Basic Calculus

Jessamie V. Bolivar
RECALL:
QUOTIENT RULE.

𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝑳
= 𝑴
,PROVIDED M≠ 𝟎

EXAMPLE:
If lim ( 4𝑥 − 5) = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 3𝑥 + 1 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
4𝑥−5 −5
then lim 3𝑥+1 = 1
𝑥→0
=-5
 4𝑥−5 4(0)−5
Note: If f(x)= , then f(0)= = −5 and lim 𝑓(𝑥)=f(0).
3𝑥+1 3(0)+1 𝑥→0

𝑝(𝑥)
In general , for rational functions f(x)= 𝑞(𝑥)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0, if a is in
the domain of f, then lim 𝑓(𝑥)=f(a)
𝑥→𝑎
 𝟎∞
EXPRESSIONS SUCH AS 0∙ ∞, ∞ − ∞, 𝟎𝟎 , ∞𝟎 ,𝟏∞ ARE
, ,
𝟎∞
CALLED INDETERMINATE FORMS.

IF AFTER DIRECT APPLICATION OF ONE OR ANY COMBINATION

OF LIMIT THEOREMS FROM 1 TO 10, WE ENCOUNTER AN
INDETERMINATE FORM, THEN WE EVALUATE THE LIMIT OF THE
GIVEN FUNCTION AFTER SOME ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATIONS.
 EXAMPLE
𝑥 2 −9
Evaluate lim 𝑥−3
𝑥→3

𝑥 2 −9
Note: 3 is not in the domain of the function f(x)= .
𝑥−3
𝑥 2 −9
Therefore, lim 𝑥−3 ≠ f(3)
𝑥→3
 EXAMPLE
𝑥 2 −9
Evaluate lim 𝑥−3
𝑥→3
By Limit Law (Quotient Rule ), we obtain
lim 𝑥 2 −9
2
lim
𝑥 −9
= 𝑥→3
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 lim 𝑥−3
𝑥→3
9−9
= 3−3
0
= 0
( indeterminate form)
 𝑥 2 −9
Evaluate lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
Instead,
𝑥 2 −9 (𝑥−3)(𝑥+3)
lim = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
(𝑥−3)(𝑥+3)
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
= lim (x+3)
𝑥→3
= 3+3
=6
𝑥 2 −9
Therefore, lim 𝑥−3 =6
𝑥→3
 EXAMPLES
Evaluate the limit, if it exists.
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+5
1. lim
𝑥→5 𝑥−5
(−5+ℎ)2 −25
2. lim
h→0 ℎ
 LIMIT LAW
11.If r is any positive integer, then
1
lim + 𝑥𝑟 = +∞
x→0
1
lim − 𝑟 = +∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
x→0 𝑥
1
lim− 𝑟 = −∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
x→0 𝑥
 EXAMPLE
1
lim + 𝑥5 = +∞
x→0
1
lim − 𝑥5 = −∞
x→0

1
lim− 6 = +∞
x→0 𝑥
 LIMIT LAW
12. If a is any real number and if lim f(x)=c where c is
x→𝑎
a nonzero constant and lim =g(x)=0,then
x→𝑎
a. If c>0 and g(x)→ 0 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ,
𝑓(𝑥)
lim = +∞
x→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)
 LIMIT LAW
12. If a is any real number and if lim f(x)=c where c is
x→𝑎
a nonzero constant and lim =g(x)=0,then
x→𝑎
b. If c>0 and g(x)→ 0 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ,
𝑓(𝑥)
lim = −∞
x→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)
 LIMIT LAW
12. If a is any real number and if lim f(x)=c where c is
x→𝑎
a nonzero constant and lim =g(x)=0,then
x→𝑎
c. If c<0 and g(x)→ 0 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ,
𝑓(𝑥)
lim = −∞
x→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)
 LIMIT LAW
12. If a is any real number and if lim f(x)=c where c is
x→𝑎
a nonzero constant and lim =g(x)=0,then
x→𝑎
d. If c<0 and g(x)→ 0 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ,
𝑓(𝑥)
lim = +∞
x→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)
Note: The theorem is also valid if “x→a” is replaced with
either “ x→ 𝑎+ “ or “x→ 𝑎 − “
 EXAMPLE
3
Evaluate lim + 𝑥−2
x→2
3 3
lim+ = +
x→2 𝑥−2 0
3
lim+ = +∞
x→2 𝑥−2
 EXAMPLE
2+𝑥
Evaluate lim −
x→0 𝑥

2+𝑥 2
lim − = 0−
x→0 𝑥

2+𝑥
lim− = −∞
x→0 𝑥
 EXAMPLE
2+𝑥
Evaluate lim +
x→0 𝑥

2+𝑥 2
lim + =
x→0 𝑥 0+

2+𝑥
lim+ = +∞
x→0 𝑥
LIMITS OF TRANSCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

AT THE END OF THE LEARNING EPISODE, YOU ARE EXPECTED

TO COMPUTE THE LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC,
AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS USING TABLES OF VALUES.
 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
ARE THE ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS THAT ARE NOT ALGEBRAIC, AND HENCE DO NOT SATISFY THE
POLYNOMIAL EQUATION. IN OTHER WORDS, TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS CANNOT BE EXPRESSED
IN TERMS OF FINITE SEQUENCE OF THE ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS OF ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
MULTIPLICATION, DIVISION, RAISING TO A POWER, AND EXTRACTING THE ROOTS.
THE FUNCTIONS SUCH AS :

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
 LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

IN GENERAL, THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION OF THE

FORM

𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒃
WHERE B IS A POSITIVE CONSTANT.
 LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF THE GRAPH OF EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTION F(X)=𝒃𝒙 .
1. THE GRAPH INTERSECTS THE Y-AXIS AT THE POINT (0,1)
2. THE X-AXIS IS THE HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE OF THE GRAPH OF THE
FUNCTION.
3. IF B>1, THE FUNCTION VALUES INCREASES AS X INCREASES.
4. IF 0<B<1, THE FUNCTION VALUES IS DECREASES AS X INCREASES
LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
ILLUSTRATION
ILLUSTRATION
ILLUSTRATION
 EXAMPLE 1
EVALUATE THE 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 𝒙 .
𝒙→𝟎
 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆
𝒙→𝟎

Based on the result from the table,. 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒆𝒙 = 𝟏 Based on the result from the table,. 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒆𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎
 𝒙
𝟏. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑
𝑥→𝟐
𝒙+𝟏
𝟐. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 − 𝒆
𝑥→𝟏
 𝒙
𝒙
𝒆 𝟓. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒆 + 𝟐
𝟑. 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝑥→−∞
𝑥→𝟎 𝒙
𝟏 𝒙
𝟒. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( ) − 𝟓
𝑥→𝟎 𝟑
LIMIT OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS