Isolated column footing

Isolated footing is defined as an independent footing for each column. It may be pad
footing or sloped footing.

Bearing capacity of soil:

The size of footing is depending on the bearing capacity of soil.

Gross bearing capacity: It is defined as total pressure acting at the base of footing
including self weight, weight of column, overburden pressure of soil above footing,
etc.

Safe bearing capacity: It is defined as a net pressure at the base of the footing after
deducting weight of the excavated soil (overburden pressure).

Mathematically, Safe B.C. = Gross B.C. – overburden pressure

Critical Section:

1. Critical Section for B.M

For B.M., critical section is taken on face of

column.
If column is rectangular, critical sections are
taken in x-x and y-y direction on the face of the
column and the higher value of B.M. is used for
design.
At critical section x-x,
𝑤 𝑙2
B.M. =
2

Where, 𝑤 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝑏𝑓

= 𝑝 × 𝑏𝑓
2. Critical Section for one way shear

For one way shear critical section is taken at a

distance d (effective depth of footing) , from the
face of the column.
𝑉𝑢
Find, 𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏𝑑
Where, 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑆. 𝐹. 𝑜𝑛 𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑕𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑝 × hatch area

IF 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 … . . 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟.

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 1
Note:

If D < 300 𝑚𝑚 , the design shear strength of concrete is taken as 𝑘. 𝜏𝑐 , where k is

taken from IS 456, P:72.

3. Critical Section for two way shear

For two way shear, critical section is taken

at a distance 0.5 d from the face of the
column.
For pad footing
d = effective depth of footing
For sloped footing
d = effective depth of footing at column face.
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑆. 𝐹. 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑝 × 𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑕 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 = ,
𝑏0 𝑑
Where, 𝑏0 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 4𝑏′
Design shear stress in concrete = 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 𝑘𝑠 . 𝜏𝑐 (P.58, 59)
Where, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐 , 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 1.
𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝛽𝑐 =
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝜏𝑐 = 0.25 𝑓𝑐𝑘
If 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 ′ … … 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟.

Reinforcement requirement of footing:

1. Minimum reinforcement (P:47)

𝐴𝑠 0.85
=
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
0.34 % of net area (bd) for Fe 250
0.205 % of net area (bd) for Fe 415
2. Spacing of bar (P: 46, table-15)
Clear distance between two bars shall not exceed the followings.
𝑵 Clear Distance
𝒇𝒚
𝒎𝒎𝟐 between bars (mm)
250 300
415 180
500 150
3. Cover (P:46, cl.26.4.4.2)
Minimum 50 mm clear cover is required.

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 2

Example: 1
An RCC column of size 350 mm × 350 mm reinforced with 8 nos. 16 mm diameter
bars carries characteristic load of 800 kN. The allowable bearing pressure on soil is
200 kN/m2. Design isolated pad footing. Use M 20 and Fe 415 for column and
footing. Carry out all checks. Assume 10 % load of column as dead load of footing.
Solution:
(a) Size of footing
Load on column = 800 kN
Dead load of footing (10% of column load) = 0.10 × 800 = 80 KN
Total load on Soil = 800 + 80 = 880 kN
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 880
Area of footing required = = = 4.4 𝑚2
𝑆𝐵𝐶 200

Size of square footing = 4.4 = 2.09 ≅ 2.1 𝑚

Provide square footing = 2.1 m × 2.1 m.
∴ Area provided = 4.41 𝑚2
(b) Net upward pressure (p)
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1.5 × 800
∴𝑝= = = 272.1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 2.1 × 2.1
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: Weight of footing does not produce any shear or moment as the footing
dead load is in opposite direction to the soil pressure. Thus in calculating the net
upward pressure, only column load is considered.
(c) Bending Moment
𝑈𝐷𝐿, 𝑤 = 𝑝 × 𝑏𝑓 = 272.1 × 2.1 = 571.41 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
For maximum B.M. critical section is taken on one
face of column.
𝑤𝑙 2 571.41 × 0.8752
𝐵. 𝑀. 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑀𝑢 = =
2 2
= 218.74 𝑘𝑁𝑚

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 3

(d) Depth of footing
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
∴ 218.74 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 2100 × 𝑑 2
∴ 𝑑 = 194.27 𝑚𝑚
For shear criteria provide depth 2 to 2.5 times higher.
Try overall depth 480 mm. Assuming 12 mm diameter bars,
𝑑𝑥 = 480 − 50 − 6 = 424 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑦 = 424 − 12 = 412 𝑚𝑚 (𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟)
(e) Reinforcement
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Now, 𝑃𝑡 = 50 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑 2

20 4.6 × 218.74 × 106

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 50 × 1− 1−
415 20 × 2100 × 4122

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 0.177 %
Also, for Fe 415, 𝑃𝑡 (𝑚𝑖𝑛 .) = 0.205 %
∴ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑡 = 0.205 %
0.205
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 2100 × 412 = 1774 𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide 16 – 12 mm diameter bar [ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1810 𝑚𝑚2 ]
(f) Check for cracking
2100 −100−12
c/c distance between bars = = 132.53 𝑚𝑚
15

∴ Clear distance = 132.52 – 12 = 120.52 mm < 180 mm ….O.K.

(g) Check for one way shear
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑆. 𝐹. 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑝 × 𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑕 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 272.1 × 2.1 × 0.463 = 264.56 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 264.56×10 3
Now, 𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.306 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 2100 ×412
𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 100 1810 × 100
𝑝𝑡 = = = 0.209 %
𝑏𝑑 2100 × 412
0.36−0.28
∴ 𝝉𝒄 = 0.28 + × 0.209 − 0.15 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟕 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 (P.73, Table: 19)
0.25−0.15

Here, 𝝉𝒗 < 𝝉𝒄 … . 𝑶𝑲
By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 4
(h) Check for two way shear
Average Depth = 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.5 (424 + 412)
= 418 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 ′ = 350 + 209 + 209 = 768 𝑚𝑚
𝑏0 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 4𝑏 ′ = 4 × 768
= 3072
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑝 × 𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑕 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 272.1 × 2.12 − 0.7682
= 1040 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 1040 ×10 3
Now, 𝜏𝑣 = =
𝑏0 𝑑 3072 ×418

= 0.821 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑘𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐 , 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 1.

𝑁𝑜𝑤 , 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 𝑘𝑠 . 𝜏𝑐 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 350

𝛽𝑐 = = =1
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 350
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 1 × 0.25 𝑓𝑐𝑘
∴ 𝑘𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐 = 0.5 + 1 = 1.5 > 1
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 1 × 0.25 × 20
∴ 𝑘𝑠 = 1
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 1.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Here, 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 ′ ….. O.K.
(i) Check for development length
Development length 𝐿𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 47Ø = 47 × 12 = 564 𝑚𝑚
Actual 𝐿𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 875 − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 825 𝑚𝑚
Here, 𝐿𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 𝐿𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 … … . 𝑂. 𝐾.
(j) Transfer of load from column to footing (P.65, cl.34.4)
Allowable bearing stress = 0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 0.45 × 20 = 9 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
∴ 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
∴ 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 9 × 350 × 350 = 1102500 𝑁 = 1102.5 𝑘𝑁
Factored load on column = 1200 kN > 1102.5 kN
∴ Dowels are required.
∴ 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 1200 − 1102.5 = 97.5 𝑘𝑁
At the top of footing,
𝐴1 = 2.1 × 2.1 = 4.41 𝑚2

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 5

 𝑂𝑅 𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑐 + 4𝐷 × 𝑙𝑐 + 4𝐷 = 0.35 + 4 × 0.48 × 0.35 + 4 × 0.48
= 5.15 𝑚2
Taking smaller value of 𝐴1 ,
∴ 𝐴1 = 4.41 𝑚2
𝐴2 = 0.35 × 0.35 = 0.1225 𝑚2

𝐴1 4.41
∴ = = 6 > 2.
𝐴2 0.1225

𝐴1
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 =2
𝐴2

𝐴1
∴ 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝐴𝑐
𝐴2

= 0.45 × 20 × 2 × 350 × 350

= 2205000 𝑁 = 2205 𝐾N > 1200 kN….. safe.
𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 97.5 ×10 3
Now, 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = = = 313 𝑚𝑚2
0.75 𝑓𝑦 0.75×415

0.5
Minimum dowel area (0.5%) = × 350 × 350 = 612.5 𝑚𝑚2
100

∴ Provide 8 -16 Ø column bars as dowel bars. (𝐴𝑠𝑡(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ) = 1608 𝑚𝑚2 )

Dowel length in footing = D + 450 = 480 + 450 = 930 mm.
Extend the column bars for 930 mm in footing.

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 6

Example:2
Design a sloped footing for the column of Example: 1.
Solution:
(a) Size of footing
Load on column = 800 kN
Dead load of footing (10% of column load) = 0.10 × 800 = 80 KN
Total load on Soil = 800 + 80 = 880 kN
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 880
Area of footing required = = = 4.4 𝑚2
𝑆𝐵𝐶 200

Size of square footing = 4.4 = 2.09 ≅ 2.1 𝑚

Provide square footing = 2.1 m × 2.1 m.
∴ Area provided = 4.41 𝑚2
(b) Net upward pressure
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1.5 ×800
∴𝑝= = = 272.1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 2.1 ×2.1

(c) Bending moment

𝑈𝐷𝐿, 𝑤 = 𝑝 × 𝑏𝑓 = 272.1 × 2.1 = 571.41 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
For maximum B.M. critical section is taken on one face of column.
𝑤 𝑙2 571.41×0.875 2
𝐵. 𝑀. 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 = = = 218.74 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2

(d) Depth of footing

Note:
For sloped footing, the resisting width may be taken as width of column + extra
width cast for column formwork seating. [150 mm].
The resisting section has width = 350 mm +150 mm = 500 mm.
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
∴ 218.74 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 500 × 𝑑 2
∴ 𝑑 = 398.13 𝑚𝑚
Try overall depth 600 mm. Assuming 12 mm diameter bars,
𝑑𝑥 = 600 − 50 − 6 = 544 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑦 = 544 − 12 = 532 𝑚𝑚 (𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟)

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 7

(e) Reinforcement
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Now, 𝑃𝑡 = 50 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑 2

20 4.6 × 218.74 × 106

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 50 × 1− 1−
415 20 × 500 × 5322

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 0.476 %
Also, for Fe 415, 𝑃𝑡 (𝑚𝑖𝑛 .) = 0.205 %
∴ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑡 = 0.476 %
0.476
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 500 × 532 = 1266 𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide 12 – 12 mm diameter bar [ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1356 𝑚𝑚2 ]
(f) Check for cracking
2100 −100−12
c/c distance between bars = = 180.72 𝑚𝑚
11

∴ Clear distance = 180.72 – 12 = 168.72 mm < 180 mm ….O.K.

(g) Check for one way shear
Shear force at 532 mm from face of the column
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑝 × 𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑕 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
= 272.1 × 2.1 × 0.343
= 196 𝐾𝑁
Now, 𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑑
∴ b = 350 + (2 × 532) = 1414 mm
343
d = 162 + × 370 = 310 𝑚𝑚
875
𝑤 𝑙2
𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
2

272.1 × 2.1 × 0.3432

=
2
= 33.61 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Shear is check by assuming beam having varying depth.
370
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 = = 0.423
875

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 8

 𝑀
𝑉𝑢 − 𝑑𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
Now, 𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏𝑑
33.61
196− ×0.423 × 10 3
= 0.310
= 0.343 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1414 ×310
𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 100 1356 × 100
𝑝𝑡 = = = 0.309 %
𝑏𝑑 1414 × 310
0.48−0.36
∴ 𝝉𝒄 = 0.36 + × 0.309 − 0.25 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟖 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 (P.73, Table: 19)
0.50−0.25

Here, 𝝉𝒗 < 𝝉𝒄 … . 𝑶𝑲.

(h) Check for two way shear
Average depth, 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.5 544 + 532 = 538 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑔 538
Two way shear is checked at = = 269 𝑚𝑚
2 2
from face of the column.
𝑏 ′ = 350 + 269 + 269 = 888 𝑚𝑚
𝑏0 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 4𝑏 ′
= 4 × 888
= 3552 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑝 × 𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑕 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
= 272.1 × 2.12 − 0.8882 = 985.4 𝐾𝑁
606
𝑑 = 162 + × 370 = 421 𝑚𝑚
875
𝑉𝑢 985.4×10 3
Now, 𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.659 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏0 𝑑 3552×421

𝑁𝑜𝑤 , 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 𝑘𝑠 . 𝜏𝑐

∴ 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 1 × 0.25 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑘𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐 , 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 1.

∴ 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 1 × 0.25 × 20 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 350

𝛽𝑐 = = =1
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 350
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 1.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
∴ 𝑘𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐 = 0.5 + 1 = 1.5 > 1
Here, 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 ′ ….. O.K.
∴ 𝑘𝑠 = 1

(i) Check for development length

Development length 𝐿𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 47Ø = 47 × 12 = 564 𝑚𝑚
Actual 𝐿𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 875 − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 825 𝑚𝑚
Here, 𝐿𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 𝐿𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 … … . 𝑂. 𝐾.
By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 9
(j) Load transfer from column to footing
Allowable bearing stress = 0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.45 × 20 = 9 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
∴ 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
∴ 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 9 × 350 × 350 = 1102500 𝑁 = 1102.5 𝑘𝑁
Factored load on column = 1200 kN > 1102.5 kN
∴ Dowels are required.
∴ 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 1200 − 1102.5 = 97.5 𝑘𝑁
At the top of footing,
𝐴1 = 2.1 × 2.1 = 4.41 𝑚2
𝑂𝑅 𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑐 + 4𝐷 × 𝑙𝑐 + 4𝐷 = 0.35 + 4 × 0.6 × 0.35 + 4 × 0.6
= 7.56 𝑚2
Taking smaller value of 𝐴1 ,
∴ 𝐴1 = 4.41 𝑚2
𝐴2 = 0.35 × 0.35 = 0.1225 𝑚2

𝐴1 4.41
∴ = = 6 > 2.
𝐴2 0.1225

𝐴1
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 =2
𝐴2

𝐴1
∴ 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 0.45 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝐴𝑐
𝐴2

= 0.45 × 20 × 2 × 350 × 350

= 2205000 𝑁 = 2205 𝐾N > 1200 kN….. safe.
𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 97.5 ×10 3
Now, 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = = = 313 𝑚𝑚2
0.75 𝑓𝑦 0.75×415

0.5
Minimum dowel area (0.5%) = × 350 × 350 = 612.5 𝑚𝑚2
100

∴ Provide 8 -16 Ø column bars as dowel bars. (𝐴𝑠𝑡(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ) = 1608 𝑚𝑚2 )

Dowel length in footing = D + 450 = 600 + 450 = 1150 mm.
Extend the column bars for 1150 mm in footing.

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 10

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 11
Example: 3
Design a rectangular isolated footing for a column of 250 mm × 750 mm reinforced
with 10 nos. 25 mm diameter bars in M 30 grade concrete carries characteristic
load of 2000 kN. The allowable bearing pressure on soil is 220 kN/m2. Use M 20
and Fe 415 for footing. Carry out check for shear and development length.
Solution:
(a) Size of footing
Load on column = 2000 kN
Dead load of footing (10% of column load) = 0.10 × 2000 = 200 KN
Total load on Soil = 800 + 80 = 2200 kN
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2200
Area of footing required = = = 10 𝑚2
𝑆𝐵𝐶 220

As the footing is rectangular, size of footing may be selected such that the
effective cantilever projection on both sides are equal.
Difference between dimension of column = 0.75 – 0.25 = 0.5 m.
If b is width of footing,
∴ 𝑏 𝑏 + 0.5 = 10
∴ 𝑏 2 + 0.5𝑏 − 10 = 0
∴ 𝑏 = 2.92 𝑚 ≈ 2.95 𝑚
Provide size of footing = 2.95 m × 3.45 m.
∴ Area of footing = 10.17 𝑚2 > 10 𝑚2 …..O.K.
(b) Net upward pressure
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1.5 ×2000
∴𝑝= = = 294.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 2.95 ×3.45

(c) Bending moment

𝑈𝐷𝐿 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑤 = 𝑝 × 𝑏𝑓 = 294.8 × 2.95 = 869.66 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑈𝐷𝐿 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑤 = 𝑝 × 𝑏𝑓 = 294.8 × 3.45 = 1017.06 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
For maximum B.M. critical section is taken on one face of column. (x-x and y-y
direction)

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 12

 𝐵. 𝑀. 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥, 𝑀𝑢,𝑥
𝑤 𝑙2 869.66×1.35 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢,𝑥 = = = 792.48 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2

𝐵. 𝑀. 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑦, 𝑀𝑢,𝑦

𝑤 𝑙2 1017 .06×1.35 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢,𝑦 = = = 926.80 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2

(d) Depth of footing

Note:
For sloped footing, the resisting width may be taken as width of column + extra
width cast for column formwork seating. [150 mm].
The resisting section has width b = 250 mm +150 mm = 400 mm in x direction.
The resisting section has width b = 750 mm +150 mm = 900 mm in y direction.
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 ,𝑥 = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
∴ 792.48 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 400 × 𝑑𝑥 2
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 847.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 ,𝑦 = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
∴ 926.80 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 900 × 𝑑𝑦 2
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = 610.8 𝑚𝑚
Try overall depth = 950 mm. Assuming 12 mm diameter bars,
𝑑𝑥 = 950 − 50 − 6 = 894 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑦 = 894 − 12 = 882 𝑚𝑚 (𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑 = 0.5 894 + 882 = 888 𝑚𝑚.
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑕 = 230 𝑚𝑚.
(e) Reinforcement
Reinforcement along x - direction
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢 ,𝑥
Now, 𝑃𝑡 = 50 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2

20 4.6 × 792.48 × 106

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 50 × 1− 1−
415 20 × 400 × 8942

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 0.831 %

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 13

 Also, for Fe 415, 𝑃𝑡 (𝑚𝑖𝑛 .) = 0.205 %
∴ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑡 = 0.831 %
0.831
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 400 × 894 = 2972 𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide 27 – 12 mm diameter bar [ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 27 × 113 = 3051 𝑚𝑚2 ]
Check for cracking along x -direction
2950−100−12
c/c distance between bars = = 109.15 𝑚𝑚
26

∴ Clear distance = 109.15 – 12 = 97.15 mm < 180 mm ….O.K.

Reinforcement along y - direction
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢 ,𝑦
Now, 𝑃𝑡 = 50 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑 𝑦 2

20 4.6 × 926.80 × 106

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 50 × 1− 1−
415 20 × 900 × 8822

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 0.399 %
Also, for Fe 415, 𝑃𝑡 (𝑚𝑖𝑛 .) = 0.205 %
∴ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑡 = 0.399 %
0.399
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 900 × 882 = 3167 𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide 28 – 12 mm diameter bar [ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 28 × 113 = 3164 𝑚𝑚2 ]
Check for cracking along y -direction
3450 −100−12
c/c distance between bars = = 123.62 𝑚𝑚
27

∴ Clear distance = 123.62 – 12 = 111.62 mm < 180 mm ….O.K.

(f) Check for one way shear
About x
Shear force at 894 mm from face of the column
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑝 × 𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑕 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
= 294.8 × 2.95 × 0.456
= 396.6 𝐾𝑁
Now, 𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑑 = 250 + (2 × 894) = 2038 mm

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 14

 456
d = 174 + × 720 = 417.2 𝑚𝑚
1350
𝑤 𝑙2
𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
2

294.8 × 2.95 × 0.4562

=
2
= 90.42 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Shear is check by assuming beam having varying depth.
720
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 = = 0.533
1350
𝑀
𝑉𝑢 − 𝑑𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
Now, 𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏𝑑
90.42
396.6 – 0.4172 ×0.533 × 10 3
= = 0.212 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2038 ×417.2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 100 3051 × 100
𝑝𝑡 = = = 0.359 %
𝑏𝑑 2038 × 417.2
0.48−0.36
∴ 𝝉𝒄 = 0.36 + × 0.359 − 0.25 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟐 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 (P.73, Table: 19)
0.50−0.25

Here, 𝝉𝒗 < 𝝉𝒄 … . 𝑶𝑲.

About y
Shear force at 882 mm from face of the column
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑝 × 𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑕 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
= 294.8 × 3.95 × 0.468
= 476 𝐾𝑁
Now, 𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 + 2𝑑
∴ b = 750 + (2 × 882) = 2514 mm
468
d = 162 + × 720 = 411.6 𝑚𝑚
1350
𝑤 𝑙2
𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
2

294.8 × 3.95 × 0.4682

=
2
= 111.38 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 15

Shear is check by assuming beam having varying depth.
720
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 = = 0.533
1350
𝑀
𝑉𝑢 − 𝑑𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
Now, 𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏𝑑
111 .38
476 – 0.4116 ×0.533 × 10 3
= = 0.212 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2038 ×417.2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 100 3051 × 100
𝑝𝑡 = = = 0.321 %
𝑏𝑑 2514 × 411.6
0.48−0.36
∴ 𝝉𝒄 = 0.36 + × 0.359 − 0.25 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟐 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 (P.73, Table: 19)
0.50−0.25

Here, 𝝉𝒗 < 𝝉𝒄 … . 𝑶𝑲.

(g) Check for two way shear
Average depth, 𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.5 894 + 882 = 888 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑔 888
Two way shear is checked at = = 444 𝑚𝑚 from face of the column.
2 2
𝑏0 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2 250 + 444 + 444 + 2(750 + 444 + 444)
= 2 1138 + 1638 = 5552 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑝 × 𝑕𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑕 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
= 294.8 × 3.45 × 2.95 − 1.138 × 1.638 = 2450.8 𝐾𝑁
906
𝑑 = 162 + × 720 = 645.2 𝑚𝑚
1350
𝑉𝑢 2450 .8×10 3
Now, 𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.684 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏0 𝑑 5552×645.2

𝑁𝑜𝑤 , 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 𝑘𝑠 . 𝜏𝑐
𝑘𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐 , 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑠 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 1.
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 0.83 × 0.25 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 250
𝛽𝑐 = = = 0.33
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 750
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 0.83 × 0.25 × 20
∴ 𝜏𝑐 ′ = 0.928 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ∴ 𝑘𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐 = 0.5 + 0.33 = 0.83 < 1

Here, 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 ′ ….. O.K. ∴ 𝑘𝑠 = 0.83

(h) Check for development length

Development length 𝐿𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 47Ø = 47 × 12 = 564 𝑚𝑚
Actual 𝐿𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 1350 − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 1300 𝑚𝑚
Here, 𝐿𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 > 𝐿𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 … … . 𝑂. 𝐾.

By: CHIRAG PATEL Page 16