"Dilaab: Siklab ng Karunungan sa

CEAT Pandayan"
CEAT Freshie Bridging Program
2023
INTRODUCTION TO
CALCULUS
Functions
A function f assigns an element x to a
unique element f(x).
The domain of a function is the set of
all values of x where the function f is
defined.
The range of a function is the set of all
possible values of f(x).
Types of Functions
POLYNOMIALS
P(x) = an +
x n an-1x +...+a1x+a0
n-1

where n is a nonnegative integer

POLYNOMIALS
Linear function if n = 1
POLYNOMIALS
Quadratic function if n = 2
POLYNOMIALS
Cubic function if n = 3
POWER FUNCTIONS
f(x) = x a

a = n where n is a positive integer

One term polynomial functions
POWER FUNCTIONS
f(x) = x a

a = 1 / n where n is a positive integer

Root functions
POWER FUNCTIONS
f(x) = x a

a = -1
Reciprocal
function
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
f(x) = P(x) / Q(x)
where P and Q
are polynomials
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
A function f is algebraic if it is constructed using
algebraic functions (arithmetic operators, root
operators, etc.)
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
➢ f(x) = sin(x)
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
➢ f(x) = cos(x)
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
➢ f(x) = tan(x)
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
➢ f(x) = sec(x)
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
➢ f(x) = csc(x)
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
➢ f(x) = cot(x)
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
f(x) = b x

where b is a positive constant

LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
f(x) =log b x
where b is a
positive
constant
INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
➢ f(x) = arcsin(x)
INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
➢ f(x) = arccos(x)
INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
➢ f(x) = arctan(x)
PIECEWISE DEFINED
FUNCTIONS
➢ Functions that
defined by
multiple
formulas in
different parts of
their domains
Limit of a function
The limit of a function f(x) is defined to be the
number L it approaches as x gets closer to the
number a but not a itself.
lim f(x) = L
x a
The limit of f(x), as x
approaches a, equals L.
EXAMPLE: lim (x 2 – x + 2)
x 2

x y x y
1.5 2.00000 2.5 5.75000
1.8 2.75000 2.2 4.64000
1.9 3.44000 2.1 4.31000
1.999 3.99700 2.001 4.000300
Therefore, lim (x 2 – x + 2) = 4
x 2
 x–1
EXAMPLE: lim 2
x 1 x –1

x y x y
0.9 0.52632 1.1 0.47619
0.99 0.50251 1.01 0.49751
0.999 0.50025 1.001 0.49975
0.9999 0.50003 1.0001 0.49998
x–1
Therefore, lim 2 = 0.5
x 1 x – 1
Limits theorem
lim c = c
x a
where c is a constant
lim x = a
n n
x a
where n is a natural number
lim b • f(x) = b • lim f(x)
x a x a
where b is a constant
lim [f(x) ± g(x)] = lim
x a
f(x) ± lim g(x)
x a x a
Limits theorem
lim [f(x)g(x)] = lim f(x) • lim
x a
g(x)
x a x a

lim [f(x)/g(x)] = lim

x a
f(x) / lim
x a
g(x)
x a

where lim g(x) ≠ 0

EXAMPLES:
(A) lim 5x 2 – 2x
x 3

x2 + 3x -5
(B) lim
x -2 5x + 1
SOLUTION FOR:

(A) lim 5x 2 – 2x
x 3
SOLUTION FOR:
x 2+ 3x -5
(B) lim
x -2 5x + 1
Limits
Left-hand limits
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿1
𝑥→𝑎−
Right-hand limits
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿2
𝑥→𝑎+
THEOREM
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓
𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿2
𝑥→𝑎− 𝑥→𝑎+
Limits
Infinite Limits
Let f be a function defined on both
sides of a, but not at a itself. Then
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ∞
𝑥→𝑎
Means that the values of f(x) can be
made arbitrarily large by taking x
close to a, but not equal to a.
Limits
Infinite Limits
Let f be a function defined on both
sides of a, but not at a itself. Then
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = −∞
𝑥→𝑎
Means that the values of f(x) can be
made arbitrarily large negative by
taking x close to a but not equal to a.
Limits
One-sided infinite limits
EXAMPLE 2𝑥
lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 2𝑥
2𝑥 lim = +∞
lim = −∞ 𝑥→3+ 𝑥−3
𝑥→3− 𝑥 − 3
2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 lim ≠ lim ,
𝑥→3− 𝑥 − 3 𝑥→3+ 𝑥 − 3

2𝑥
lim DNE.
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
C
ontinuity
A function f is continuous at a if:

• f(a) is defined
• lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥→𝑎
• lim 𝑓(𝑥)= f(a)
𝑥→𝑎
C
ontinuity
EXAMPLE 1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
Is 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ𝑥 2
continuous?
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
1. 𝐼𝑠 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠? YES
2. Does lim 𝑓(𝑥) exist? NO
𝑥→0

Therefore, f(x) is not continuous.

DIFFERENTIATION
What is differentiation?
Differentiation

The process of computing the derivative or rate of

change of the function.

The derivative of the function f is denoted by 𝑓′

𝑑𝑦
It is denoted by , 𝐷𝑥 𝑓, 𝑓𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Basic Rules on
Differentiation

1) If c is a given constant, then 𝐷𝑥 𝐶 = 0

Eg. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5 | Ans. 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0

2) Power Rule: If n is a given real number, then 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1

2 ′ 2−1
Eg. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 | Ans. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥

3) If c is a given constant and f is a given function, then 𝐷𝑥 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 =

𝑐 ∙ 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓 𝑥 ]e
Eg. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 | Ans. 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 5(2𝑥 2−1 )
Basic Rules on
Differentiation

4) Sum/Difference Rule
If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are given functions, then 𝐷𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓 𝑥 ] ± 𝐷𝑥 [𝑔 𝑥 ].
Eg. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 | Ans. 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 5

5) Product Rule
If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are given functions, then
𝐷𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝐷𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥) ∙ 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓 𝑥 ]
Mnemonic: left de-right plus right de-left
2
Eg. 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 2) |
Ans. 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 3 + (3𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥)
Basic Rules on
Differentiation

6) Quotient Rule: If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are given functions, then

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑥 ∙ 𝐷𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝐷𝑥 [𝑔 𝑥 ]
𝐷𝑥 =
𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔 𝑥 ]2

Mnemonic: low de-high minus high de-low all over low- squared

(𝑥 2 +1)
Eg. 𝑓 𝑥 =
(3𝑥+2)
3𝑥+2 2𝑥 −(𝑥 2 +1)(3)
′
Ans. 𝑓 𝑥 =
(3𝑥+2)2
 Examples:
Basic Rules of
Differentiation
Examples:
Basic Rules

1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 −7
′ 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 16

2 4
2) 𝑔 𝑥 = − 5𝑥 + 𝑥 3
𝑥5
1 3
𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 −5 − 5𝑥 + 𝑥
2 4
1
5 − 3 1
𝑔′ 𝑥 = −6
−10𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥4
2 4
10 5 34
𝑔′ 𝑥 = − 6− + 𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑥 4
Examples:
Basic Rules

2
3) ℎ 𝑥 = (2𝑥 +5) 4𝑥 − 1
ℎ′ 𝑥 = (2𝑥 2 +5)(4) + (4𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥) = 24𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 20

𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +8
4) 𝑦=
3𝑥 4 −2
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 4 −2 3𝑥 2 −2𝑥 −(𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +8)(12𝑥 3 )
=
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 4 −2)2
𝑑𝑦 −3𝑥 6 +6𝑥 5 −96𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 +4𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 4 −2)2
Chain Rule
Chain Rule

It is a tool in differentiating composition of functions.

A composition is of the form ℎ = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 given by ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 .

Remember
If ℎ = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 given by ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 , then
′
ℎ 𝑥 =𝐷 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔′(𝑓 𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑓′(𝑥)
Examples:
Chain Rule
Examples:
Chain Rule

2 3
1) 𝑓 𝑥 = (5𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 2)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 3−1
10𝑥 − 4

2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 15𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
1
−1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = (15𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2) 2 30𝑥 − 6
′ 15𝑥−3
𝑓 𝑥 = 1
(15𝑥 2 −6𝑥+2) 2
Higher Order Derivatives
High Order
Derivatives

Consider 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
′ ′ 𝑑𝑦
The derivative 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = is the first order derivative of 𝑓.
𝑑𝑥

′
The second order derivative of 𝑓 is the derivative of 𝑓 :
2
′′ ′′
𝑑 𝑦
𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥
(𝑛−1)
The n-th order derivative of 𝑓 is the derivative of 𝑓 :
𝑛
𝑑 𝑦
𝑦 (𝑛) = 𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑥 = 𝑛
𝑑𝑥
 Examples:
High Order Derivatives
 Examples:
High Order Derivative

1) Consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 10

(4) ′
To solve fourth order derivative 𝑓 , we compute first for 𝑓 , 𝑓′′ and 𝑓′′′.

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥
𝑓′′ 𝑥 = 20𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 6
′ 2
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 60𝑥 − 24𝑥
𝑓 (4) 𝑥 = 120𝑥 − 24
Applications of
Differentiation
Application of
Differentiation

1) A water tank is in the shape of a cylinder with inner

radius of 2 meters and height of 4 meters. Water drips
from the tank at an unknown rate but it was observed
that the height of the water inside decreases at a rate
of 0.1 m. per minute.

Find the rate at which the water volume is decreasing.

Application of
Differentiation

Solution:

Step 1. Let

t be the time elapsed since water is being pumped into the tank
V be the volume of water in the tank
h be the height of water in the tank
r be the radius of water surface in the tank

𝑑𝑉
Step 2. Determine
𝑑𝑡
Application of
Differentiation
𝑑ℎ
Step 3. = −0.1 m per minute
𝑑𝑡

Note that water in the tank is also in the shape of a cylinder with fixed radius of 2
meters but with changing height depending on the outflowing water.

Step 4. The volume of the water in the tank is given by 𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉.

Since the radius of the water inside the tank is constant at 2 meters, for
this problem, 𝑽 = 𝟒𝝅𝒉.

𝒅𝑽 𝒅𝒉
Step 5. Differentiating both sides with respect 𝒕, = 𝟒𝝅
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Application of
Differentiation

𝒅𝑽
Step 6. Substituting values from Step 3, = −𝟎. 𝟒𝝅 cu.m. per minute.
𝒅𝒕
This is already the desired quantity.

Step 7. Thus, the water inside the tank decreases at the rate of about 1.26 cu. m.
per minute.
Application of
Differentiation

2) From the south, Boat A sails towards a

port at the rate of 15 km per hour. At that
time, Boat B had just left same port to the
west at the rate of 32 km per hour.

At the instance when Boat A is 25 km from

the port and Boat B is 15 km from the port,
determine the rate at which the distance
between the two boats changes.
Application of
Differentiation

Solution:

Step 1. Let

t be the time
B be the distance between the two boats
x be the distance of Boat A from the port
y be the distance of Boat B from the port

𝑑𝐵
Step 2. Determine when 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓 and 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓.
𝑑𝑡
Application of
Differentiation

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Step 3. = −15 km per hr = 32 km per hr
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Step 4. Since Boat A sails from the south and Boat B sails to the west, 𝐵2 = 𝑥 2 +
2
𝑦 .

𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Step 5. Differentiating both sides with respect to time 𝑡, 2𝐵 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Application of
Differentiation

Step 6. Note that at the instance when 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓 and 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓, the distance between
𝑑𝐵 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
the boats is 𝑩 = 𝟖𝟓𝟎. Hence, = 𝑥 +𝑦 = [25 −15 +
𝑑𝑡 𝐵 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝟖𝟓𝟎
105
15 32 ] = km per hour.
𝟕𝟐𝟓

Step 8. Thus, the distance between the boats is increasing at the rate of about 3.78
km per hour.
More Examples
More Examples

1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 1)7
𝑥
2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 5
𝑥2+ 3𝑥

6 5 3
3) 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1) 4𝑥 + 7
1 1
+ 2
𝑥 𝑥
4) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−1

5) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥2 + 3 𝑥3 + 4
INTEGRATION
INTEGRATION
Antidifferentiation
• F'(x) = f(x), F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x)
• For any constant C, (F(x) + c)' = f(x) since
the derivative of constant is 0
Show that F(x) = 2x³ is an antiderivative of f(x)= 6x²
 INTEGRALS

∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + c

Integral sign Differential of x

Integrand
 INTEGRALS

Indefinite vs Definite

The indefinite integral The definite integral of

of f(x) is a FUNCTION f(x) is a NUMBER
Basic rules
1. Power rule
-If n is a rational number except -1, then ∫

2. The constant coefficient rule

- where a is a constant

3. The sum/difference rule

Basic rules
1. Power rule
-If n is a rational number except -1, then ∫

Example:
1.

2.
Basic rules
2. The constant coefficient rule
- where a is a constant

Example:
1.

2.
Basic rules
3. The sum/difference rule

Example:
1.

2.
Note that:
There is no RULE for antiderivatives of a
product nor of a quotient!
Examples
Examples
Note that:
1. Power rule
-If n is a rational number except -1, then ∫

What happens if n=-1?

Techniques of Integration
1. Integration using substitution
2. Integration by parts
3. Trigonometric substitution
4. Integration by Partial Fraction
Decomposition
Integration using substitution
Given a function f and its derivative f', then

Integration using substitution works if we let u=f(x)

so that du=f'(x)dx. By substitution, the left side can
be written as
Examples
Examples
Examples
Definite Integrals
Antiderivative over a closed and bounded interval
[a,b].
Area of a plane region
If f is continuous on [a,b] and ∫f(x)dx=F(x)+c, then

f(x)
Area of a plane region

Length Width

Vertical strips Above - Below dx

Horizontal strips Right – Left dy

Area of a plane region
Find the area of the region bounded by y=x, x-axis and x=1
y x=1 Horizontal (y):
y=x
1
1
0

0
x
1
Area of a plane region
Find the area of the region bounded by y=x, x-axis and x=1
y x=1 Vertical (x):
y=x
1
1
0

0
x
1
Area of a plane region
Find the area of the region bounded by the y-axis, x+2y=4,
and
y
Vertical (x):
0,2 x+2y=4 Above: Below:
2,1

0,0
x
Area of a plane region
Find the area of the region bounded by the y-axis, x+2y=4,
and
y
Horizontal (y):
0,2 X+2y=4 Upper region: Lower region:
2,1

0,0
x