1

Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams:

𝑑−𝑐
𝜀𝑠 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 → 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑, 𝑑
𝑐
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 → 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟, 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑐
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 → 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟, 𝑑𝑡
𝑐
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑑−𝑐
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 → 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑐
𝐶𝑐 = 085𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑎 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐶𝑐 = 085𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝛽1 𝑐 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= → 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑏𝑑
√𝑓𝑐′ 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( , ) → 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑆𝐵𝐶304 − 18, 9.6.1.2
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎= → 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏
𝑎
𝑐= → 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝛽1
0.05(𝑓𝑐′ − 28)
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = 0.65, 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 0.85 → 𝑆𝐵𝐶304 − 18, 22.2.2.4.3
7
−𝛽 ± √𝛽 2 − 4𝛼𝛽𝑑
𝑐= → 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
2𝛼
𝛼 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝛽1 , 𝛽 = 𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢 → 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) → 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 (𝑑 − ) → 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
2
∅ = 0.9 → 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙, 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005
∅ = 0.65 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙, 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 𝜀𝑦
𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦
∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 → 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝜀𝑦 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005
0.005 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦
∑ 𝐴𝑠𝑖 𝑦𝑖
𝑔= → 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝐴𝑠𝑖

Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #3
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2

Determine design moment for the above section. f’c = 30 MPa, fy = 420 MPa, β1=0.85

1- Find, ρ and ρmin:

282
𝐴𝑠 4×𝜋 4
𝜌= = = 0.0109
𝑏𝑑 375 × 600
√𝑓𝑐′ 1.4 √30 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( , ) = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( , ) = 𝑀𝑎𝑥(0.0033,0.0033) = 0.0033
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 4 × 420 420

ρ ≥ ρmin ➔ ✓
3- Find Neutral axis depth (c) from top fibers assuming steel is yielding:
282
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 4 × 𝜋 4 × 420
𝑎= = = 108.12 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85 × 30 × 375
β1 given= 0.85
𝑎 108.12
𝑐= = = 127.2 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85
Check assumption (steel is yielding) at most top steel layer, dmin
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐 600 − 127.2
𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 0.003 = 0.0111 ≥ 𝜀𝑦
𝑐 127.2
0.0111 ≥ 0.0021 ➔ steel is yielding
4- Find Ø:
Check strain at bottom layer
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 600 − 127.2
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 0.003 = 0.0111 ≥ 0.005 ≥ 𝜀𝑦
𝑐 127.2
0.0111 ≥ 0.005 ➔ tension control ➔ Ø = 09

Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #3
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3

5- Find design moment capacity ØMn

𝑎 282 108.12
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 4 × 𝜋 × 420 (600 − ) = 564.46 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2 4 2
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 564.46 = 336.2 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

■■■■

Determine design moment for the above section with six 20-mm bars in two layers. Bar / layer spacing is 30
mm. stirrups diameter is 10 mm. f’c = 20 MPa, fy = 420 MPa

1- Find beam effective depth, d:

𝑑𝑏
𝑑1 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑑𝑠 − = 650 − 40 − 10 − 10 = 590 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑2 = 𝑑1 − 𝑆 − 𝑑𝑏 = 590 − 30 − 20 = 540 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = (𝑑1 + 𝑑2 )/2 = 565 𝑚𝑚
Alternatively:
202 202
[(3 × 𝜋 ) × (40 + 10 + 10)] + [(3 × 𝜋 ) (40 + 10 + 20 + 30 + 10)]
∑ 𝐴𝑠𝑖 𝑦𝑖 4 4 ×
𝑔= = = 85 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑖 202
(6 × 𝜋 )
4
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑔 = 650 − 85 = 565 𝑚𝑚
2- Find, ρ and ρmin:
202
𝐴𝑠 6×𝜋 4
𝜌= = = 0.01334
𝑏𝑑 250 × 565

Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #3
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4

√𝑓𝑐′ 1.4 √20 1.4

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( , ) = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( , ) = 𝑀𝑎𝑥(0.00266,0.00333) = 0.00333
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 4 × 420 420

ρ ≥ ρmin ➔ ✓
3- Find Neutral axis depth (c) from top fibers assuming steel is yielding:
202
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 6 × 𝜋 4 × 420
𝑎= = = 186.28 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85 × 20 × 250
f’c = 20 MPa < 28 ➔ β1 = 0.85
𝑎 186.28
𝑐= = = 219.15 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85
Check assumption (steel is yielding) at most top steel layer, dmin
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐 540 − 219.15
𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 0.003 = 0.0044 ≥ 𝜀𝑦
𝑐 219.15
0.0044 ≥ 0.002 ➔ steel is yielding
4- Find Ø:
Check strain at bottom layer
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 590 − 219.15
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 0.003 = 0.00507 ≥ 0.005 ≥ 𝜀𝑦
𝑐 219.15
0.00507 ≥ 0.005 ➔ tension control ➔ Ø = 0.9

5- Find design moment capacity ØMn

𝑎 202 186.28
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 6 × 𝜋 × 420 (565 − ) = 373.56 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2 4 2
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 373.56 = 336.2 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

■■■■

Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #3
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5

Determine design moment for the above section. Bar / layer spacing is 30 mm. stirrups diameter is 10 mm.
f’c = 30 MPa, fy = 420 MPa, β1=0.85

1- Find beam effective depth, d:

322 322
[(4 × 𝜋 ) × (40 + 10 + 16)] + [(2 × 𝜋 ) (40 + 10 + 32 + 30 + 16)]
∑ 𝐴𝑠𝑖 𝑦𝑖 4 4 ×
𝑔= =
𝐴𝑠𝑖 322
(6 × 𝜋 )
4
𝑔 = 86.7 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑔 = 500 − 86.7 = 413.3 𝑚𝑚
2- Find, ρ and ρmin:
322
𝐴𝑠 6 × 𝜋
𝜌= = 4 = 0.0389
𝑏𝑑 300 × 413.3
√𝑓𝑐′ 1.4 √30 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( , ) = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( , ) = 𝑀𝑎𝑥(0.0033,0.0033) = 0.0033
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 4 × 420 420

ρ ≥ ρmin ➔ ✓
3- Find Neutral axis depth (c) from top fibers assuming steel is yielding:
322
6 × 𝜋
𝑎=
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
= 4 × 420 = 264.8 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85 × 30 × 300
β1 given= 0.85
𝑎 264.8
𝑐= = = 311.5 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85
Check assumption (steel is yielding) at most top steel layer, dmin
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐 372 − 311.5
𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 0.003 = 0.0006 ≤ 𝜀𝑦
𝑐 311.5
0.0006 ≤ 0.002 ➔ steel is not yielding
Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #3
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6

4- Find Neutral axis depth (c) from top fibers assuming steel is not yielding
𝛼 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝛽1 = 0.85 × 30 × 300 × 0.85 = 6502.5
322
𝛽 = 𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 6 × 𝜋 × 200000 × 0.003 = 2.89 × 106
4
−𝛽 ± √𝛽 2 − 4𝛼𝛽𝑑 −2.89 × 106 ± √(2.89 × 106 )2 − 4 × 6502.5 × 2.89 × 106 × 413.3
𝑐= =
2𝛼 2 × 6502.5
𝑐 = 260.7 𝑚𝑚
And
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85 × 260.7 = 221.6 𝑚𝑚
5- Find T and Cc assuming steel is not yielding
𝑑−𝑐 322 413.3 − 260.7
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 6 × 𝜋 × 200000 ( ) × 0.003
𝑐 4 260.7
𝑇 = 1693891 𝑁 = 1693.9 𝑘𝑁

𝐶𝑐 = 085𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85 × 30 × 300 × 0.85 × 260.7 = 1695201 𝑁 = 1695.2 𝑘𝑁

Take average
1693.9 + 1695.2
𝑇= = 1694.6 𝑘𝑁
2
6- Find Ø:
Check strain at bottom layer
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 434 − 260.7
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 0.003 = 0.00199 ≤ 0.005
𝑐 260.7
0.00199 ≤ εy=0.0021 ➔ compression control ➔ Ø = 0.65

7- Find design moment capacity ØMn

𝑎 221.6
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 (𝑑 − ) = 1694.6 × 103 (413.3 − ) = 512.6 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2 2
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.65 × 512.6 = 333.2 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

■■■■

Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #3
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