GIS for Environmental Applications A practical approach 1st Zhu Test Bank

GIS for Environmental Applications A practical

approach 1st Zhu Test Bank

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1. In remote sensing, electromagnetic waves are characterised by
a. their intensity
b. their wave frequency
c. their wavelength location within the electromagnetic spectrum
d. their reflectance

Answer: c

2. Microwaves are the longest wavelengths used for remote sensing

a. true
b. false

Answer: a

3. Which visible colour has the longest wavelength?

a. green
b. blue
c. violet
d. red

Answer: d

4. The particle theory of EMR suggests that

a. the remote sensors operating at shorter wavelengths must look at the parcel of
ground longer in order to obtain a detectable energy signal
b. microwaves have higher energy contents than near infrared (IR) radiation
c. it is easier to detect visible wavelength energy than those of microwaves
d. thermal IR has higher energy content than reflected IR

Answer: c

5. Atmospheric windows are

a. those areas of the spectrum that are not severely influenced by atmospheric
absorption
b. those areas of the spectrum that are blocked by atmospheric absorption
c. those areas of the spectrum in which little atmospheric scattering occurs
d. those areas of the spectrum that are not useful for remote sensing

Answer: a

6. Remote sensing is only interested in measuring the radiation

a. absorbed by targets
b. transmitted through targets
c. reflected from targets

Answer: c

7. The spectral reflectance of a particular object varies with wavelength

© 2016 Xuan Zhu

 a. true
b. false

Answer: a

8. In a near IR image, forest appears

a. darker than water body
b. brighter than water body
c. as bright as water body

Answer: b

9. Which band of the spectrum is the best for separating water and land?
a. red
b. blue
c. green
d. near IR

Answer: d

10. Aerial photography is better than satellite remote sensing because

a. aerial photography allows repetitive imaging of the Earth’s surface on a
continuing basis
b. aerial photography has a revisit period of several days
c. aerial photography can produce digital images
d. aerial photography has higher spectral resolutions
e. aerial photography provides the highest spatial resolution

Answer: e

11. On a colour infrared image (or photo),

a. targets with high near-infrared reflectance appear red
b. targets with high red reflectance appear red
c. targets with high green reflectance appear red
d. targets with high blue reflectance appear red

Answer: a

12. The brightness value of a pixel in a digital image is recorded as

a. the absolute average amount of the solar radiance reflected from the pixel
b. a scaled digital number according to the radiometric resolution
c. a digital number ranging from 0 to 8
d. a digital number ranging from 0 to 12

Answer: b

13. Landsat MSS sensor has a spatial resolution of 80m. It means

a. each pixel covers an area of 6400 m2

© 2016 Xuan Zhu

 b. each pixel covers an area of 80 m2
c. it has a higher spatial resolution than Landsat TM sensor whose spatial resolution
is 30m
d. the image of a target it captured is sharper than that captured by Landsat TM
sensor

Answer: a

14. Georeferencing an image to geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) is an

operation of
a. filtering
b. linear stretching
c. radiometric correction
d. geometric correction

Answer: d

15. If an image’s orientation does not align with the north-south direction, which type of
image procession should be used?
a. filtering
b. linear stretching
c. radiometric correction
d. geometric correction

Answer: d

16. In order to monitor the growth of cotton in an area (in the northern hemisphere), we
acquired QuickBird images taken every month from June to October. The images have
been georeferenced and geometrically corrected. If the images have good contrasts and
contain no noises, which type of image processing is still needed for the comparison
between these images?
a. histogram equalisation
b. spatial filtering
c. bilinear interpolation
d. sun elevation correction

Answer: d

17. Cubic convolution is a geometric correction method, which calculates the DN value of a
rectified pixel
a. as the value of its nearest pixel in the input image
b. as the average value of the four nearest pixels in the input image
c. as the average value of the sixteen nearest pixels in the input image
d. using a cubic polynomial function

Answer: c

© 2016 Xuan Zhu

18. Geometric correction with the nearest neighbour method
a. preserves original DN values
b. calculates the DN value of a rectified pixel as the average value of the pixels
within its neighbourhood
c. calculates the DN value of a rectified pixel as the distance-weighted average value
of the pixels within its neighbourhood
d. calculates the DN value of a rectified pixel using a moving window

Answer: a

19. Converting DN values to radiance values is an operation of

a. filtering
b. linear stretching
c. radiometric correction
d. geometric correction

Answer: c

20. Solar elevation angles at a particular location on the surface of the earth
a. remain the same throughout the year
b. are smaller in winter than in summer
c. are larger in winter than in summer
d. are larger in winter than in autumn
e. are larger in winter than in spring

Answer: b

21. With linear stretching,

a. the image would appear darker
b. the image would appear lighter
c. light tonal areas would appear darker and dark areas would appear lighter
d. light tonal areas would appear lighter and dark areas would appear darker

Answer: d

22. With histogram equalisation, DN values are assigned

a. as their frequencies of occurrence
b. based on their frequencies of occurrence
c. as their original DN values divided by their frequencies of occurrence
d. as their original DN values multiplied by their frequencies of occurrence

Answer: b

23. On a ratio image produced by Landsat TM Band 4 (NIR) / Landsat TM Band 3 (Red), if a
pixel has a value much larger than 1.0, it is
a. vegetation
b. soil

© 2016 Xuan Zhu

 c. water
d. none of the above

Answer: a

24. A high-pass filter can be used to

a. smooth the appearance of an image
b. sharpen the appearance of an image
c. enhance linear features
d. reduce smaller detail in an image

Answer: b

25. Image classification is a process of

a. categorising images in terms of their spectral bands
b. categorising images in terms of their resolutions
c. categorising images in terms of sensor types
d. categorising all pixels in an image into thematic classes

Answer: d

26. Image classification is based on

a. tone or colour
b. digital numbers
c. site or association
d. shape and texture

Answer: b

27. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Supervised classification requires the selection of training areas, while
unsupervised classification does not
b. Supervised classification requires accuracy assessment, while unsupervised
classification does not
c. Supervised classification requires the image analyst to have knowledge about the
thematic classes present in the image, while unsupervised classification does not
d. Supervised classification does not involve the determination of spectral classes in
the image, while unsupervised classification does

Answer: a

28. In supervised classification, training areas are

a. representative samples of different thematic classes selected by the image analyst
b. representative samples of different thematic classes selected by the computer
c. spectral clusters identified by the image analyst
d. spectral clusters identified by the computer

Answer: a

© 2016 Xuan Zhu

29. Training areas must
a. be drawn from a single area
b. capture the spectral variability of a class
c. capture the spectral boundary between classes
d. be evenly distributed in the image

Answer: b

30. The number of pixels used in training does not affect the quality of image classification.
a. true
b. false

Answer: b

31. The parallelepiped classifier defines the class boundaries in terms of

a. distance to the mean centre of a class
b. probability of being a member of a class
c. the DN ranges for each class
d. the DN standard deviations for each class

Answer: c

32. Which of the following is not a potential problem with unsupervised classification?
a. some spectral classes may be meaningless
b. a training area may contain a mix of different thematic classes
c. reference data used for assigning classes by the analyst may contain errors
d. a single thematic class may be split among two spectral classes

Answer: b

33. With the classification error matrix below, what is the overall accuracy of the land use
classification?

Urban Forest Cropland Row

Total
Urban 7 2 1 10
Forest 2 25 8 35
Cropland 3 1 51 55
Column 12 28 60 100
Total
a. 100%
b. 27.7%
c. 29%
d. 83%

Answer: d

© 2016 Xuan Zhu

GIS for Environmental Applications A practical approach 1st Zhu Test Bank

34. According to the classification error matrix below, how many training pixels are omission
errors and how many are commission errors with the urban class?

Urban Forest Cropland Row

Total
Urban 7 2 1 10
Forest 2 25 8 35
Cropland 3 1 51 55
Column 12 28 60 100
Total
a. 3, 5 (omission, commission)
b. 5, 3
c. 7, 12
d. 7, 10

Answer: b

35. According to the classification error matrix below, what are the producer’s accuracy and
user’s accuracy for the forest class?

Urban Forest Cropland Row

Total
Urban 7 2 1 10
Forest 2 25 8 35
Cropland 3 1 51 55
Column 12 28 60 100
Total
a. 89%, 71% (producer’s accuracy, user’s accuracy)
b. 71%, 89%
c. 28%, 35%
d. 35%, 28%

Answer: a

© 2016 Xuan Zhu

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