16.

EXAM SIMULATION – STEEL STRUCTURE

Questions

a. Support reactions in A and B

b. Internal forces diagrams

c. Design of AE and ED members

• Kinematic analysis

𝑛𝑛 = 5

𝑒𝑒 = 7

𝑟𝑟 = 1 + 2 = 3

2𝑛𝑛 = 2 ∙ 5 = 10
� → 2n= e + 𝑟𝑟
𝑒𝑒 + 𝑛𝑛 = 7 + 3 = 10

The structure is statically determinate

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a. Support reactions

𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
� 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 → 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 − = 0 → 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
4 4
𝑃𝑃
� 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 → 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 − 2𝑃𝑃 = 0 → 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
4
𝑃𝑃 7
� 𝛤𝛤𝐻𝐻 → −𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 ∙ 𝐿𝐿 + 𝑃𝑃 ∙ 𝐿𝐿 + ∙ 3𝐿𝐿 = 0 → 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = ∙ 𝑃𝑃
4 4

b. Internal forces: method of joints

√2 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
� 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 → −𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ∙ − = 0 → 𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = − → 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
2 4 2√2
√2 5
� 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 → 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ∙ − 𝑃𝑃 = 0 → 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃 → 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
2 4

√2 𝑃𝑃 √2 𝑃𝑃
� 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 → −𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∙ − ∙ = 0 → 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = → 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
2 2√2 2 2√2
√2 1 √2 𝑃𝑃
� 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 → 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∙ + 𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + ∙ ∙ 𝑃𝑃 − 𝑃𝑃 = 0 → 𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
2 2√2 2 2
↘ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

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Diagram of internal forces:

Tension

Compression

c. Design of AE and ED members

AE) Compression member 5
𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃
4
ED) Tension member 𝑃𝑃
𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 =
2√2

Where: 𝑃𝑃 = 200 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and 𝐿𝐿 = 3000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 3.0 𝑚𝑚

• Actions (“–“ for compression, “+” for tension)

𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = −250 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 70.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
• ED member (tension member)

𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ≤ 𝑁𝑁𝑡𝑡,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 with 𝑁𝑁𝑡𝑡,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ; 𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 �

i. 𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 → 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

ii. 𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 → 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐴𝐴 ∙ 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

The verification formula can be adopted as design equation:

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 NEd 70.7 ∙ 103
NED ≤ NPl,Rd → A ≥ =� � mm2 = 353.5 mm2
fyd 200

Assuming to use HEA beam, it is necessary to select the most suitable solutions among the
standardized values suggested.

HEA100, with A = 2124 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

• AE member (compression member)
NED ≤ Nt,Rd = χ ∙ A ∙ fyd , where χ = f(geometry, struct. scheme, imperfections . . . )

𝜆𝜆 𝐿𝐿0 1 𝐸𝐸
𝜆𝜆̅ = = ∙ 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 = 𝜋𝜋� = 99.3
𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

𝐿𝐿0 = 𝐿𝐿 = 3000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

NEd 250 ∙ 103
NED ≤ Nc,Rd = A ∙ fyd → 𝐴𝐴 ≥ =� � mm2 = 1250 mm2
fyd 200

i. Assuming to use the same section selected for tension member (HEA100), it is necessary
to compute the radius of gyration (𝑖𝑖) for relative slenderness calculation (𝜆𝜆̅).

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝑖𝑖𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻100 = � =� = 25.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑐𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴

𝐿𝐿 1 3000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1
𝜆𝜆̅ = ∙ = ∙ = 1.19 → 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶 → χ = 0.45
𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 25.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 99.3

𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 187.2 kN ≤ 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 !

ii. Conservative solution : 𝜆𝜆̅ = 1.0 → 𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 30.0 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

The HEA section with 𝑖𝑖 ≥ 𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 is HEA140, characterized by the following values:

• 𝐴𝐴 = 3061 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

• 𝑖𝑖 = 35.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿 1 3000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1
The real value of relative slenderness is calculated: 𝜆𝜆̅ = 𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝜆𝜆 = 35.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∙ 99.3 = 0.85
𝑝𝑝

Buckling curve is again curve C, so the reduction factor is carried out: χ = 0.62

𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 379.6 kN > 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ✓

iii. Optimization of the section: material loss is avoided.

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Select section HEA120, characterized by the following values:

• 𝐴𝐴 = 2534 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

• 𝑖𝑖 = 30.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿 1 3000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1
Relative slenderness: 𝜆𝜆̅ = 𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝜆𝜆 = 30.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∙ 99.3 = 1.00
𝑝𝑝

Buckling curve is again curve C, so the reduction factor is carried out: χ = 0.53

𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 268.6 kN > 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ✓

In this way the section has been optimized, with a ratio between 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑 and 𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 very
close to 1.
𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑
= 0.93
𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

39