DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Definite Integral is an integral expressed as the difference between the values of the integral at
specified upper and lower limits of the independent variable.

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

If the function 𝑓(𝑥) called the integrand is continuous on the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏

then
𝐛
∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = 𝐅(𝐛) − 𝐅(𝐚)
b
where: F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x) on 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 ]> F(x ) = F(b) – F(a)

a
a and b are called the lower limit and b the upper limit of integration, respectively

NOTE:

The definite integral is a specified number while the indefinite integral is a family of functions.

Remember to compute both F(b) – F(a) , even when a = 0

Properties of the Definite Integral. The following properties are easy to check:
Theorem. If f (x) and g(x) are defined and continuous on [a, b], then we have the following
linearity principle for the integral:
𝐛 𝐛
1. ∫𝐚 𝐤𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = 𝐤 ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 . k is constant
𝐛 𝐛 𝐛
2. ∫𝐚 [(𝐱) + 𝐠(𝐱)]𝐝𝐱 = ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 + ∫𝐚 𝐠(𝐱)𝐝𝐱)
𝐛 𝐛 𝐛
3. ∫𝐚 [(𝐱) − 𝐠(𝐱)]𝐝𝐱 = ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 − ∫𝐚 𝐠(𝐱)𝐝𝐱)
𝐚
4. ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)]𝐝𝐱 = 𝟎
𝐛 𝐚
5. ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)]𝐝𝐱 = − ∫𝐛 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱
𝐛 𝐜 𝐛
6. ∫𝐚 𝒇(𝐱)]𝐝𝐱 = ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 + ∫𝐜 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱)

EXAMPLES: Evaluate the following definite integral

𝟒
1. ∫𝟏 (4𝑥 + 7)dx
SOL’N: The antiderivative of 4x + 7 is 2x2 + 7x
𝟒
∫𝟏 (4𝑥 + 7)dx = [ 2x2 + 7x ] = [2(4)2 + 7(4)] - [2(1)2 + 7(1)] = 51
 𝟎
2. ∫−𝟏(3 − 2𝑥)dx
SOL’N: The antiderivative of 3 - 2x is 3x - x2

𝟎
∫−𝟏(3 − 2𝑥)dx = [3x - x2 ] = [3(0) - (0)2 ] - [3(-1) - (-1)2 ] = 4

2
3. ∫1 (2𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥

SOL’N

= 23/3
2
∫1 (2𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 23/3

4. VERIFY THAT
5 5 3 5
4.1 ∫2 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 78 AND ∫2 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 78

5
4.2 ∫5 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0

EXERCISES:
3
1. ∫2 4(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ANSWER: 85

2
2. ∫0 3(3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 ANSWER: 66

8 4
3. ∫1 3 𝑑𝑥 ANSWER: 18
√x

4
4. ∫1 −2(𝑥 −1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 ANSWER: 42 – ln16

ᴫ/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
5. ∫0 1−sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ANSWER: ᴫ/2 + 1
AREA PROBLEM
FINDING THE AREA USING THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM

Find the area of the region under the line y = 2x over the interval 0 < x < 2

SOL’N:
2
The area A is given by the definite integral A = ∫0 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Since an antiderivative of f(x) = 2x is F(x) = x2 + C , then

2
A = ∫0 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = x2 = [ 22 ] - [02 ] = 4

A = 4 sq.units

THE figure shows the region bounded by the GRAPH OF y = 2x x-axis and the vertical line x=2 .

Note that this is the area of the triangle (A=bh/2) where b = 2 and h = 4 .

WHAT is the area of the region under the line y = 2x Over the interval 1 < x < 2?