝐿 (1200)(0.7)
𝑇𝑅 𝜃= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅
find J first 𝜋𝑑 4 𝐽𝐺 (6.136𝑥10−7 )(90𝑥109 )
𝜏= 𝐽=
𝐽 32
Example 6.2 [DEC 2014-Q(6a)]
A shaft with 50 mm diameter and 0.7 m long is subjected to a torque of 1200 Nm. Calculate:
i. Shear stress
ii. Angle of twist

To solve this problems, you have consider the data given and the formula that you have to use.
Data given:-

Solution:
i. Shear stress 𝑇𝑅 𝜋𝑑 4
𝜏= 𝐽=
𝐽 32
Formula involved: find J first
 𝜋𝑑 4 𝜋(50𝑥10−3 )4
𝐽= = = 6.136𝑥10−7
32 32

𝑇𝑅 1200 (0.025)
𝜏= = = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟗𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐽 6.136𝑥10−7

ii. Angle of twist

Formula involved:
𝑇𝐿 (1200)(0.7)
𝜃= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝐽𝐺 (6.136𝑥10−7 )(90𝑥109 )
Example 6.3 [DEC 2014-Q(6b)]
A solid shaft transmits 20 kW of power at 300 rev/min. if the shear stress must not exceed 150 Mpa, calculate
the minimum diameter of the shaft.

To solve this problems, you have consider the data given and the formula that you have to use.
Data given:-

Solution:
i. Shear stress
Formula involved:
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 16𝑇 60𝑃
= 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇=
𝑅 𝐽 𝜋𝑑 3 2𝜋𝑁
 16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋𝑑 3
60P
T=
16𝑇 2πN
𝑑3 =
𝜋𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
60(20x103 )
T=
3 16𝑇 2π(300)
𝑑=
𝜋𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
T = 636.62 Nm
3 16(636.62)
𝑑=
𝜋(150𝑥106 )

𝑑 = 2.162𝑥10−5
𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟗 𝒎
 Serial Compound Shaft Parallel Compound Shaft

Jsolid for
both Jsolid for B
materials Jhollow for A

𝐺1 𝜃1 𝐽1 𝐺2 𝜃2 𝐽2
T = TA = TB 𝑇= = T =TA + TB
𝐿1 𝐿2

𝜃 = 𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵

𝑇1 𝐿1 𝑇2 𝐿2 𝜃 = 𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃𝐵
𝜃= +
𝐽1 𝐺1 𝐽2 𝐺2
𝑇1 𝐿1 𝑇2 𝐿2
𝜃= =
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐽1 𝐺1 𝐽2 𝐺2
𝜃=𝑇 +
𝐽1 𝐺1 𝐽2 𝐺2
Angle of twist
The angle θ through which the bar length L will twist is

𝑻𝑳
𝜽= (in radians)
𝑱𝑮
Power transmitted by the shaft
A shaft rotating with a constant angular velocity ω (in radians per second) is being
acted by a twisting moment T. The power transmitted by the shaft is :-
Power = (Tork) x (angular velocity)
Power = T𝜔
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑇𝑓 𝑃=
60
Example 6.4
Figure 6.4 below is a series of circular solid shafts made of steel whose parts
AB = 300 mm and BC = 150 mm. The diameter of AB is 60 mm and BC is 25
mm. If 150 Nm torque is applied at the end of the BC, calculate the maximum
shear stress and the angle of twist that occurs. Given G=80 GN/m2.

Since it is connected in series;

T = TA = TB = 150Nm. The
maximum shear stress occurs
in BC because its diameter is
Solution: lower than AB.
Given:
T = TA = TB = 150Nm 𝐿𝐴𝐵 = 0.3 𝑚 𝐿𝐵𝐶 = 0.15 𝑚
𝐺 = 80𝑥109 𝑁𝑚2 ∅𝐴𝐵 = 0.06 𝑚 ∅𝐵𝐶 = 0.025 𝑚
We know that;
𝝉 𝑮𝜽 𝑻 T = TA = TB = 150Nm
= = 𝑇𝐿 150 0.15
𝑹 𝑳 𝑱 𝜃𝐵𝐶 = = = 7.34𝑥10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐽𝐺 3.83𝑥10 −8 80𝑥109
𝐵𝐶
So;
i. Max shear stress 𝜋𝑑 4 𝜋 0.06 4
𝐽𝐴𝐵 = = = 1.27𝑥10−6 𝑚4
32 32
𝑇𝑅 𝜋𝑑 4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐽𝐵𝐶 =
𝐽𝐵𝐶 32
𝑇𝐿 150 0.3
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = =
150 (0.0125) 𝜋 0.025 4 𝐽𝐺 𝐴𝐵 1.27𝑥10−6 80𝑥109
= =
3.83𝑋10−8 32

= 48.96 MN/m2 = 3.83𝑥10−8 𝑚4 = 4.429𝑥10−4 𝑟𝑎𝑑

:.
ii. Total angle of twist; 𝜃 = 𝜃𝐴B + 𝜃𝐵C
𝑇𝐿
𝜃𝐴𝐵 =
𝜃 = 𝜃𝐴B + 𝜃𝐵C 𝐽𝐺 𝐴𝐵 𝜃 = 4.429𝑥10−4 + 7.34𝑥10−3 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑇𝐿
𝜃𝐵𝐶 =
𝐽𝐺 𝐵𝐶
Example 6.5
Figure 6.5 is a copper rod with a diameter of 50 mm and a length of 0.5 m is connected in series with a steel
pipe outside diameter of 50 mm and a length of 0.3 m. A plate with a diameter of 100 mm is rigidly attached
at the free end of the steel pipe and carry the load 5 kN. If the angle of twist of steel pipes twice the angle of
twist copper rod, calculate:-
i. The diameter of the steel pipe
ii. The maximum allowable shear stress for the compound bar
iii. The total angle of twist in degrees
Gsteel = 82 GN/m2 ; Gcopper = 40 GN/m2

Since it is connected in series;

TS = TC
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑆 + 𝜃𝐶

𝐽𝐶 ⇒ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 ; 𝐽𝑆 ⇒ ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝜃𝑆 = 2𝜃𝐶
Solution:
Given:
∅𝐶 = 50𝑥10−3 𝑚 ∅𝑆(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 50𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝐿𝐶 = 0.5 𝑚 𝐿𝑆 = 0.3 𝑚
𝐺𝐶 = 40𝑥109 𝑃𝑎 𝐺𝑆 = 82𝑥109 𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝐶 = 5𝑥103

i. The diameter of the steel pipe 𝜋

𝐽𝑆 = 𝐷4 − 𝑑4
32
𝜃𝑆 = 2𝜃𝐶 𝜋
8.980𝑥10 =−8 0.054 − 𝑑 4
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿
=2 32
𝐽𝐺 𝑆 𝐽𝐺 𝐶 𝑑 4 = 5.335𝑥10−6
0.3 0.3 4
= 2 𝑑 = 5.335𝑥10−6
𝐽𝑆 (82𝑥109 ) 6.135𝑥10−7 (82𝑥109 )
𝐽𝑆 = 8.980𝑥10−8 𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟏 𝒎
Solution:
Given:
∅𝐶 = 50𝑥10−3 𝑚 ∅𝑆(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 50𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝐿𝐶 = 0.5 𝑚 𝐿𝑆 = 0.3 𝑚
𝐺𝐶 = 40𝑥109 𝑃𝑎 𝐺𝑆 = 82𝑥109 𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝐶 = 5𝑥103

ii. The maximum allowable shear stress for the compound bar
𝑇𝑅
𝑇𝑅 𝜏𝑠 =
𝜏𝑠 = 𝐽
𝐽
250(0.025)
𝜏𝑠 = 250(0.025)
𝜏𝑠 = 6.136𝑥10−7
8.980𝑥10−8 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑃𝑥𝑅
𝜏𝑠 = 69.599 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑇𝑠 = 5𝑥103 0.05
𝜏𝑠 = 10.186 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑠 = 250 𝑁𝑚

𝜋𝐷4 ∴ 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10.186 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐽𝐶 =
32
𝜋(0.05)4
𝐽𝐶 =
32
𝐽𝐶 = 6.136𝑥10−7 𝑚4
iii. The total angle of twist in degrees
𝑇𝐿
θ = θS + θC θs =
𝐽𝐺
(250)(0.5)
θs =
θ = (16.975 x10−3 ) + (3.056 x 10−3 ) (8.980𝑥10−8 )(82𝑥109 )
θs = 16.975 𝑥10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝛉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑇𝐿
θc =
𝐽𝐺
(250)(0.3)
θc =
(6.136𝑥10−7 )(40𝑥109 )
θc = 3.056 𝑥 10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑